Evaluation of Stain Removal Efficacy and Color Stability of Three Different Dentifrices on Artificially Stained Enamel Surface-An In Vitro Study.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess the stain removal ability and color stability of three distinct dentifrices on artificially stained enamel surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 75 intact, healthy premolars free of dental caries that were extracted during orthodontic therapy. The samples were allowed to dry for 6 hours after being submerged in the prepared tea solution for roughly 18 hours every day. Then this procedure was repeated for seven successive days. All samples were randomly divided into three experimental groups with 25 samples in each group. Group I: control dentifrice, group II: dentifrice containing hydrogen peroxide, group III: dentifrice containing papain and bromelain. A specially designed toothbrushing simulator was used to brush every sample in the relevant group. Using a spectrophotometer and a measurement program, color measurement was evaluated after staining process after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of teeth cleaning. Using a profilometer, the surface roughness values (Ra) were assessed. RESULTS: After 8 weeks of brushing of stained samples, the color stability was better in dentifrice containing hydrogen peroxide (1.14 ± 0.11) followed by dentifrice containing papain and bromelain (1.22 ± 0.08) and control group (1.30 ± 0.09). And after 8 weeks of brushing of stained samples, the surface roughness was more in dentifrice containing hydrogen peroxide (0.237 ± 0.02) followed by dentifrice containing papain and bromelain (0.229 ± 0.13) and control group (0.207 ± 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study concluded that the dentifrice containing hydrogen peroxide showed a superior whitening effect on the stained enamel surface than dentifrice containing papain and bromelain and control dentifrice. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The development of various dentifrice products has been greatly aided by the increased demand for an improved esthetic appearance. Teeth's natural color and any external stains that could accumulate on the tooth surface combine to determine a tooth's color. Additionally, the use of whitening dental pastes to remove external stains has grown in favor. With the development of these whitening toothpastes, dentifrices' ability to lessen or eliminate extrinsic dental stains has increased. How to cite this article: Mishra D, Kamath DG, Alagla M, et al. Evaluation of Stain Removal Efficacy and Color Stability of Three Different Dentifrices on Artificially Stained Enamel Surface-An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(1):68-71.

Effectiveness of Herbal, Homeopathic and Conventional Dentifrices on Dental Caries - A Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of ayurvedic, homeopathic and conventional dentifrices on plaque and saliva in terms of cariogenic bacteria, salivary pH, and plaque pH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This double-blinded, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial was performed at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India. The participants comprised healthy adults possessing more than 20 permanent natural teeth and having a Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) score, plaque index score, and gingival index score less than or equal to 2. There were 3 intervention groups: 1: herbal dentifrice (Dabur Meswak); 2: homeopathic dentifrice (Gum Forte gel); 3: fluoride dentifrice (Colgate Total). The outcome measures were as follows: plaque and saliva samples were evaluated for pH; colony counts of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus at baseline, 14 and 28 days of follow-up. One-way and repeated measures ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed-rank and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the mean differences of plaque and salivary pH and plaque and salivary S. mutans and Lactobacillus counts at baseline, 14 and 28 days. RESULTS: The mean S. mutans and Lactobacillus counts in plaque and saliva decreased statistically significantly in all treatment groups at the 28-day follow-up. Mean plaque pH was not statistically significantly different at the 14-day follow-up (p-value = 0.16). On the 28th day, group 1 (7.64 ± 0.20) showed the highest increase in plaque pH followed by group 2 (7.39 ± 0.25) and group 3 (7.27 ± 0.19), which was found to be statistically significant. No statistically significant difference in mean salivary pH was observed between the three groups at the different time points. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that the herbal dentifrice tested here was effective in reducing cariogenic bacterial count and increasing the plaque pH, thereby warranting the usage of the same.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a charcoal-based tooth whitening dentifrice on coffee stains: an in vitro study.

Background: Charcoal-based preparations have recently gained popularity, particularly in oral hygiene products such as tooth whitening dentifrices, owing to their abrasive and adsorptive properties. The present in vitro study evaluates the efficacy of a charcoal-based tooth whitening dentifrice compared with a non-charcoal-based whitening dentifrice in removing coffee stains on tooth surfaces. Methods: Thirty-three human extracted tooth specimens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 study groups: Group 1 (charcoal-based whitening dentifrice [CBWD]), Group 2 (non-charcoal-based whitening dentifrice [NCBWD]), and Group 3 (distilled water [DW]). All tooth specimens were immersed in a prepared coffee extract for 4 weeks to facilitate staining and then mounted on blocks where they were brushed with an electric toothbrush daily for 8 seconds with 1 of the 2 allocated dentifrices or with DW for 4 weeks following staining. Spectrophotometric analysis was conducted using the CIELAB system to measure the L*, a*, and b* values at 3 time points: before staining, after staining, and following the brushing protocol. These values were used to calculate the colour change (ΔE) between time points. Results: Following the coffee staining, the tooth samples' whiteness (ΔL) decreased with the overall colour change (ΔE). Next, there was a significant improvement in the degree of tooth whiteness (ΔL) values following the brushing protocol in all 3 groups (p = 0.003), with the greatest improvement occurring in the CBWD group. However, the overall colour change (ΔE) was not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion: CBWD, NCBWD, and DW were effective in removing coffee stains from the tooth surface. However, the amount of colour change (ΔE) produced by CBWD was not significantly different from NCBWD or DW.

Introduction: Les préparations à base de charbon ont récemment gagné en popularité, en particulier dans les produits d'hygiène buccale comme les dentifrices blanchissants, en raison de leurs propriétés d'abrasion et d'adsorption. La présente étude in vitro évalue l'efficacité d'un dentifrice blanchissant à base de charbon par rapport à un dentifrice blanchissant sans charbon pour éliminer les taches de café sur la surface des dents. Méthodes: Trente-trois spécimens de dents humaines extraites ont été répartis aléatoirement dans 3 groupes d'étude : groupe 1 (dentifrice blanchissant à base de charbon [DBBC]), groupe 2 (dentifrice blanchissant sans charbon [DSC]) et groupe 3 (eau distillée [ED]). Tous les spécimens de dents ont été immergés dans une préparation de café pendant 4 semaines pour permettre la coloration, puis montés sur des blocs où ils ont été brossés quotidiennement à la brosse à dents électrique pendant 8 secondes avec l'un des deux dentifrices testés ou avec de l'eau distillée pour une période de 4 semaines après la coloration. Une analyse spectrophotométrique a été effectuée à l'aide du système CIELAB pour mesurer les valeurs L*, a* et b* à 3 moments précis : avant la coloration, après la coloration et après le protocole de brossage. Ces valeurs ont été utilisées pour calculer le changement de couleur (ΔE) entre les moments précis. Résultats: Après la coloration du café, la blancheur des échantillons de dents (ΔL) a diminué en raison du changement global de couleur (ΔE). Ensuite, il y a eu une amélioration significative du degré de blancheur des dents (ΔL) suivant le protocole de brossage dans les 3 groupes (p = 0,003), la plus grande amélioration ayant eu lieu dans le groupe DBBC. Toutefois, le changement global de couleur (ΔE) n'était pas significativement différent d'un groupe à l'autre. Conclusion: Les DBBC, DSC et l'ED se sont montrés efficaces pour éliminer les taches de café sur la surface des dents. Toutefois, le changement de couleur (ΔE) produit par le DBBC n'était pas significativement différent de celui produit par le DSC ou l'ED.

Can brushing with regular and whitening dentifrices influence changes in color and micromorphologic surfaces of ceramic brackets subjected to coffee staining?

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of brushing with regular or whitening dentifrices on the change in color and micromorphologic surface of ceramic orthodontic brackets subjected to coffee staining. Fifty ceramic brackets were subjected to cycles of coffee staining followed by brushing according to the following groups (n = 10): C, control (no brushing); DW, brushing with distilled water; CT, brushing with Colgate Total 12 Clean Mint (regular toothpaste); COW, brushing with Colgate Optic White (containing 1% hydrogen peroxide); and CUWA, brushing with Close-Up White Attraction (containing blue covarine). The color of the brackets was assessed using the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* system at 5 different timepoints: prior to staining (baseline) and after 1, 7, 14, and 21 days of staining and brushing cycles. The surface micromorphology of the brackets was assessed at the baseline timepoint and after 21 days. Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, Friedman, and Nemenyi tests were applied (α = 0.05) for the statistical analysis. The C group demonstrated a significant reduction in L* and a significant increase in a* and b* values over time. For the DW group, the L* value was reduced but was higher than in the C group, and there were also significant increases in a* and b* from baseline values. A significant increase in the a* and b* values was observed in all groups (P < 0.05). Total color change (∆E*) increased over the period of evaluation for all whitening groups, although only the CT group presented significantly lower ∆E* than the other dentifrices. At the end of the test period, only the COW group exhibited a surface with higher porosity. None of the dentifrices prevented the brackets from staining, but they did reduce the magnitude of color change caused by coffee. The most significant difference was found in the CT group. Micromorphologic surface changes were observed when COW was employed.

Comparative effectiveness of herbal and conventional toothpaste on prevention of dental caries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Dental caries is a global oral health problem caused due to localized demineralization of the enamel. Chemical plaque control is used as an adjuvant to mechanical plaque control in removing biofilm, thereby preventing dental caries. In recent times, there has been a renewed interest in nature-based products. This systematic review aimed to analyse the existing literature to compare the effectiveness of herbal and conventional dentifrices on prevention of dental caries. A search was done in the databases of PubMed and Google Scholar in July 2020 for the related topic. A hand search was done from the references of primary studies and other clinical trial registry sites. Randomized control trials, comparative clinical trials, and in vitro studies in which the effectiveness of herbal and conventional dentifrices on prevention of dental caries were included after review by the reviewers. The systematic search revealed a total of thirty-two publications from which ten publications were included. Five studies were clinical studies and five were in vitro studies. All the studies used microbiological analysis for the determination of cariogenic microorganisms in plaque and saliva, whereas one study used pH of plaque and saliva. Among the included studies, all studies had a high risk of bias with level 2 evidence. With the evidence available, it can be concluded that herbal dentifrices and fluoride dentifrices have similar antimicrobial activity against cariogenic microorganisms.

Exogenous Intake of Fluorides in Caries Prevention: Benefits and Risks.

Caries incidence and prevalence have decreased significantly over the last few decades due to widespread use of fluoride. However, an increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis has been reported in both fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities. Care must be taken to ensure that a balance between the optimal fluoride preventive effect at the individual and community level and minimal risk of dental fluorosis is maintained. This review describes the main sources of fluoride intake that have been identified: fluoridated drinking water, dietary fluoride supplement, and topical forms comprising toothpastes, rinses, gels and varnishes. The cited data were taken from meta-analytic studies and reports from Cochrane database systematic reviews up to December 2019. Efficiency, but safety, of topically applied fluorides in individual home care is dependent on the degree of compliance of individuals/parents and on the level of competence of providers of preventive counselling. The broad spectrum of these resources allows individualization of fluoride prevention based on risk analysis of caries attack and taking into consideration other preventive measures.

Oral hygiene in Namibia: A case of chewing sticks.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Chewing sticks have served as the primary form of dental care for rural communities in resource-poor settings for millennia. They are one of the most important under-researched, non-timber forest products in Namibia. This review provides an overview of plants that are used as chewing sticks in Namibia and highlights pharmacological as well as phytochemical studies conducted on them. AIM OF THE STUDY: This review aims to present a summary of studies that have been done on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, biological activity as well as evidence on the scientific validation and geographical distribution of chewing sticks in Namibia. It also highlights research gaps and provides an impetus for the scientific investigations of these plant species. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Literature searches using keywords including oral hygiene, chewing sticks, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, antimicrobial, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory activities and toxicity studies, chewing sticks, and distribution in Namibia on various electronic search engines was conducted. RESULTS: Of the 41 plant species identified, Cordia sinensis Lam., Faidherbia albida (Delile) A.Chev. and Harpagophytum zeyheri Decne. are used for both gargling and as mouthwash. The plant families Fabacae, Ebenaceae, and Burseraceae account for 22.0%, 12.2%, and 7.30% of plant species recorded as chewing sticks in Namibia respectively. This study revealed a significant relationship between plant family and scientific validation. Species belonging to Burseraceae, Apocynaceae, Montiniaceae, and Cucurbitaceae families have only been partially validated. The Kunene region, home to the Ovahimba ethnic group, had the highest proportion (87.8%) of chewing sticks species compared to other regions. CONCLUSION: This review revealed that most of the plants used as chewing sticks in Namibia require an in-depth pharmacological and phytochemical investigation as deduced from the paucity of literature on the therapeutic methods, mechanisms of action, efficacy, toxicity, and clinical relevance of these species.

Remineralization efficacy of nonfluoride versus herbal-based pediatric dentifrice in demineralized primary teeth.

BACKGROUND: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent posteruptive bacterial infections worldwide, characterized by a progressive demineralization process that affects the mineralized dental tissues. Although the decline of dental caries prevalence can be attributed to the widespread use of dentifrices that contain fluoride, yet there is a need for an advanced alternative nonfluoride remineralizing dentifrice. Yet, there is a need for an advanced alternative nonfluoride remineralizing dentifrice. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the remineralizing effect of nonfluoride-based and herbal-based pediatric dentifrice in demineralized primary teeth with an ideal in vitro method of pH cycling and evaluating the values under Polarized Light Microscope (Olympus BX43) using image analysis software (ProgRes, Speed XT core3). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 tooth samples were collected and placed in the demineralizing solution for 96 h to produce a demineralized lesion of approximately 100 µm, and then cut longitudinally into 60 sections that were randomly assigned to two groups with 27 samples each, Group A - nonfluoride-based dentifrice (Mee Mee®), Group B - herbal-based dentifrice (Mamaearth™), after which they were subjected to pH cycling for 7 days along with dentifrice slurry preparation. The sections were evaluated under the polarizing light microscopy for remineralizing efficacy. The lesion depth was measured and tabulated to be sent for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean demineralization value for nonfluoride and herbal-based dentifrice groups were 7.8730 µm and 28.3174 µm, respectively. Hence, it can be inferred that since lesion depth measured was lesser in nonfluoride than herbal-based dentifrice, remineralization has occurred in the nonfluoride-based dentifrice group. CONCLUSION: Nonfluoride-based dentifrice showed significant results in remineralizing the demineralized lesion, while herbal-based dentifrice showed poor efficiency in remineralizing the demineralized lesion.

In vitro efficacy of commercial and experimental proteolytic enzyme-based whitening dentifrices on enamel whitening and superficial roughness.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the whiteness index (WID ) and surface roughness (Ra) of bovine enamel after simulated tooth brushing with different commercial and experimental whitening dentifrices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cylindrical enamel bovine specimens were acid etched, stained, and divided in nine groups (n = 8): Colgate® Optic White®, Crest® Baking Soda and Peroxide, Arm and Hammer® Advanced White™ Extreme Whitening, Rembrandt® Deeply White® + Peroxide, Close up® White Attraction Natural Glow, Hinode Prowhite, and experimental dentifrice containing papain (PP), bromelain (PB), or papain and bromelain (PPB). Ra and WID were obtained initially and after 600, 1200, and 3,600 cycles of simulated tooth brushing. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Ra was significantly influenced by both dentifrice (p = 0.043) and period of tooth-brushing simulation (p < 0.001). Except for PP and PPB, all groups showed a statistically significant increase in Ra after simulated tooth brushing. After staining and brushing, none of the materials tested increased the initial WID . CONCLUSIONS: The effect of commercial whitening dentifrices may be related to their high abrasiveness. Experimental formulations tested provided a similar effect without undesired wear of enamel. Whitening dentifrices only act through an abrasive effect rather than bleaching the tooth structures. When used, special care must be taken for avoid undesired wear of enamel. Experimental dentifrices provided similar removal of extrinsic stains without undesired abrasiveness; however, this effect may be due to the use of less aggressive abrasives in their formulations.

The effects of a novel herbal toothpaste on salivary lactate dehydrogenase as a measure of cellular integrity.

OBJECTIVE: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a critical intracellular enzyme responsible for anaerobic respiration in pyruvate metabolism which becomes detectable in extracellular spaces after cellular breakdown. This clinical investigation examined the effects of brushing with a test toothpaste containing natural ingredients, i.e., clove (Syzygium aromaticum), aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), amla (Emblica officinalis), neem (Azadirachta indica), tulsi (Ocimum basillicum), and honey (from Apis mellifera), and 0.96% zinc (zinc oxide, zinc citrate) and 0.76% SMFP (1000 ppm F) in a calcium carbonate base formulated with natural ingredients (Ved Shakti, Colgate Palmolive India) and a fluoride toothpaste containing 0.76% SMFP (1000 ppm F) in a calcium carbonate base (Colgate Cavity Protection, Colgate Palmolive; henceforth control) on salivary LDH in conjunction with the assessments of dental plaque and gingivitis representing oral hygiene parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This double-blind, two-cell study enrolled 70 adults (age range 20-59 years). Subjects completed a washout and provided baseline saliva samples for LDH analysis and clinical assessments of dental plaque and gingivitis using the Turesky Modification of Quigley-Hein and Loe-Silness methods respectively. Subjects were randomly assigned to brush their teeth with either the test or control. Post-treatment sample collection and clinical evaluations were conducted after 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 week sof brushing with all assessments conducted 12 h after hygiene. Statistical analyses were conducted independently for each parameter by t-test for within treatment evaluation and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for between treatment comparisons. RESULTS: At baseline, treatment groups demonstrated no significant differences for LDH or dental plaque and gingival index scores. Brushing with the test demonstrated progressive reductions in salivary LDH, plaque and gingival index scores over the study duration in comparison to the control. The test demonstrated reductions in LDH of 9.5-15.4% over the study period in comparison to the control representing statistically significant effects (p < 0.05). The test also demonstrated reductions in dental plaque that ranged between 6.4 and 16.2% over the study period and gingivitis reductions that ranged between 8.2 and 23.8% representing statistically significant results (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Brushing with a novel herbal toothpaste demonstrated significant reductions in salivary LDH representing improvements in cellular integrity with concurrent reductions in dental plaque and gingivitis as compared to the control dentifrice. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Salivary LDH measurements offer a non-invasive and objective measurement of mucosal cellular integrity complementing other evaluations and clinical assessments such as plaque and gingival index scores.

The Influence of pH Values on the Rheological, Textural and Release Properties of Carbomer Polacril® 40P-Based Dental Gel Formulation with Plant-Derived and Synthetic Active Components.

The physicochemical properties, especially pH value of dental medicines, have significant influence on the health of oral cavity tissues. The pH of formulations should correspond to the value of saliva pH (5.5-8.0). For carbomer-based gels, the required pH value is obtained by neutralizing them with alkaline components, which leads to their structuring (thickening). This affects the physical properties of the gel, its residence time at the application site and the rate of release of active pharmaceutical ingredient. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the rheological, textural, and biopharmaceutical properties of Carbomer Polacril® 40P-based dental gel depending on the pH value. Evaluation of the rheological properties of gel preparations were performed by measuring the structural viscosity of the samples as a function of pH and temperature. The textural properties of the gel were evaluated by performing tests regarding back extrusion and spreadability. Carbomer Polacril® 40P-based gels haven't shown noticeable thixotropic behavior, and were characterized by plastic flow in the whole studied pH range. The structural viscosity at the selected average pH value hasn't differed at storage (25 °C) and application (37 °C) temperature. Texture studies of dental gels have shown a strong correlation with rheoparameters. Their rheological behavior and textural properties haven't changed significantly between the pH range of 5.5-6.6. The relatively narrow range of working pH values does not affect the change in the viscosity of the preparation significantly and, consequently, does not affect the release of APIs from the developed Carbomer Polacril® 40P-based dental gel.

Ação inibitória de dentifrícios sobre Streptococcus mutans e Candida albicans: estudo in vitro / Inhibitory effect of dentifrices on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans: in vitro study

Introdução: este estudo avaliou a ação antimicrobiana de sete dentifrícios nacionais com ação antiplaca ou antimicrobiana, conforme os fabricantes, sobre os patógenos orais Streptococcus mutans e Candida albicans. Métodos: a avaliação dos dentifrícios foi realizada pelo teste de difusão em ágar. Placas de Petri com meios de cultura ágar cérebro coração e ágar Sabourad foram semeadas com suspensão microbiana padronizada de S. mutans e C. albicans. Poços foram confeccionados no ágar semeado e preenchidos com as soluções dos dentifrícios diluídas em 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 e 1:8, além dos controles positivo (solução de clorexidina 2%) e negativo (dentifrício sem princípios ativos). Após incubação por 48h/37°C, os halos de inibição do crescimento microbiano foram medidos com paquímetro e régua milimetrada, e os resultados finais dos halos obtidos em milímetros. Resultados e conclusão: verificou-se que todos os dentifrícios, na diluição de 1:1, foram efetivos sobre C. albicans e S. mutans, exceto o composto de bicarbonato de sódio e extratos vegetais, o qual não inibiu S. mutans. Na diluição de 1:2, somente o dentifrício contendo triclosan inibiu C. albicans, enquanto todos mostraram algum potencial de inibição ao S. mutans. Nas demais diluições, não foram observados halos de inibição de ambos os microrganismos. A C. albicans demonstrou ser mais resistente à ação inibitória dos antimicrobianos dos dentifrícios testados neste estudo. S. mutans demonstrou ser mais sensível à ação dos dentifrícios, no entanto, a diluição durante a escovação dentária reduz a ação inibitória esperada, indicando a importância da remoção mecânica do biofilme.(AU)

Introduction: this study analyzed the antimicrobial activity in seven national dentifrices with antiplaque or antimicrobial substances in their composition, according the manufacturer, on the oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Methods: the dentifrices antimicrobial effect evaluation was carried out by agar diffusion test. S. mutans and C. albicans. Padronized microbial suspension was cultured on Petri dishes containing Brain Hearth Agar and Sabourad Agar, respectively. Wells were prepared in the cultured agar and filled with 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 dilutions of dentifrice solutions, and besides positive (2% chlorhexidine solutions) and negative controls (dentifrices without active ingredients). After 48h/37°C incubation, the microbial growing inhibition zones were measured with a paquimeter and a millimeter rule, being the final zone results obtained in millimeters. Results and conclusion: on 1:1 dilution, all dentifrices were effective on C. albicans and S. mutans, except one with vegetal extract and sodium bicarbonate composition, which did not inhibit S. mutans. In 1:2 dilution, only tricolsan-containing dentifrice inhibited C. albicans, while all dentifrices presented some inhibition potential on S. mutans. There were no inhibition zones for both microorganims in other dilutions. We concluded that C. albicans showed to be more resistant to antimicrobial agents tested in the dentifrices, in this study. S. mutans showed to be more sensitive to tested dentifrices, however, the product dilution during toothbrushing reduces the expected inhibitory action, strengthening the importance of the mechanical removal of dental biofilm.(AU)

Discoloration of Resin Composites Induced by Coffee and Tomato Sauce and Subjected to Surface Polishing: An In Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare color stability of 3 resin based restorative materials when immersed into staining media at 0, 3, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days, and to assess the efficacy of surface polishing in reducing possible discoloration. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety composite discs were prepared in a custom-made mold (5 mm diameter and 2 mm thick) from 3 different light cured composites (Filtek™ Z250, Harmonize™, and G-aenial). Color differences of all specimens were measured by a spectrophotometer according to the CIE L*a*b* system. After baseline color measurements, 30 discs from each composite group were randomly divided into 3 subgroups of 10 specimens each. Subgroups (n=10) were immersed for 75 days into different staining solutions: coffee, tomato sauce, and distilled water (control). Solutions were changed every week and color measurements were repeated every 15 days. At day 75, color measurements of the specimens were performed before and after surface polishing with aluminum oxide discs. The experimental data were statistically evaluated using repeated measures one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's multiple pairwise comparison with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS Of the 3 composites, G-aenial reported the highest color change deviation when immersed into coffee (ΔE=8.674), and tomato sauce (ΔE=7.737) at day 75, followed by Harmonize that also exhibited a significant difference for coffee (ΔE=4.7) and tomato sauce (ΔE=3.8) when compared to distilled water. While Filtek™ Z250 did not show any significant difference between the 3 storage solutions (P>0.05). Only G-aenial had significant color change (P<0.05) after polishing with aluminum oxide discs for all tested samples, whereas Filtek™ Z250 and Harmonize presented no significant difference after surface polishing (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Under the tested experimental conditions, Filtek™ Z250, among the 3 resin-based composites, exhibited the highest color stability when subjected to coffee and tomato sauce as well. Whereas, G-aenial presented the highest color deviation when immersed in both staining media. Surface polishing effectively reduced coffee and tomato sauce discolorations for G-aenial's specimens and had no significant effect regarding Filtek™ Z250 and Harmonize.

Efeito da associação de tratamentos com fosfopeptídeo de caseína-fosfato de cálcio amorfo e trimetafosfato de sódio sobre a desmineralização e remineralização do esmalte: estudos in vitro / Effect of the combination of treatments with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and sodium trimetaphosphate on desmineralization and enamel remineralization: in vitro studies

A proposição geral do presente estudo foi avaliar in vitro a associação de tratamentos com dentifrícios fluoretados e suplementados com trimetafosfato de sódio (TMP) e fosfopeptídeo de caseína-fosfato de cálcio amorfo (CPP-ACP) (MI Paste Plus®) em promover a remineralização e reduzir a desmineralização, respectivamente, do esmalte dentário. Blocos de esmalte bovinos (12/grupo) foram selecionados através da dureza de superfície inical (SH) e divididos em 5 grupos experimentais: 1) Dentifrício sem F (Placebo); 2) Dentifrício com 1100 ppm F (1100F), 3) MI Paste Plus®, 4) Dentifrício com 1100 ppm F associado a MI Paste Plus® (1100F-MI Paste Plus®) e 5) Dentifrício com 1100 ppm F + 3%TMP associado a MI Paste Plus® (1100F-TMPMI Paste Plus®). Para o Artigo 1 de Remineralização (RE>DES), blocos de esmalte bovino foram selecionados pela dureza de superfície pós-lesão de cárie artificial (SH1) e submetidos a 6 ciclagens de pH por 6 dias. Após as ciclagens de pH, foram determinadas dureza de superfície final (SH2), para o cálculo da porcentagem de recuperação de dureza de superfície (%SHR), perda integrada de dureza de subsuperfície (ΔKHN), análise do perfil e profundidade das lesões de subsuperfície através da microscopia de luz polarizada (PLM), microsopia confocal de varredura à laser (MCVL), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), concentração de fluoreto (F), cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) no esmalte. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA (1-critério), seguido pelo teste StudentNewman-Keuls (p < 0,001). Os grupos 1100F e 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® apresentaram valores semelhantes de %SHR (p = 0,150). A menor profundidade de lesão (ΔKHN e PLM) foi observada para o grupo 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® quando comparado aos demais (p < 0,001). O grupo 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® apresentou superfície mais uniforme e íntegra em relação aos demais tratamentos (MCVL e MEV). A concentração de F foi similar entre os grupos 1100F, 1100F-MI Paste Plus® e 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® (p > 0,001). O tratamento com 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® promoveu um aumento na concentração de Ca no esmalte em ⁓ 51% e ⁓ 21% respectivamente, quando comparado aos grupos 1100F e MI Paste Plus® (p < 0,001). Valores semelhantes de P no esmalte foram observados nos grupos MI Paste Plus®, 1100F-MI Paste Plus® (p > 0,001), exceto o grupo 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus®, que apresentou alta concentração (p < 0,001). Para o Artigo 2 de Desmineralização (DES>RE), blocos de esmalte bovino foram selecionados pela dureza de superfície inicial (SHi) e a seguir submetidos a 5 ciclagens de pH por 7 dias. Após determinou-se dureza de superfície final (SHf), porcentagem de perda de dureza de superfície (%SH), perda integrada de dureza de subsuperfície (ΔKHN), análise do perfil e profundidade das lesões de subsuperfície através da microscopia de luz polarizada (PLM), microsopia confocal de varredura à laser (MCVL), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), concentração de fluoreto (F), cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) no esmalte. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA (1-critério), seguido pelo teste Student-Newman-Keuls (p < 0,001). Para a %SHR, o grupo Placebo apresentou os menores valores (p > 0,001). O grupo 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® remineralizou a superfície do esmalte em ~ 38% em relação ao MI Paste Plus® (p < 0,001). A menor profundidade da lesão (ΔKHN) foi observada para o grupo 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® quando comparado aos demais (p < 0,001), sendo inferior em 32% quando comparado ao grupo 1100F. A concentração de F, Ca e P foi maior para o grupo 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® (p > 0,001). Diante dos resultados parciais obtidos, é possível concluir que a associação de tratamentos com dentifrícios fluoretados e suplementados com trimetafosfato de sódio (TMP) e fosfopeptídeo de caseína-fosfato de cálcio amorfo (CPP-ACP) (MI Paste Plus®) (1100F-TMPMI Paste Plus®) promoveu um efeito adicional significativo no processo de desremineralização, podendo ser uma alternativa de tratamento para pacientes em risco e atividade de cárie(AU)

The general purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the association of treatments with fluoridated toothpastes and supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) (MI Paste Plus®) in promoting remineralization and reduce demineralization, respectively, of tooth enamel. Bovine enamel blocks (12/group) were selected through the initial surface hardness (SH) and divided into 5 experimental groups: 1) Toothpaste without F (Placebo); 2) Toothpaste with 1100 ppm F (1100F), 3) MI Paste Plus®, 4) Toothpaste with 1100 ppm F associated with MI Paste Plus® (1100F-MI Paste Plus®) and 5) Toothpaste with 1100 ppm F + 3% TMP associated with MI Paste Plus® (1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus®). For Remineralization Manuscript 1 (RE>DES), blocks of bovine enamel were selected for the surface hardness after artificial caries lesion (SH1) and subjected to 6 pH cycles for 6 days. After pH cycling, final surface hardness (SH2) was determined to calculate the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR), integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN), profile analysis and depth of the lesions of subsurface through polarized light microscopy (PLM), confocal laser scanning microscope (MCVL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS), fluoride (F), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentration in the enamel. The data were submitted to ANOVA (1-criterion), followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.001). 1100F and 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® groups showed similar values of %SHR (p = 0.150). The lowest depth of lesion (ΔKHN and PLM) was observed for the 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® group when compared to the others (p<0.001). The 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® group showed a more uniform and complete surface in relation to the other treatments (MCVL and SEM). The F concentration was similar between the 1100F, 1100F-MI Paste Plus® and 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® groups (p>0.001). The treatment with 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® promoted an increase in the concentration of Ca in the enamel by ⁓ 51% and ⁓ 21% respectively, when compared to the 1100F and MI Paste Plus® groups (p<0.001). Similar values of P in the enamel were observed in the MI Paste Plus®, 1100F-MI Paste Plus® groups (p>0.001), except for the 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® group, which presented high concentration (p<0.001). For demineralization Manuscript 2 (DES> RE), bovine of enamel blocks were selected for their initial surface hardness (SHi) and then subjected to 5 pH cycles for 7 days. After final surface hardness (SHf), percentage of loss of surface hardness (%SH), integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN), analysis of the profile and depth of subsurface lesions through polarized light microscopy ( PLM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (MCVL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS), fluoride (F), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentration in the enamel. The data were submitted to ANOVA (1-criterion), followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.001). For %SHR, the Placebo group had the lowest values (p>0.001). The 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® group remineralized the enamel surface by ~ 38% compared to MI Paste Plus® (p<0.001). The lowest depth of the lesion (ΔKHN) was observed for the 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® group when compared to the others (p<0.001), being 32% lower when compared to the 1100F group. The F, Ca and P concentration was higher for the 1100F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® group (p>0.001). In view of the partial results obtained, it is possible to conclude that the combination of treatments with fluoridated toothpastes and supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) and amorphous calcium phosphate casein-phosphate (CPP-ACP) (MI Paste Plus®) (1100F-TMP -MI Paste Plus®) promoted a significant additional effect in the de-remineralization process, and could be an alternative treatment for patients at risk and caries activity(AU)

Development of New Experimental Dentifrice of Peruvian Solanum tuberosum (Tocosh) Fermented by Water Stress: Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity.

AIM: "Tocosh" is a potato that has undergone a process of hydraulic oxidation that enhances its antimicrobial properties so that this natural resource can be used in medical sciences. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of a new experimental tooth based on Solanum tuberosum "Tocosh" on the cell lines 3T3 and DU145. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate the cytotoxicity, cell cultures 3T3 and DU145 were used. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) in a medium containing 10% calf serum where the cells were preincubated at a concentration of 1 × 106 cells/mL in culture medium for 3 hours at 37°C and 6.5% CO2. Then, the absorbance was measured using a microplate reader where the formazan crystals were diluted with acidic and cold isopropanol, and quantified in an ELISA reader. To evaluate the antibacterial effect, the Kirby Bauer inhibition halos method was used on strains of S. aureus (ATCC 25923), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and S. mitis (ATCC 49456). RESULTS: Solanum tuberosum (tocosh) was not cytotoxic because it only had one CC50 at the concentration of 0.26927 mg/mL and 0.26845 mg/mL for the cell lines 3T3 and DU145, respectively. Tocosh toothpaste (TD) has an antibacterial effect against S. aureus and S. mutans. CONCLUSION: The new ecological dentifrice was not cytotoxic since it did not alter cell viability because its CC50 was only 0.268 and 0.269 µg/mL for the 3T3 and DU145 cell lines, respectively; however, it presented an optimal antimicrobial activity against the oral strains evaluated. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This research has great potential for clinical use because this new dentifrice has antimicrobial activity against different oral germs. How to cite this article: Mayta-Tovalino F, Sedano-Balbin G, Romero-Tapia P, et al. Development of New Experimental Dentifrice of Peruvian Solanum tuberosum (Tocosh) Fermented by Water Stress: Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(10):1206-1211.

Effect of a dentifrice containing different particle sizes of hydroxyapatite on dentin tubule occlusion and aqueous Cr (VI) sorption.

BACKGROUND: Dentin hypersensitivity is a common negative oral condition that can be treated with dentifrice containing hydroxyapatite (HA). The study evaluated the effect of nano-HA dentifrice on plugging the dentinal tubules for an anti-sensitivity reaction compared to a dentifrice containing common-sized particles. Also, the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes of HA mixed in a dentifrice and which is the optimal particle size was considered. METHODS: Fourty premolar dentine discs and fourty molar dentine discs were randomly divided into 4 groups: distilled water group, ordinary dentifrice group and 80, 300 nm HA dentifrice group. Each dentin disc was brushed with a dentifrice twice daily at 7600 rpm under 100 g force for 2 mins for 7 consecutive days and divided into two parts, half of the dentin disc was detected by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the other half was brushed with distilled water and observed by SEM. One milliliter dentifrice solution (80 nm HA dentifrice, 300 nm HA dentifrice, ordinary dentifrice) was added to 50 ml potassium dichromate solution for 1, 14, and 28 d. The residual Chromium (Cr6+) concentration in the supernatant was measured by the diphenylcarbon phthalocyanine hydrazine method. The elemental constitution in the precipitate was detected by EDS. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze surface mineralization and different plugging rates of dentinal tubules. The absorption capacity of dentifrices were also evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The plugging rate in the HA dentifrice group was higher than that in the ordinary dentifrice group, and the 80 nm HA dentifrice group showed the best result. The atomic percentages of Ca and P of 80 nm dentifrice group on the surface of dentinal tubules were the highest. The 80 nm HA dentifrice group showed the best adsorption and stable effect of Cr6+, followed by the 300 nm HA dentifrice group. The 300 nm HA dentifrice and the ordinary dentifrice showed desorption phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS: The dentifrice containing HA, especially the 80 nm HA dentifrice, exerts good dentinal tubule occlusion and surface mineralization effect. This dentifrice was also a good adsorbent of Cr6+.

Effect of Tooth-Whitening Procedures on Stained Composite Resins.

In this laboratory study, a composite resin was stained to a visibly discernible level using both coffee and red wine over 14 days (change was considered clinically noticeable and significant when ΔEab*≥2.7). Color change was measured at one, three, seven, and 14 days of staining. Although the nature of color change was different for the two staining solutions, the overall degree of staining (ΔEab*) rendered by either coffee or wine at each time interval was not significantly different ( p≥0.05). Four whitening protocols were applied to stained composites. Treatment included applications of distilled water (control), Crest Pro-Health [HD] toothpaste, Crest Whitestrips, Opalescence PF bleach (15%), and application of a fine pumice polishing (Preppies). HD toothpaste and Whitestrips were applied daily for 21 days, Opalescence was applied daily for 10 days, and polishing was applied once. Each of the whitening products, applied in a manner simulating at-home or in-office treatment, was effective in producing color improvements (lightening) over controls ( p<0.05), but none of the four treatments produced lightening that was significantly different from the other treatments ( p≥0.05). A comparison of final composite color with that measured at baseline showed that Opalescence returned composite color to an acceptable level following exposure to both staining solutions (ΔEab*<2.7), Whitestrips returned color close to baseline for wine-stained composites, and HD paste and polishing permitted residual stain to remain (ΔEab*≥2.7).

Eficácia de um dentifrício sem flúor no controle de Streptococcus mutans in vitro / Effectiveness of a non-fluoridated dentifrice in control of Streptococcus mutans in vitro

Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia de um dentifrício, que contém em sua composição extratos vegetais e xilitol para inibição de Streptococcus mutans (UA159). Materiais e método: para verificação da atividade antimicrobiana, foram realizados ensaios in vitro de difusão de ágar, baseados na metodologia da norma M2A8 Anvisa. O estudo foi feito utilizando inóculo de 108 UFC/mL da cepa de S. mutans. O princípio básico foi a difusão de uma solução de dentifrício na superfície do ágar a partir de um disco impregnado. O ensaio foi realizado utilizando como controle negativo água deionizada estéril e como controle positivo clorexidina 0,12%, e foram comparados aos dentifrícios Orgânico Natural® e Colgate Total 12®. O resultado foi analisado a partir da medição dos halos de inibição (mm). Resultados: a clorexidina 0,12% teve maior halo de inibição (21,08 ± 1,02), seguida do dentifrício Orgânico Natural® (11,33 ± 4,35) e do dentifrício Colgate Total 12 (3,93 ± 4,67) P<0,05. Conclusão: a inibição da cepa de S. mutans evidenciada neste ensaio in vitro demonstra o potencial antimicrobiano do dentifrício Orgânico Natural®, mesmo como um possível auxiliar no controle do biofilme dental cariogênico. (AU)

Objective: the goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of a dentifrice that has a chemical composition of plant extracts and xylitol to inhibit the Streptococcus mutans (UA159). Materials and methods: based on the methodology of the M2A8 Anvisa standard, in vitro agar diffusion assays were performed to verify antimicrobial activity. The study was carried out using inoculum of 108 CFU / mL of S. mutans strain. The principle was the diffusion of a dentifrice solution on the agar surface, from a disc impregnated therewith. The assay was performed using as a negative control the sterile deionized water, 0.12% chlorhexidine as a positive control compared to Orgânico Natural® and Colgate Total 12® toothpastes. The result was analyzed from the inhibition halos measurement (mm). Results: the chlorhexidine 0.12% had the biggest inhibition halo (21,08 ± 1,02) followed by the Orgânico Natural® dentifrice (11,33 ± 4,35) and the Colgate Total 12® dentifrice (3,93 ± 4,67) P<0,05. Conclusion: the inhibition of the S. mutans strain realized in these in vitro assay by the Orgânico Natural® dentifrice demonstrate the antimicrobial potential of the same as a possible aid in the control of the cariogenic dental biofilm. (AU)

Effect of low-level laser therapy combined with 5000 parts per million fluoride dentifrice on postbleaching sensitivity: A clinical, randomized, and double-blind study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical study was to assess the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) combined with 5000 ppm fluoride dentifrice on postbleaching sensitivity in teeth exposed to 35% hydrogen peroxide for four weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five volunteers were evaluated using the split-mouth model in which the right and left maxillary/mandibular quadrants were randomized and allocated to one of two groups: GPLACEBO, in which the laser tip was positioned without the emission of light (placebo effect) + 5000 ppm sodium fluoride, or GLASER, which comprised LLLT + 5000 ppm sodium fluoride. For both groups, LLLT and placebo were used before bleaching, whereas fluoride was applied after bleaching. LLLT was applied at two points: on the central cervical and medial regions of the incisors, canines, and premolars in the corresponding hemi-arch. At each point, 60 J/cm2 was applied for 16 seconds with an irradiance of 3.75 W/cm2 using the therapeutic infrared device. To assess tooth sensitivity, a modified visual analogue scale was used after an evaporative stimulus, and a daily pain questionnaire was also applied. RESULTS: The Wilcoxon and Friedman tests demonstrated a significant difference in the incidence of sensitivity pain between GPLACEBO and GLASER (P ≤ .05), with different evaluation times. CONCLUSION: Teeth treated with laser therapy in combination with the topical use of sodium fluoride at each bleaching session demonstrated less sensitivity compared with the application of sodium fluoride only. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of a low-level laser therapy in combination with topical use of sodium fluoride improves symptoms of dentin sensitivity at each bleaching session.