RESUMO
The addition of plant oils such as soybean oil (S) to a diet rich in saturated fatty acids is discussed as a possible route to prevent or diminish the development of metabolic disease. Here, we assessed whether a butterfat-rich diet fortified with S affects the development of early non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and glucose intolerance. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard-control diet (C); a fat-, fructose-, and cholesterol-rich diet (FFC, 25E% butterfat, 50% (wt./wt.) fructose, 0.16% (wt./wt.) cholesterol); or FFC supplemented with S (FFC + S, 21E% butterfat + 4E% S) for 13 weeks. Indicators of liver damage, inflammation, intestinal barrier function, and glucose metabolism were measured. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged J774A.1 cells were incubated with linolenic and linoleic acids (ratio 1:7.1, equivalent to S). The development of early NASH and glucose intolerance was significantly attenuated in FFC + S-fed mice compared to FFC-fed mice associated with lower hepatic toll-like receptor-4 mRNA expression, while markers of intestinal barrier function were significantly higher than in C-fed mice. Linolenic and linoleic acid significantly attenuated LPS-induced formation of reactive nitrogen species and interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression in J774A.1 cells. Our results indicate that fortifying butterfat with S may attenuate the development of NASH and glucose intolerance in mice.
Assuntos
Manteiga/efeitos adversos , Alimentos Fortificados , Intolerância à Glucose/prevenção & controle , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/prevenção & controle , Óleo de Soja/uso terapêutico , Animais , Arginase/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Endotoxinas/sangue , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Feminino , Intolerância à Glucose/etiologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/etiologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , PPAR gama/sangue , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Óleo de Soja/administração & dosagem , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and impaired intestinal barrier function. Herein, we report that Bofutsushosan (BFT), a Japanese herbal medicine, Kampo, which has been clinically used for constipation in Asian countries, ameliorates glucose metabolism in mice with diet-induced obesity. A 16S rRNA sequence analysis of fecal samples showed that BFT dramatically increased the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, which was mainly associated with a bloom of Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK). BFT decreased the gut permeability as assessed by FITC-dextran gavage assay, associated with increased expression of tight-junction related protein, claudin-1, in the colon. The BFT treatment group also showed significant decreases of the plasma endotoxin level and expression of the hepatic lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. Antibiotic treatment abrogated the metabolic effects of BFT. Moreover, many of these changes could be reproduced when the cecal contents of BFT-treated donors were transferred to antibiotic-pretreated high fat diet-fed mice. These data demonstrate that BFT modifies the gut microbiota with an increase in AKK, which may contribute to improving gut barrier function and preventing metabolic endotoxemia, leading to attenuation of diet-induced inflammation and glucose intolerance. Understanding the interaction between a medicine and the gut microbiota may provide insights into new pharmacological targets to improve glucose metabolism.
Assuntos
Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/administração & dosagem , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Akkermansia/classificação , Akkermansia/efeitos dos fármacos , Akkermansia/genética , Akkermansia/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Endotoxinas/sangue , Fezes/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/induzido quimicamente , Permeabilidade , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
SCOPE: The high rates of overweight and obesity, currently occurring in children, underline the urgent need for preventive strategies in early life before excess weight is gained. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, the alleviating obesity property of chlorophyll supplementation in early life is investigated using a 4-week-old C57BL/6J male mice model with obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD). The present study finds that chlorophyll supplementation in early life can effectively retard body weight gain, improve glucose tolerance, as well as reduce low-grade inflammation in HFD-fed mice. Consequently, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA demonstrates that chlorophyll supplementation significantly reversed the HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, as evidenced by the decreased Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratios as chlorophyll is introduced. Furthermore, in chlorophyll-fed mice, the increased abundance of Blautia and norank_f_Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, and the decreased abundance of Lactococcus and Lactobacillus, bring about the possibility that chlorophyll's alterations to the gut microbiota composition would be the main factors for dietary chlorophyll alleviating obesity-related indexes. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results reveal that the intake of chlorophyll in early life may propel healthy weight management and produce beneficial effects against potential obesity in later life.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Clorofila/farmacologia , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Fatores Etários , Animais , Suplementos Nutricionais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Endotoxinas/sangue , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/microbiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
Butyrate, a key metabolite fermented by gut microbiota mainly from undigested carbohydrates such as dietary fibers is widely used as feed additive. However, mechanisms of its contributions in maintaining host health are relatively poorly revealed. The aim of this study was to investigate how butyrate impacts gut microbiota and immunity response in high-fat diet-fed mice. Gut microbial analysis exhibited that butyrate intervention increased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria and decreased pathogenic bacteria, such as endotoxin-secreting bacteria. Our result also demonstrated that butyrate intervention enhanced fecal SCFAs concentrations, and inhibited endotoxin levels in feces and serum. Correlation analysis indicated positive relation between endotoxin level and Desulfovibrionaceae abundance. Furthermore, butyrate intervention inhibited expressions of IL-1ß, IL-6 and MCP1/CCL2 in liver, as well as TLR4 in adipose tissue. Apart from inhibiting expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, butyrate exerted anti-inflammation effect through selectively modulating gut microbiota, such as increasing SCFAs-producing bacteria and decreasing endotoxin-secreting bacteria, as well as via regulating levels of microbiota-dependent metabolites and components, such as SCFAs and endotoxin.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Butiratos/administração & dosagem , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Suplementos Nutricionais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Endotoxinas/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Fezes/química , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/patologia , Camundongos , Modelos Biológicos , RNA Ribossômico 16SRESUMO
Enteric infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals worldwide. Immunotherapy against intestinal infection is a well-known alternative to the antibiotic strategy. Herein, we demonstrated that isoleucine significantly suppressed the multiplication of E. coli in the presence of IPEC-J2 cells. Isoleucine supplementation enhanced the concentrations of total plasma protein and IgA in pigs compared to the alanine control diet, while inhibiting the increase in plasma endotoxin and IL-6 contents induced by E. coli challenge. A significant interaction between the E. coli challenge and the diet treatment was found in the red blood cell volume. Isoleucine improved the expression of porcine ß-defensin-1 (pBD-1), pBD-2, pBD-3, pBD-114 and pBD-129 in the jejunum and ileum of pigs with or without E. coli challenge. Conclusively, isoleucine attenuated the infection caused by the E. coli challenge possibly through increasing the intestinal ß-defensin expression and inhibiting the increase in plasma endotoxin and IL-6 in weaned pigs.
Assuntos
Defensinas/genética , Endotoxinas/sangue , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Escherichia coli/fisiologia , Interleucina-6/sangue , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Isoleucina/administração & dosagem , Doenças dos Suínos/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Defensinas/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Íleo/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/metabolismo , Íleo/microbiologia , Interleucina-6/genética , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/metabolismo , Jejuno/microbiologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/metabolismo , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effect of probiotic supplements among subjects undergoing bariatric surgery indicates conflicting results. Moreover, whether these effects remain after ceasing the treatment remained to be elucidated. This study was conducted to assess the effect of probiotic supplements on blood markers of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides-binding protein: LBP), inflammation and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde: MDA) in patients with morbid obesity undergoing the one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). METHODS: This study is a placebo-controlled, double-blind, and randomized clinical trial and 9 months of additional follow-up. Forty-six morbid obese patients undergoing OAGB were randomized to 4 months of probiotic or placebo supplements. Anthropometric indices and blood concentration of LBP, inflammatory markers, MDA, vitamin D3, and B12 were measured at 0, 4, and 13 months of study. RESULTS: Probiotic supplements could improve serum LBP (P = 0.039), TNF-α (P = 0.005), vitamin B12 (P = 0.03), vitamin D3 (P = 0.001), and weight loss (P = 0.01) at month 4 in comparison to placebo; however, only serum MDA concentrations decreased significantly in the probiotic group compared with those in the placebo group (P = 0.013) at the end of follow-up period. DISCUSSION: It was observed that 4 months probiotic supplementation compared with placebo prohibited an elevation in the LBP levels and improved serum TNF-α and 25-OH vitamin D3 concentrations and weight loss in patients undergoing the OAGB surgery. However, these effects did not persist 9 months after the cessation of the treatment. Further investigations are required to find how long supplementation and which dosage of it can benefit body status for the long-term. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study has been registered at Clinicaltrial.gov with registration number NCT02708589 .
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Endotoxinas/sangue , Derivação Gástrica , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade Mórbida/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Terapia Combinada , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/cirurgia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Seguimentos , Derivação Gástrica/métodos , Humanos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade Mórbida/sangue , Obesidade Mórbida/complicações , Placebos , Resultado do Tratamento , Redução de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: In this study we sought to investigate the effect of early enteral bovine colostrum supplementation on intestinal permeability in intensive care unit (ICU)-hospitalized patients. METHODS: A total of 70 ICU-hospitalized adult patients were randomly assigned to receive a bovine colostrum supplement or placebo according to the stratified blocked randomization by age and admission category. Plasma endotoxin and zonulin concentrations were measured on days 5 and 10 of intervention. RESULTS: Out of 70 participants, 32 patients in the colostrum group and 30 patients in the control group were included in the final analysis of the outcomes. Plasma endotoxin concentration decreased significantly in the colostrum group on the 10th day (P < 0.05). Furthermore, plasma levels of zonulin reduced in the colostrum group significantly compared with the placebo group (P < 0.001).The incidence of diarrhea was significantly lower in the colostrum group than in the control group (Pâ¯=â¯0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence that bovine colostrum supplementation may have beneficial effects on intestinal permeability and gastrointestinal complications in ICU-hospitalized patients. Further studies are needed to investigate the exact mechanism of action of these effects.
Assuntos
Colostro , Estado Terminal/terapia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Gastroenteropatias/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Animais , Bovinos , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/etiologia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Método Duplo-Cego , Endotoxinas/sangue , Feminino , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/etiologia , Haptoglobinas , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Permeabilidade , Gravidez , Precursores de Proteínas/sangue , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Obesity is associated with the changes in gut microbiota. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of sweet orange essential oil (SOEO) microcapsules on body weight and gut microbiota in obese rats induced by high-fat diet. By analyzing the body weight, fat rate and the sequence of cloned microbial small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes (16S rDNA) in rats fecal samples, we found that SOEO microcapsules decreased the body weight and increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium (genus-level) in gut microbiota. The analysis of endotoxin content proved that SOEO microcapsules protected gut barrier and decreased gut endotoxin levels by increasing the content of Bifidobacterium, then ameliorated low-grade inflammation, achieving the goal of losing weight. This might be the mechanism of SOEO microcapsules to lose body weight and provided a novel anti-obesity dietary supplement.
Assuntos
Citrus/química , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cápsulas/química , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Endotoxinas/sangue , Masculino , Obesidade/microbiologia , Óleos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , Óleos Voláteis/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , SolubilidadeRESUMO
The Mediterranean diet pattern is increasingly associated with improved metabolic health. Two mechanisms by which consuming a Mediterranean diet pattern may contribute to improved metabolic health are modulation of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and reduction of metabolic endotoxemia. Metabolic endotoxemia, defined as a 2- to 3-fold increase in circulating levels of bacterial endotoxin, has been proposed as a cause of inflammation during metabolic dysfunction. As the largest source of endotoxins in the human body, the GI microbiota represents a crucial area for research on strategies for reducing endotoxemia. Diets high in saturated fat and low in fiber contribute to metabolic endotoxemia through several mechanisms, including changes in the GI microbiome and bacterial fermentation end products, intestinal physiology and barrier function, and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Thus, the Mediterranean diet pattern, rich in unsaturated fats and fiber, may be one dietary strategy to reduce metabolic endotoxemia. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the differential effects of dietary saturated and unsaturated fats on the microbiota and metabolic health, but human studies are lacking. The role of dietary fiber and the GI microbiome in metabolic endotoxemia is underinvestigated. Clinical research on the effects of different types of dietary fat and fiber on the GI microbiota and GI and systemic inflammation is necessary to determine efficacious dietary strategies for reducing metabolic endotoxemia, inflammation, and subsequent metabolic disease.
Assuntos
Dieta Mediterrânea , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Fibras na Dieta/farmacologia , Endotoxemia/complicações , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/farmacologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Inflamação , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Fibras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Disbiose/complicações , Endotoxinas/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/uso terapêutico , Comportamento Alimentar , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), yet incompletely accountable by traditional risk factors. Inflammation is an unconventional cardiovascular risk factor, with gut-derived endotoxemia potentially driving inflammation and endothelial disease. Comparable data are lacking in kidney transplantation. This study investigated the associations of endotoxemia with inflammation, endothelial activation, and 5-year cardiovascular events in KTRs. Determinants of endotoxemia were also explored. DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a single-center cross-sectional study with prospective follow-up from a prevalent cohort of 128 KTRs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic, nutritional and clinical predictors of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]), endothelial activation (sE-selectin), and endotoxemia (endotoxin) were assessed. Follow-up data on 5-year cardiovascular event rates were collected. RESULTS: Endotoxemia (P = .03), reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D (P = .04), high fructose intake (P < .001), decreased fiber intake (P < .001), and abdominal obesity (P = .002) were independently associated with elevated hsCRP. In turn, endotoxemia (P = .007) and increasing hsCRP (P = .02) were both independently associated with raised sE-selectin. Furthermore, endotoxemia predicted increased cardiovascular event rate (P = .02), independent of hsCRP and a global measure of cardiovascular risk estimated by a validated algorithm of 7-year risk for major adverse cardiac events in kidney transplantation. Determinants of endotoxemia included reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D (P < .001), hypertriglyceridemia (P < .001), increased fructose intake (P = .01), and abdominal obesity (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Endotoxemia in KTRs contributes to inflammation, endothelial activation, and increased cardiovascular events. This study highlights the clinical relevance of endotoxemia in KTRs, suggesting future interventional targets.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Endotoxemia/diagnóstico , Inflamação/diagnóstico , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Adiponectina/sangue , Adulto , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Colesterol/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Endotoxemia/complicações , Endotoxinas/sangue , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Vitamina D/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The present randomized clinical trial characterized the beneficial effects of a multi-strain probiotics supplementation on improving circulating endotoxin levels (primary endpoint) and other cardiometabolic biomarkers (secondary endpoint) in patients with T2DM. METHODS: A total of 78 adult Saudi T2DM patients (naïve and without co-morbidities) participated in this clinical trial and were randomized to receive twice daily placebo or probiotics [(2.5 × 109 cfu/g) containing the following bacterial strains: Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Lactobacillus casei W56, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, Lactococcus lactis W19 and Lactococcus lactis W58 (Ecologic®Barrier)] in a double-blind manner for 12 weeks. Anthropometrics and cardiometabolic profiles were obtained at baseline and after 12/13 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: After 12/13 weeks of intervention and using intention-to-treat analysis, no difference was noted in endotoxin levels between groups [Placebo - 9.5% vs. Probiotics - 52.2%; (CI - 0.05 to 0.36; p = 0.15)]. Compared with the placebo group however, participants in the probiotics groups had a significant but modest improvement in WHR [Placebo 0.0% vs. Probiotics 1.11%; (CI - 0.12 to - 0.01; p = 0.02)] as well as a clinically significant improvement in HOMA-IR [Placebo - 12.2% vs. Probiotics - 60.4%; (CI - 0.34 to - 0.01; p = 0.04)]. CONCLUSION: Using a multi-strain probiotic supplement daily for 12/13 weeks significantly improved HOMA-IR and modestly reduced abdominal adiposity among medication naïve T2DM patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01765517 , Registered January 10, 2013.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Endotoxinas/sangue , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Antropometria , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Análise de Intenção de Tratamento , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , PlacebosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Impairments of intestinal barrier function are discussed as risk factors for the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Studies suggest an association between arginine/citrulline homeostasis and the development of liver damages. Here, the effect of an oral L-citrulline (Cit) supplement on the development of a Western-style diet (WSD)-induced NAFLD was determined in mice. METHODS: Female 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were either pair-fed a liquid Western-style or control diet (C) ± 2.5 g/kg bodyweight Cit for 6 weeks (C + Cit or WSD + Cit). Indices of liver damage, glucose metabolism, intestinal barrier function and NO synthesis were measured. RESULTS: While bodyweight gain was similar between groups, markers of glucose metabolism like fasting blood glucose and HOMA index and markers of liver damage like hepatic triglyceride levels, number of neutrophils and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein levels were significantly lower in WSD + Cit-fed mice when compared to WSD-fed mice only. Protein levels of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 in duodenum were significantly lower in mice fed a WSD when compared to those fed a WSD + Cit (-~70 and -~60 %, respectively, P < 0.05), whereas portal endotoxin levels, concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts in duodenum and toll-like receptor-4 mRNA expression in livers of WSD + Cit-fed mice were markedly lower than in WSD-fed mice (-~43 %, P = 0.056; -~80 and -~48 %, respectively, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the protective effects of supplementing Cit on the development of NAFLD in mice are associated with a decreased translocation of endotoxin into the portal vein.
Assuntos
Citrulina/farmacologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Animais , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Peso Corporal , Dieta Ocidental , Suplementos Nutricionais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Duodeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Duodeno/metabolismo , Endotoxinas/sangue , Feminino , Insulina/sangue , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Ocludina/genética , Ocludina/metabolismo , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/genética , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/metabolismo , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Proteínas de Junções Íntimas/genética , Proteínas de Junções Íntimas/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Proteína da Zônula de Oclusão-1/genética , Proteína da Zônula de Oclusão-1/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: High-fat diets may contribute to metabolic disease via postprandial changes in serum endotoxin and inflammation. It is unclear how dietary fat composition may alter these parameters. We hypothesized that a meal rich in n-3 (ω3) fatty acids would reduce endotoxemia and associated inflammation but a saturated or n-6 (ω6) fatty acid-rich meal would increase postprandial serum endotoxin concentrations and systemic inflammation in healthy adults. METHODS: Healthy adults (n = 20; mean age 25 ± 3.2 S.D. years) were enrolled in this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study. Participants were randomized to treatment and reported to the laboratory, after an overnight fast, on four occasions separated by at least one week. Participants were blinded to treatment meal and consumed one of four isoenergetic meals that provided: 1) 20 % fat (control; olive oil) or 35 % fat provided from 2) n-3 (ω3) (DHA = 500 mg; fish oil); 3) n-6 (ω6) (7.4 g; grapeseed oil) or 4) saturated fat (16 g; coconut oil). Baseline and postprandial blood samples were collected. Primary outcome was defined as the effect of treatment meal on postprandial endotoxemia. Serum was analyzed for metabolites, inflammatory markers, and endotoxin. Data from all 20 participants were analyzed using repeated-measures ANCOVA. RESULTS: Participant serum endotoxin concentration was increased during the postprandial period after the consumption of the saturated fat meal but decreased after the n-3 meal (p < 0.05). The n-6 meal did not effect a different outcome in participant postprandial serum endotoxin concentration from that of the control meal (p > 0.05). There was no treatment meal effect on participant postprandial serum biomarkers of inflammation. Postprandial serum triacylglycerols were significantly elevated following the n-6 meal compared to the n-3 meal. Non-esterified fatty acids were significantly increased after consumption of the saturated fat meal compared to other treatment meals. CONCLUSIONS: Meal fatty acid composition modulates postprandial serum endotoxin concentration in healthy adults. However, postprandial endotoxin was not associated with systemic inflammation in vivo. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02521779 on July 28, 2015.
Assuntos
Endotoxemia/sangue , Endotoxinas/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Inflamação/sangue , Adulto , Estudos Cross-Over , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Endotoxemia/dietoterapia , Endotoxemia/patologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/dietoterapia , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Óleos de Plantas , Período Pós-PrandialRESUMO
Altered intestinal microbiota and subsequent endotoxemia play pathogenic roles in diabetes. We aimed to study the mechanisms of intestinal defense impairment in type 1 diabetes and the effects of Lactobacillus salivarius as well as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) supplementation on diabetes-induced bacterial translocation. Alterations in the enteric microbiome, expression of mucosal antibacterial proteins and bacteria-killing activity of the intestinal mucosa in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and Ins2(Akita) mice were investigated. The effects of dead L. salivarius (2×10(8)CFU/ml) and FOS (250 mg per day) supplementation for 1 week on endotoxin levels and Klebsiella pneumoniae translocation were also examined. Finally, germ-free mice were cohoused with wild-type or Ins2(Akita) mice for 2 weeks to examine the contribution of microbiota on the antibacterial protein expression. STZ-induced diabetic mice developed intestinal defense impairment as demonstrated by decreased mucosal bacteria-killing activity; reduction of non-defensin family proteins, such as Reg3ß, Reg3γ, CRP-ductin and RELMß, but not the defensin family proteins; and increased bacterial translocation. Intestinal bacteria overgrowth, enteric dysbiosis and increased intestinal bacterial translocation, particularly pathogenic K. pneumoniae in STZ-induced diabetic mice and Ins2(Akita) mice, were noted. Treating diabetic mice with dead L. salivarius or FOS reversed enteric dysbiosis, restored mucosal antibacterial protein and lessened endotoxin levels as well as K. pneumoniae translocation. Moreover, germ-free mice cohoused with wild-type mice demonstrated more intestinal Reg3ß and RELMß expression than those cohoused with Ins2(Akita) mice. These results indicate that hyperglycemia induces enteric dysbiosis, reduction of non-defensin proteins as well as bacteria-killing activity of the intestinal mucosa and intestinal defense impairment. Reversal of enteric dysbiosis with dead L. salivarius or FOS supplementation decreases diabetes-induced K. pneumoniae translocation and endotoxin levels through the induction of non-defensin proteins.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/dietoterapia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Disbiose/dietoterapia , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Ligilactobacillus salivarius/imunologia , Animais , Translocação Bacteriana , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/microbiologia , Disbiose/imunologia , Disbiose/metabolismo , Disbiose/microbiologia , Endotoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Endotoxinas/sangue , Endotoxinas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Vida Livre de Germes , Hormônios Ectópicos/agonistas , Hormônios Ectópicos/genética , Hormônios Ectópicos/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Klebsiella pneumoniae/imunologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/metabolismo , Klebsiella pneumoniae/fisiologia , Ligilactobacillus salivarius/química , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Mutantes , Oligossacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Associadas a Pancreatite , Prebióticos , Proteínas/agonistas , Proteínas/genética , Proteínas/metabolismo , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
We investigated the role of modified Da Chengqi granules in improving immune function in early severe acute pancreatitis patients. Early severe acute pancreatitis patients who agreed to receive combined treatment of traditional Chinese and Western medicine were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. All subjects received conventional therapy to support organ function. The experimental group also received modified Da Chengqi granules. Cytokine (interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α) levels, immunological markers (HLA-DR, Treg, and Th1/Th2), urinary lactulose/mannitol ratio, and endotoxin levels were measured at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after hospital admission. The total mortality rate was 11.69% (9/77), which was significantly lower in the experimental group [4.88% (2/41)] than in the control group [19.44% (7/36); χ(2) = 3.940, P < 0.05]. Serum interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α and endotoxin levels and the lactulose/mannitol ratio were significantly lower on day 7 and day 14 than on day 1 in experimental and control groups (P < 0.01). Immunological indices were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group on day 14 (all P < 0.01 or 0.05). HLA-DR-positive cell ratio gradually increased over 14 days in experimental and control groups (P < 0.01 vs day 1), but was higher in the experimental group than in the control group by day 14 (P < 0.05). Notably, Treg cell prevalence and Th1/Th2 cell ratio deteriorated within 7 days in both groups (P < 0.01 vs day 1), but then returned to day 1 levels (P < 0.01 or 0.05 vs day 1). Significant differences in Treg levels and Th1/Th2 cell ratio between experimental and control groups were observed on day 14 (P < 0.01). These results show that modified Da Chengqi granules can improve immune function in early severe acute pancreatitis patients.
Assuntos
Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Pancreatite Necrosante Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Citocinas/sangue , Endotoxinas/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Lactulose/urina , Masculino , Manitol/urina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Equilíbrio Th1-Th2RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ethanol (EtOH) affects the immune system. Binge drinking of hard liquor initiates a stress response. This form of drinking is popular during adolescence, which involves maturation of the immune system. The spleen is a key immune organ, and spleen atrophy is associated with immunosuppression. While the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in the initial stress response, the hippocampus may be involved in stress beyond the HPA axis. METHODS: Blood ethanol concentration (BEC), blood endotoxin levels, and plasma corticosterone levels were measured following binge EtOH treatment. Absolute and relative spleen sizes were analyzed, and stress-related gene expression was compared in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Polymerase chain reaction array was performed to analyze the expression profile of EtOH metabolism and immune regulation-related genes in the spleen. Relationships among variables were analyzed using the Pearson correlation. RESULTS: At 24 hours following a 3-day EtOH treatment, no significant difference in BEC was detected between EtOH-treated and control rats. Average plasma endotoxin levels in EtOH-treated animals were significantly higher than in controls, and spleen size was significantly lower. Spleen size did not correlate with plasma endotoxin levels; however, it did significantly negatively correlate with plasma corticosterone levels. Spleen size significantly negatively correlated with hippocampal CRH expression and significantly positively correlated with hippocampal MR expression. No correlation was observed in the hypothalamus. Significantly higher hippocampal CRH and significantly lower MR expression was seen in low spleen/body weight (sp-wt) ratio rats. No gene was found to decrease expression ≥1.5-fold (p < 0.05) in the spleen of high sp-wt group, whereas expression of several genes, including Gabra1, Gabra5, Ifnb1, Irf9, Il12b, and Cx3cr1, decreased significantly in the low sp-wt group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that binge EtOH exposure causes lower spleen size in adolescents and that the hippocampus and stress may be associated with alterations in spleen structure and gene expression.
Assuntos
Atrofia/patologia , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/patologia , Etanol/efeitos adversos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Baço/patologia , Animais , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/sangue , Corticosterona/sangue , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/biossíntese , Endotoxinas/sangue , Etanol/sangue , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/biossínteseRESUMO
SCOPE: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is an obesity-related disorder characterized by lipid infiltration of the liver. Management is limited to lifestyle modifications, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic options. The objective of this study was to examine if fermented Fuzhuan tea prevents metabolic impairments associated with development of hepatic steatosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rats consumed control (CON) or high saturated fat (SAT) diets with or without Fuzhuan tea for 8 weeks. Outcomes included enzymatic and gene expression measures of metabolic dysregulation in liver and adipose tissue. Pyrosequencing was used to assess intestinal microbiota adaptations. Fuzhuan tea prevented diet-induced inflammation in the liver. Liver triglycerides of â¼18 mg/g were observed in SAT-fed animals, but remained similar to CON diet levels (â¼12 mg/g) when supplemented with Fuzhuan tea. In adipose tissue, tea treatment prevented SAT-induced inflammation and reduced plasma leptin approximately twofold. Fuzhuan tea also altered intestinal function and was associated with a threefold increase in two Lactobacillus spp. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that Fuzhuan tea protects against liver and adipose tissue stress induced by a high SAT diet and positively influences intestinal function. Further investigation of the molecular targets of Fuzhuan tea is warranted.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/dietoterapia , Chá/química , Adipocinas/sangue , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Fosfatase Alcalina/metabolismo , Animais , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Endotoxinas/sangue , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Fermentação , Manipulação de Alimentos , Intestinos/microbiologia , Lactobacillus/isolamento & purificação , Leptina/sangue , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced alteration in the gut microbial composition, known as dysbiosis, is increasingly recognized as a major risk factor for various diseases, including colon cancer. This report describes a comprehensive investigation of the effect of agaro-oligosaccharides (AGO) on HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, including alterations in short-chain fatty acid contents and bile acid metabolism in mice. C57BL/6N mice were fed a control diet or HFD, with or without AGO. Terminal restriction fragment-length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis produced their fecal microbiota profiles. Profiles of cecal organic acids and serum bile acids were determined, respectively, using HPLC and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry systems. T-RFLP analyses showed that an HFD changed the gut microbiota significantly. Changes in the microbiota composition induced by an HFD were characterized by a decrease in the order Lactobacillales and by an increase in the Clostridium subcluster XIVa. These changes of the microbiota community generated by HFD treatment were suppressed by AGO supplementation. As supported by the data of the proportion of Lactobacillales order, the concentration of lactic acid increased in the HFD + AGO group. Data from the serum bile acid profile showed that the level of deoxycholic acid, a carcinogenic secondary bile acid produced by gut bacteria, was increased in HFD-receiving mice. The upregulation tended to be suppressed by AGO supplementation. Finally, results show that AGO supplementation suppressed the azoxymethane-induced generation of aberrant crypt foci in the colon derived from HFD-treated mice. Our results suggest that oral intake of AGO prevents HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, thereby inhibiting colon carcinogenesis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/microbiologia , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Disbiose/microbiologia , Oligossacarídeos/farmacologia , Sefarose/farmacologia , Animais , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/metabolismo , Clostridium , Fibras na Dieta , Disbiose/induzido quimicamente , Endotoxinas/sangue , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Fezes/microbiologia , Lactobacillales , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microbiota , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Oligossacarídeos/química , Sefarose/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is highest in childhood malignant tumor in China. The high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) treatment is very effective in ALL, and it can improve event-free survival rate. However, while executing the anti-tumor effect, it produces highly toxic effects on rapidly dividing cells which are normal. It seems probable that the HDMTX treatment injures intestinal mucosal barrier. The changes of intestinal mucosal barrier can be evaluated through measuring the level of plasma endotoxin and diamine oxidase (DAO). METHOD: Blood samples were collected from 30 normal children and 30 children with ALL at 1h, 24h, 44h and 68h after HDMTX. The levels of plasma endotoxin and DAO were measured at 1h, 24h, 44h and 68h after HDMTX with spectrophotometry. The levels of endotoxin and DAO were also measured in 4 different courses in 7 children with ALL. RESULTS: The levels of plasma endotoxin and DAO at 1h, 24h, 44h and 68h after HDMTX were higher than in normal children (P<0.01). The levels of plasma endotoxin and DAO at 24h and 44h after HDMTX were both higher than at 1h and 68h (P<0.01). There was no significant difference found in the measured results of plasma endotoxin and DAO at 1h and 68h after HDMTX (P>0.05). There was no significant difference found in the increased levels of endotoxin and DAO at 1h, 24h, 44h and 68h after HDMTX in 4 different courses of 7 children with ALL(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: By measuring the level of plasma endotoxin and DAO in children with ALL and during HDMTX chemotherapy, the results suggest that there is increased intestinal permeability.
Assuntos
Amina Oxidase (contendo Cobre)/sangue , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Endotoxinas/sangue , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Metotrexato/efeitos adversos , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Teste do Limulus , Metotrexato/administração & dosagem , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Permeabilidade , Espectrofotometria , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
AIMS: This trial aims to determine the effects of resistant starch (RS) subtype 2 (RS2) on glycemic status, metabolic endotoxemia and markers of oxidative stress. METHODS: A randomized, controlled, parallel-group clinical trial group of 56 females with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was divided to 2 groups. The intervention group (n = 28) and control group (n = 28) received 10 g/day RS2 or placebo for 8 weeks, respectively. Fasting blood samples were taken to determine glycemic status, endotoxin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), antioxidant enzymes concentrations as well as uric acid at baseline and after the intervention. RESULTS: After 8 weeks, RS2 caused a significant decrease in the levels of MDA (-34.10%), glycosylated hemoglobin (-9.40%), insulin (-29.36%), homeostasis model of insulin resistance (-32.85%) and endotoxin (-25.00%), a significant increase in TAC (18.10%) and glutathione peroxidase (11.60%) as compared with control. No significant changes were observed in fasting plasma glucose, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, hs-CRP, superoxide dismutase, catalase and uric acid in the RS2 group as compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with RS2 may be improved glycemic status, endotoxemia and markers of oxidative stress in patients with T2DM.