Assuntos
Prescrições de Medicamentos/história , Medicina Arábica/história , Fitoterapia/história , Plantas Medicinais , Distocia/tratamento farmacológico , Distocia/história , Dor de Orelha/tratamento farmacológico , Dor de Orelha/história , Feminino , Frutas/história , História Antiga , Humanos , Iraque , Icterícia/tratamento farmacológico , Icterícia/história , Juniperus , Óleos/história , Folhas de Planta , Gravidez , Solanum , Odontalgia/tratamento farmacológico , Odontalgia/história , Viscum albumRESUMO
The female pelvis is fundamental to life itself, but it took ages to grasp this truism. During Antiquity, physicians had no need for the concepts of pelvic dystocia and cephalopelvic disproportion. When Aranzo (16th century), a practising physician, stated that a disproportion between the size of the fetus and that of the bony pelvis was the main culprit of difficult labor, his suggestion was overlooked, so much so that it was Hendrik van Deventer (1701) who came to be coined "father of the pelvic theory". The need for an accurate knowledge of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis and of the fetal skull became imperative in the middle of the 18th century, when forceps extraction had become popular. Levret, but above all William Smellie, made valuable contributions to the pelvic theory, which, however, were weakened by Baudelocque's fallacies concerning the intrinsic value of external pelvimetry. After the first quarter of the 19th century, the epicenter of scientific obstetrics moved to Germany and Austria, and German-speaking practitioners, e.g. Michaelis, Litzmann, and the Naegele, deepened our insight in the mechanism of labor. After the discovery of the X-rays (1895), the use of instrumental pelvimetry declined, but the clinical breakthrough of radiopelvimetry was delayed until the twenties of this century. Radiopelvimetry, a very valuable technique indeed, dispensed a large number of mothers from undergoing abdominal delivery. However, awareness of the hazards of fetal-maternal exposure to ionizing radiation pushed ante- and intrapartum radiopelvimetry from the scene. Thanks to the progress of chemistry, pharmacology and electronics, "dynamic pelvimetry" became the fad, heralded by what is called "active management of labour". The fetus now assumed the role of "dynamic pelvimeter". The historical circle was closed.
Assuntos
Obstetrícia/história , Ossos Pélvicos/anatomia & histologia , Pelvimetria/história , Distocia/história , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História Antiga , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
The paper gives an impression of the care for mother animals in antiquity, particularly in the course of Roman livestock farming (Varro, Columella). Especially noninfectious factors were held responsible for the redemption of the interruption of pregnancy and a complicated parturition. Therefore special attention was paid for the right and optimal livestock, grooming and nutrition of the farm animals. In the case of dystocia, the herdsmen and veterinarians reached for correction of presentation, traction and embryotomy during parturition. However, the placental retention was only treated with drugs. In the case of an uterine prolapse, Apsyrtos recommended for the first time the reposition at the casted animal and the triple closure of the vulva.