Comparative genomics of Enterobacter cloacae complex before and after acquired clinical resistance to Ceftazidime-Avibactam.

Resistance to Ceftazidime-Avibactam in Enterobacter cloacae is poorly understood. Whole genome sequencing identified 6 variants in isolates collected from a patient before and after acquiring Ceftazidime-Avibactam resistance. This included a Phe396Leu mutation in acrB, a component of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, possibly mediating enhanced efflux of Ceftazidime and/ or Avibactam.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex in a tertiary Hospital in Northeast China, 2010-2019.

BACKGROUND: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex (CREC) is a new emerging threat to global public health. The objective of the study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and molecular epidemiology of CREC infections in the medical center of northeast China. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients were infected/colonized with CREC during a ten-year period (2010-2019) by WHONET analysis. Antibiotic susceptibilities were tested with VITEK 2 and micro broth dilution method (for polymyxin B and tigecycline). Carbapenemase encoding genes, ß-lactamase genes, and seven housekeeping genes for MLST were amplified and sequenced for 18 cryopreserved CREC isolates. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was built with the concentrated sequences to show the relatedness between the 18 isolates. RESULTS: There was a rapid increase in CREC detection rate during the ten-year period, reaching 8.11% in 2018 and 6.48% in 2019. The resistance rate of CREC isolates to imipenem and meropenem were 100.0 and 77.8%, however, they showed high sensitivity to tigecycline, polymyxin B and amikacin. The 30-day crude mortality of CREC infection was 17.4%, indicating that it may be a low-virulence bacterium. Furthermore, molecular epidemiology revealed that ST93 was the predominant sequence type followed by ST171 and ST145, with NDM-1 and NDM-5 as the main carbapenemase-encoding genes. Moreover, E. hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii and E. hormaechei subsp. oharae were the main species, which showed different resistance patterns. CONCLUSION: Rising detection rate of CREC was observed in a tertiary hospital, which showed heterogeneity in drug resistance patterns, resistance genes, and MLST types. Effective infection prevention and control measures should be taken to reduce the spread of CREC.

Nettle-Leaf Extract Derived ZnO/CuO Nanoparticle-Biopolymer-Based Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Nanocomposite Packaging Films and Their Impact on Extending the Post-Harvest Shelf Life of Guava Fruit.

Green synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have prominent applications in antimicrobial packaging systems. Here we have attempted for the fabrication of chitosan-based nanocomposite film containing Urtica dioica leaf extract derived copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs for shelf-life extension of the packaged guava fruits. Electron microscopy and spectroscopy analysis of the CuO and ZnO NPs exhibited nano-scale size, spherical morphologies, and negative ζ-potential values. The NPs possessed appreciable antioxidant and antimicrobial activity (AMA) in order of CuO NPs > ZnO NPs >nettle extract. Therefore, this work establishes for the first time the successful synthesis of CuO NPs and compares its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with ZnO NPs. On incorporation in chitosan, the polymer nanocomposite films were developed by solvent casting technique. The developed films were transparent, had low antioxidant but substantial AMA. The NP supplementation improved the film characteristics as evident from the decrease in moisture content, water holding capacity, and solubility of the films. The nanocomposite films improved the quality attributes and shelf life of guava fruits by one week on packaging and storage compared to unpackaged control fruits. Therefore, this study demonstrates the higher antimicrobial potential of the nettle leaf extract derived CuO/ZnO NPs for development of antimicrobial nanocomposite films as a promising packaging solution for enhancing the shelf life of various perishable fruits.

Antibacterial potential of Forsythia suspensa polysaccharide against resistant Enterobacter cloacae with SHV-12 extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL).

In this study, a homogenous polysaccharide (FSP), with an average molecular weight of 9.08 × 104  Da, was isolated from Forsythia suspense and its antibacterial potential against Enterobacter cloacae producing SHV-12 ESBL was investigated. Growth kinetics, in vitro competition and biofilm formation experiments demonstrated that SHV-12 ESBL contributed to a fitness benefit to E cloacae strain. The antibacterial activity of FSP (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 µg/mL) was tested against E cloacae bearing SHV-12 ESBL gene using bacterial sensitivity, agar bioassay and agar well diffusion assays. It was found that the addition of FSP demonstrated potent antibacterial activities against this bacterial as showed by the decrease of bacterial growth and the increase of the inhibition zone diameter. Furthermore, SHV-12 ESBL gene expression was decreased in E cloacae strain following different FSP treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, these data showed that FSP exhibited potent good antibacterial activity against E cloacae producing SHV-12 ESBL via inhibition of SHV-12 ESBL gene expression, which may promote the development of novel natural antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by this drug-resistant bacterial pathogen.

Evaluation of pooled human urine and synthetic alternatives in a dynamic bladder infection in vitro model simulating oral fosfomycin therapy.

The impact of the bladder environment on fosfomycin activity and treatment response is uncertain. Standard laboratory media does not reflect the biomatrix of urine, where limited nutritional factors are important for growth and antimicrobial kill rates. We compared fosfomycin activity against Enterobacteriaceae in laboratory media, human urine and synthetic alternatives. Sixteen clinical isolates (8-Escherichia coli, 4-Enterobacter cloacae, 4-Klebsiella pneumoniae) were studied with broth microdilution (BMD) susceptibility, static time-kill assays and dynamic testing in a bladder infection model simulating a 3 g oral fosfomycin dose. Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) with and without 25 mg/L glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), pooled midstream urine (MSU), pooled 24 h urine collection (24 U), artificial urine medium (AUM) and synthetic human urine (SHU) were compared. BMD susceptibility, bacterial growth and response to static fosfomycin concentrations in urine were best matched with SHU and were distinctly different when tested in MHB with G6P. Fosfomycin exposure in the bladder infection model was accurately reproduced (bias 4.7 ± 6.2%). Under all media conditions, 8 isolates (2-E. coli, 2-E. cloacae, 4-K. pneumoniae) re-grew and 4 isolates (4-E. coli) were killed. The remaining isolates (2-E. coli, 2-E. cloacae) re-grew variably in urine and synthetic media. Agar dilution MIC failed to predict re-growth, whereas BMD MIC in media without G6P performed better. Emergence of resistance was restricted in synthetic media. Overall, SHU provided the best substitute for urine for in vitro modelling of antimicrobial treatment of uropathogens, and these data have broader utility for improved preclinical testing of antimicrobials for urinary tract infections.

Antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in Mexican hospitals / Resistencia antimicrobiana y consumo de antibióticos en hospitales mexicanos

Abstract: Objective: To establish the current situation of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in Mexican hospitals. Materials and methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility data from blood and urine isolates were collected. Defined daily dose (DDD) of antibiotic consumption/100 occupied beds (OBD) was calculated. Results: Study period: 2016 and 2017. Of 4 382 blood isolates, E. coli and K. pneumoniae were most frequently reported, with antimicrobial resistance >30% for most drugs tested, only for carbapenems and amikacin resistance were <20%. A. baumannii had antimicrobial resistance >20% to all drugs. Resistance to oxacillin in S. aureus was 20%. From 12 151 urine isolates, 90% corresponded to E. coli; resistance to ciprofloxacin, cephalosporins and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was >50%, with good susceptibility to nitrofurantoin, amikacin and carbapenems. Global median antimicrobial consumption was 57.2 DDD/100 OB. Conclusions: This report shows a high antimicrobial resistance level in Gram-negative bacilli and provides an insight into the seriousness of the problem of antibiotic consumption.

Resumen: Objetivo: Establecer la situación actual de la resistencia antimicrobiana y el consumo de antibióticos en hospitales mexicanos. Material y métodos:F Se colectaron datos de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de aislamientos de sangre y orina. Se calculó la dosis diaria definida (DDD) del consumo de antibióticos/100 estancias. Resultados: Periodo de estudio de 2016 a 2017. De 4 382 aislamientos en sangre, E. coli y K. pneumoniae fueron las más frecuentes, con resistencia >30% a la mayoría de las drogas evaluadas; sólo para carbapenémicos y amikacina la resistencia fue <20%. A. baumannii tuvo resistencia >20% a todos los fármacos. La resistencia a oxacilina en S. aureus fue de 20%. De 12 151 aislamientos en urocultivos, 90% correspondió a E. coli; la resistencia a ciprofloxacina, cefalosporinas y trimetoprima/sulfametoxazol fue >50%, con buena susceptibilidad a nitrofurantoína, amikacina y carbapenémicos. La mediana del consumo global de antibióticos en DDD/100 estancias fue de 57.2. Conclusiones: Este reporte muestra el nivel elevado de resistencia en bacilos Gram-negativos y brinda una perspectiva de la gravedad del problema del consumo de antibióticos.

Long-Term Impact of Suppressive Antibiotic Therapy on Intestinal Microbiota.

The aim was to describe the safety of indefinite administration of antibiotics, the so-called suppressive antibiotic therapy (SAT) and to provide insight into their impact on gut microbiota. 17 patients with SAT were recruited, providing a fecal sample. Bacterial composition was determined by 16S rDNA massive sequencing, and their viability was explored by PCR-DGGE with and without propidium monoazide. Presence of antibiotic multirresistant bacteria was explored through the culture of feces in selective media. High intra-individual variability in the genera distribution regardless of the antibiotic or antibiotic administration ingestion period, with few statistically significant differences detected by Bray-Curtis distance-based principle component analysis, permutational multivariate analysis of variance and linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis. However, the microbiota composition of patients treated with both beta-lactams and sulfonamides clustered by a heat map. Curiously, the detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria was almost anecdotic and CTX-M-15-producing E. coli were detected in two subjects. Our work demonstrates the overall clinical safety of SAT and the low rate of the selection of multidrug-resistant bacteria triggered by this therapy. We also describe the composition of intestinal microbiota under the indefinite use of antibiotics for the first time.

Antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in Mexican hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the current situation of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in Mexican hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antimicrobial susceptibility data from blood and urine isolates were collected. Defined daily dose (DDD) of antibiotic consumption/100 occupied beds (OBD) was calculated. RESULTS: Study period: 2016 and 2017. Of 4 382 blood isolates, E. coli and K. pneumoniae were most frequently reported, with antimicrobial resistance >30% for most drugs tested, only for carbapenems and amikacin resistance were <20%. A. baumannii had antimicrobial resistance >20% to all drugs. Resistance to oxacillin in S. aureus was 20%. From 12 151 urine isolates, 90% corresponded to E. coli; resistance to ciprofloxacin, cephalosporins and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was >50%, with good susceptibility to nitrofurantoin, amikacin and carbapenems. Global median antimicrobial consumption was 57.2 DDD/100 OB. CONCLUSIONS: s. This report shows a high antimicrobial resistance level in Gram-negative bacilli and provides an insight into the seriousness of the problem of antibiotic consumption.

OBJETIVO: Establecer la situación actual de la resistencia antimicrobiana y el consumo de antibióticos en hospitales mexicanos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se colectaron datos de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de aislamientos de sangre y orina. Se calculó la dosis diaria definida (DDD) del consumo de antibióticos/100 estancias. RESULTADOS: Periodo de estudio de 2016 a 2017. De 4 382 aislamientos en sangre, E. coli y K. pneumoniae fueron las más frecuentes, con resistencia >30% a la mayoría de las drogas evaluadas; sólo para carbapenémicos y amikacina la resistencia fue <20%. A. baumannii tuvo resistencia >20% a todos los fármacos. La resistencia a oxacilina en S. aureus fue de 20%. De 12 151 aislamientos en urocultivos, 90% correspondió a E. coli; la resistencia a ciprofloxacina, cefalosporinas y trimetoprima/sulfametoxazol fue >50%, con buena susceptibilidad a nitrofurantoína, amikacina y carbapenémicos. La mediana del consumo global de antibióticos en DDD/100 estancias fue de 57.2. CONCLUSIONES: Este reporte muestra el nivel elevado de resistencia en bacilos Gram-negativos y brinda una perspectiva de la gravedad del problema del consumo de antibióticos.

Cefpirome Treatment Results in Limited Selection of Stable Derepressed Enterobacter cloacae Mutants in the Intestinal Flora of Rats Treated for an Experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae Pulmonary Infection.

Background: Fourth-generation cephalosporins have been developed to improve their potency, that is, low minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and to prevent resistance selection of derepressed AmpC-producing mutants in comparison to third-generation cephalosporins as ceftazidime. Objectives: We investigated the role of the administered cefpirome dose on the efficacy of treatment of a Klebsiella pneumoniae lung infection as well as in the selection of resistant Enterobacter cloacae isolates in the intestines of rats treated for a K. pneumoniae lung infection. Materials and Methods: Rats with K. pneumoniae lung infection received therapy with cefpirome doses of 0.4 to 50 mg/kg/day b.i.d. for 18 days. Resistance selection in intestinal E. cloacae was monitored during 43 days. Mutants were checked for ß-lactamase activity, mutations in their structural ampC gene, ampD gene, and omp39-40 gene. Results: A 45% and 100% rat survival rate was obtained by administration of 3.1 and 12.5 mg/kg b.i.d. of cefpirome. A significant correlation was demonstrated in the reduction of the susceptible E. cloacae isolates with %fT>MIC at days 7, 14, 22, and 29. Cefpirome E. cloacae mutants, with increased cefpirome MICs, were obtained in only four rats. Conclusions: The treatment with cefpirome resulted in less selection of derepressed mutants in comparison to ceftazidime as shown by their low number per gram of feces and in a limited number of animals.

New insights into the chemical profiling, cytotoxicity and bioactivity of four Bunium species.

Bunium species have been reported to be used both as food and in traditional medicines. The scientific community has attempted to probe into the pharmacological and chemical profiles of this genus. Nonetheless, many species have not been investigated fully to date. In this study, we determined the phenolic components, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activities of aerial parts of four Bunium species (B. sayai, B. pinnatifolium, B. brachyactis and B. macrocarpum). Results showed that B. microcarpum and B. pinnatifolium were strong antioxidants as evidenced in the DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays. B. brachyactis was the most effective metal chelator, and displayed high enzyme inhibition against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, glucosidase, and lipase. The four species showed varied antimicrobial activity against each microorganism. Overall, they showed high activity against P. mirabilis and E. coli (MIC and MBC <1 mg mL-1). B. brachyactis was more effective against Aspergillus versicolor compared to the standard drug ketoconazole. B. brachyactis was also more effective than both ketoconazole and bifonazole against Trichoderma viride. B. sayai was more effective than ketoconazole in inhibiting A. fumigatus. B. sayai was most non-toxic to HEK 293 (cellular viability = 117%) and HepG2 (cellular viability = 104%). The highest level of TPC was observed in B. pinnatifolium (35.94 mg GAE g-1) while B. microcarpum possessed the highest TFC (39.21 mg RE g-1). Seventy four compounds were detected in B. microcarpum, 70 in B. brachyactis, 66 in B. sayai, and 51 in B. pinnatifolium. Quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, pantothenic acid, esculin, isoquercitrin, rutin, apigenin, and scopoletin were present in all the four species. This study showed that the four Bunium species are good sources of biologically active compounds with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential.

Antibacterial and antidiarrheal activity of Butea Monospermea bark extract against waterborne enterobacter Cloacae in rodents: In-vitro, Ex-vivo and In-Vivo evidences.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (family Leguminosae), popularly known as 'Palash' possess numerous medicinal properties since ancient times. According to the Wealth of India, stem bark of this plant exhibits various therapeutic properties like antimicrobial, astringent, styptic, aphrodisiac, and anti-inflammatory. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of the present study was to investigate antibacterial and antidiarrheal effect of B. monosperma bark against newly isolated gram negative pathogenic bacterial strain Enterobacter cloacae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aqueous extract of B. monosperma bark (BMAqE) was subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis for determination of bioactive components. Antibacterial study of BMAqE was assessed using bacterial growth kinetic study, fluorescence spectroscopy, outer and inner membrane permeability assay, dehydrogenase inhibitory assay and protein leakage assay followed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) study. Antidiarrheal activity was studied using castor oil induced diarrhea model in albino rats followed by histopathology studies of rat ileum. RESULTS: LC-MS/MS analysis of BMAqE revealed presence of twenty-two different active phytoconstituents out of which most of the constituents belong to flavonoid and polyphenol family. BMAqE showed MIC and MBC (IC90) value of 5 and 200 µg/mL against targeted bacterial strain. BMAqE exhibited potent and dose dependent bactericidal effect via disruption of integrity of bacterial cell membrane, enzymatic degradation, leakage of intracellular protein and ruptured bacterial cell. In castor oil induced diarrhea model, BMAqE (200 mg/kg; orally) caused marked reduction (75.66%) in the frequency of defecation and mean weight of faeces (0.54 ±â€¯0.04) when compared to control group (2.26 ±â€¯0.25). Histopathology study revealed marked restoration of cellular architecture of rat ileum tissue. Four known flavonoids were isolated from BMAqE using column chromatography. In ex-vivo study, BMAqE (0.0002, 0.0004 and 0.0006 g/L) and isolated flavonoids i.e. rhamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol and catechin (0.5, 5 & 50 µm) produced a significant (p < 0.001) change in EC50 and indicated competitive phenomena via rightward shift of acetylcholine CRC with pA2 of 3.78, 8.0, 7.1, 7.0 and 6.9 respectively. CONCLUSION: BMAqE exhibits impressive antibacterial and anti-diarrheal activity and can be effectively used to eradicate water borne diseases.

Enhanced emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria after in vitro induction with cancer chemotherapy drugs.

BACKGROUND: Infections with antibiotic-resistant pathogens in cancer patients are a leading cause of mortality. Cancer patients are treated with compounds that can damage bacterial DNA, potentially triggering the SOS response, which in turn enhances the bacterial mutation rate. Antibiotic resistance readily occurs after mutation of bacterial core genes. Thus, we tested whether cancer chemotherapy drugs enhance the emergence of resistant mutants in commensal bacteria. METHODS: Induction of the SOS response was tested after the incubation of Escherichia coli biosensors with 39 chemotherapeutic drugs at therapeutic concentrations. The mutation frequency was assessed after induction with the SOS-inducing chemotherapeutic drugs. We then tested the ability of the three most highly inducing drugs to drive the emergence of resistant mutants of major bacterial pathogens to first-line antibiotics. RESULTS: Ten chemotherapeutic drugs activated the SOS response. Among them, eight accelerated the evolution of the major commensal E. coli, mostly through activation of the SOS response, with dacarbazine, azacitidine and streptozotocin enhancing the mutation rate 21.3-fold (P < 0.001), 101.7-fold (P = 0.01) and 1158.7-fold (P = 0.02), respectively. These three compounds also spurred the emergence of imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (up to 6.21-fold; P = 0.05), ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (up to 57.72-fold; P = 0.016) and cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteria cloacae (up to 4.57-fold; P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that chemotherapy could accelerate evolution of the microbiota and drive the emergence of antibiotic-resistant mutants from bacterial commensals in patients. This reveals an additional level of complexity of the interactions between cancer, chemotherapy and the gut microbiota.

Engineered Polymer Nanoparticles with Unprecedented Antimicrobial Efficacy and Therapeutic Indices against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Biofilms.

The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial "superbugs" with concomitant treatment failure and high mortality rates presents a severe threat to global health. The superbug risk is further exacerbated by chronic infections generated from antibiotic-resistant biofilms that render them refractory to available treatments. We hypothesized that efficient antimicrobial agents could be generated through careful engineering of hydrophobic and cationic domains in a synthetic semirigid polymer scaffold, mirroring and amplifying attributes of antimicrobial peptides. We report the creation of polymeric nanoparticles with highly efficient antimicrobial properties. These nanoparticles eradicate biofilms with low toxicity to mammalian cells and feature unprecedented therapeutic indices against red blood cells. Most notably, bacterial resistance toward these nanoparticles was not observed after 20 serial passages, in stark contrast to clinically relevant antibiotics where significant resistance occurred after only a few passages.

Dynamics of colistin and tobramycin resistance among Enterobacter cloacae during prolonged use of selective decontamination of the digestive tract.

Background: A high prevalence of colistin resistance among E. cloacae isolates in two intensive care units (ICU) (of 16 and 6 beds) using selective digestive decontamination (SDD) since 1990 instigated a retrospective and prospective investigation to quantify the role of clonal transmission. SDD is topical application of colistin and tobramycin and systemic use of cefotaxime during the first days of ICU-admission. Methods: Multi-resistant E. cloacae (MREb) was defined as ESBL production and/or tobramycin non-susceptibility and/or colistin non-susceptibility. Incidence of acquisition and prevalence of carriage with MREb was determined from microbiological culture results. Results: Colistin-resistant E. cloacae was first detected in November 2009 and carriage was demonstrated in 141 patients until October 2014. Mean incidence of MREb acquisition was 4.61 and 1.86 per 1000 days at risk in ICUs 1 and 2, respectively, and the mean monthly prevalence of MREb in both ICUs was 7.0 and 3.1%, respectively, without a discernible trend in time. Conversion rates from carriage of colistin-susceptible to resistant E. cloacae were 0.20 and 0.13 per 1000 patient days, respectively. Whole genome sequencing of 149 isolates revealed eight clusters, with the number of SNPs of the largest two clusters ranging between 0 and 116 for cluster 1 (n = 49 isolates), and 0 and 27 for cluster 2 (n = 36 isolates), among isolates derived between 2009 and 2014. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a stable low-level endemicity of MREb in two Dutch ICUs with prolonged use of SDD, which was characterized by the persistent presence of two clusters, suggesting incidental clonal transmission.

Enhanced efficacy of imipenem-colistin combination therapy against multiple-drug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae: in vitro activity and a Galleria mellonella model.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To investigate the in vitro and in vivo activity of imipenem-colistin combination against multidrug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae infections in order to determine whether it should be explored further. METHODS: The antimicrobial activity of colistin alone and in combination with imipenem was assessed versus an imipenem-susceptible isolate, E. cloacae GN1059, or an imipenem-resistant strain, E. cloacae GN0791, isolated in Anhui, China. The potential synergy of imipenem-colistin was evaluated using a checkerboard assay, as well as static time-kill experiments at 1× and 2× minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). A simple invertebrate model (Galleria mellonella) was developed to assess the in vivo efficacy of imipenem-colistin in treating E. cloacae infection. RESULTS: In checkerboard assays, synergy (defined as a fractional inhibitory concentration index of ≤ 0.5) was observed between imipenem and colistin for both isolates tested. In time-kill assays, the combination of imipenem-colistin at 1× or 2× MIC resulted in complete killing of both strains. In the G. mellonella larvae model infected with lethal doses of E. cloacae, the combination therapy led to significantly increased survival of the larvae as compared with imipenem or colistin monotherapy alone (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This is the first report demonstrating the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in the G. mellonella larvae model of infections caused by E. cloacae. Our study suggested that imipenem-colistin combination was highly active against E. cloacae both in vitro and in the simple invertebrate model, and provided preliminary in vivo evidence that such combination might be useful therapeutically.

Activity of Meropenem-Vaborbactam in Mouse Models of Infection Due to KPC-Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

Meropenem-vaborbactam (Vabomere) is highly active against Gram-negative pathogens, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae The objective of these studies was to evaluate the efficacy of meropenem alone and in combination with vaborbactam in mouse thigh and lung infection models. Thighs or lungs of neutropenic mice were infected with KPC-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, with meropenem MICs ranging from ≤0.06 to 8 mg/liter in the presence of 8 mg/liter vaborbactam. Mice were treated with meropenem alone or meropenem in combination with vaborbactam every 2 h for 24 h to provide exposures comparable to 2-g doses of each component in humans. Meropenem administered in combination with vaborbactam produced bacterial killing in all strains tested, while treatment with meropenem alone either produced less than 0.5 log CFU/tissue of bacterial killing or none at all. In the thigh model, 11 strains were treated with the combination of meropenem plus vaborbactam (300 plus 50 mg/kg of body weight). This combination produced from 0.8 to 2.89 logs of bacterial killing compared to untreated controls at the start of treatment. In the lung infection model, two strains were treated with the same dosage regimen of meropenem and vaborbactam. The combination produced more than 1.83 logs of bacterial killing against both strains tested compared to untreated controls at the start of treatment. Overall, these data suggest that meropenem-vaborbactam may have utility in the treatment of infections due to KPC-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

Extensive colonization with carbapenemase-producing microorganisms in Romanian burn patients: infectious consequences from the Colectiv fire disaster.

Health care of severe burn patients is highly specialized and may require international patient transfer. Burn patients have an increased risk of developing infections. Patients that have been hospitalized in countries where carbapenemase-producing microorganisms (CPMO) are endemic may develop infections that are difficult to treat. In addition, there is a risk on outbreaks with CPMOs in burn centers. This study underlines that burn patients may extensively be colonized with CPMOs, and it provides best practice recommendations regarding clinical microbiology and infection control. We evaluated CPMO-carriage and wound colonization in a burn patient initially treated in Romania, and transported to the Netherlands. The sequence types and acquired beta-lactamase genes of highly-resistant microorganisms were derived from next generation sequencing data. Next, we searched literature for reports on CPMOs in burn patients. Five different carbapenemase-producing isolates were cultured: two unrelated OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter baumanii, OXA-48-producing Enterobacter cloacae, and NDM-1-producing Providencia stuartii. Also, multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were detected. Among the sampling sites, there was high variety in CPMOs. We found 46 reports on CPMOs in burn patients. We listed the epidemiology of CPMOs by country of initial treatment, and summarized recommendations for care of these patients based on these reports and our study.

Green synthesised zinc oxide nanostructures through Periploca aphylla extract shows tremendous antibacterial potential against multidrug resistant pathogens.

To grapple with multidrug resistant bacterial infections, implementations of antibacterial nanomedicines have gained prime attention of the researchers across the globe. Nowadays, zinc oxide (ZnO) at nano-scale has emerged as a promising antibacterial therapeutic agent. Keeping this in view, ZnO nanostructures (ZnO-NS) have been synthesised through reduction by P. aphylla aqueous extract without the utilisation of any acid or base. Structural examinations via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction have revealed pure phase morphology with highly homogenised average particle size of 18 nm. SEM findings were further supplemented by transmission electron microscopy examinations. The characteristic Zn-O peak has been observed around 363 nm using ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy examination has also confirmed the formation of ZnO-NS through detection of Zn-O bond vibration frequencies. To check the superior antibacterial activity of ZnO-NS, the authors' team has performed disc diffusion assay and colony forming unit testing against multidrug resistant E. coli, S. marcescens and E. cloacae. Furthermore, protein kinase inhibition assay and cytotoxicity examinations have revealed that green fabricated ZnO-NS are non-hazardous, economical, environmental friendly and possess tremendous potential to treat lethal infections caused by multidrug resistant pathogens.

Inhibition of Fosfomycin Resistance Protein FosA by Phosphonoformate (Foscarnet) in Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens.

FosA proteins confer fosfomycin resistance to Gram-negative pathogens via glutathione-mediated modification of the antibiotic. In this study, we assessed whether inhibition of FosA by sodium phosphonoformate (PPF) (foscarnet), a clinically approved antiviral agent, would reverse fosfomycin resistance in representative Gram-negative pathogens. The inhibitory activity of PPF against purified recombinant FosA from Escherichia coli (FosA3), Klebsiella pneumoniae (FosAKP), Enterobacter cloacae (FosAEC), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (FosAPA) was determined by steady-state kinetic measurements. The antibacterial activity of PPF against FosA in clinical strains of these species was evaluated by susceptibility testing and time-kill assays. PPF increased the Michaelis constant (Km ) for fosfomycin in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting the maximum rate (Vmax) of the reaction, for all four FosA enzymes tested, indicating a competitive mechanism of inhibition. Inhibitory constant (Ki ) values were 22.6, 35.8, 24.4, and 56.3 µM for FosAKP, FosAEC, FosAPA, and FosA3, respectively. Addition of clinically achievable concentrations of PPF (∼667 µM) reduced the fosfomycin MICs by ≥4-fold among 52% of the K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, and P. aeruginosa clinical strains tested and led to a bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect in time-kill assays among representative strains. PPF inhibits FosA activity across Gram-negative species and can potentiate fosfomycin activity against the majority of strains with chromosomally encoded fosA These data suggest that PPF may be repurposed as an adjuvant for fosfomycin to treat infections caused by some FosA-producing, multidrug-resistant, Gram-negative pathogens.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Tigecycline in Critically Ill Patients with Severe Infections.

We sought to describe the population pharmacokinetics of tigecycline in critically ill patients and to determine optimized dosing regimens of tigecycline for different bacterial infections. This prospective study included 10 critically ill patients given a standard dose of tigecycline. Blood samples were collected during one dosing interval and were analyzed using validated chromatography. Population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo dosing simulations were undertaken using Pmetrics. Three target exposures, expressed as ratios of the 24-h area under the curve to MICs (AUC0-24/MIC), were evaluated (≥17.9 for skin infections, ≥6.96 for intra-abdominal infections, ≥4.5 for hospital-acquired pneumonia). The median age, total body weight, and body mass index (BMI) were 67 years, 69.1 kg, and 24.7 kg/m2, respectively. A two-compartment linear model best described the time course of tigecycline concentrations. The parameter estimates (expressed as means ± standard deviations [SD]) from the final model were as follows: clearance (CL), 7.50 ± 1.11 liters/h; volume in the central compartment, 72.50 ± 21.18 liters; rate constant for tigecycline distribution from the central to the peripheral compartment, 0.31 ± 0.16 h-1; and rate constant for tigecycline distribution from the peripheral to the central compartment, 0.29 ± 0.30 h-1 A larger BMI was associated with increased CL of tigecycline. Licensed doses were found to be sufficient for Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus for an AUC0-24/MIC target of 4.5 or 6.96. For a therapeutic target of 17.9, an increased tigecycline dose is required, especially for patients with higher BMI. The dosing requirements of tigecycline differ with the indication, with pathogen susceptibility, and potentially with patient BMI.