RESUMO
Nutritional ketosis has been proven effective for neurometabolic conditions and disorders linked to metabolic dysregulation. While inducing nutritional ketosis, ketogenic diet (KD) can improve motor performance in the context of certain disease states, but it is unknown whether exogenous ketone supplements-alternatives to KDs-may have similar effects. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ketone supplements on motor performance, using accelerating rotarod test and on postexercise blood glucose and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-ßHB) levels in rodent models with and without pathology. The effect of KD, butanediol (BD), ketone-ester (KE), ketone-salt (KS), and their combination (KE + KS: KEKS) or mixtures with medium chain triglyceride (MCT) (KE + MCT: KEMCT; KS + MCT: KSMCT) was tested in Sprague-Dawley (SPD) and WAG/Rij (WR) rats and in GLUT-1 Deficiency Syndrome (G1D) mice. Motor performance was enhanced by KEMCT acutely, KE and KS subchronically in SPD rats, by KEKS and KEMCT groups in WR rats, and by KE chronically in G1D mice. We demonstrated that exogenous ketone supplementation improved motor performance to various degrees in rodent models, while effectively elevated R-ßHB and in some cases offsets postexercise blood glucose elevations. Our results suggest that improvement of motor performance varies depending on the strain of rodents, specific ketone formulation, age, and exposure frequency.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Cetonas/administração & dosagem , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/sangue , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Butileno Glicóis/administração & dosagem , Butileno Glicóis/sangue , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/metabolismo , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/terapia , Dieta Cetogênica/métodos , Humanos , Cetose/sangue , Cetose/terapia , Masculino , Camundongos , Modelos Animais , Proteínas de Transporte de Monossacarídeos/deficiência , Proteínas de Transporte de Monossacarídeos/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Roedores , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod/métodos , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Diseases involving inflammation and oxidative stress can be exacerbated by high blood glucose levels. Due to tight metabolic regulation, safely reducing blood glucose can prove difficult. The ketogenic diet (KD) reduces absolute glucose and insulin, while increasing fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, and circulating levels of ß-hydroxybutyrate (ßHB), acetoacetate (AcAc), and acetone. Compliance to KD can be difficult, so alternative therapies that help reduce glucose levels are needed. Exogenous ketones provide an alternative method to elevate blood ketone levels without strict dietary requirements. In this study, we tested the changes in blood glucose and ketone (ßHB) levels in response to acute, sub-chronic, and chronic administration of various ketogenic compounds in either a post-exercise or rested state. WAG/Rij (WR) rats, a rodent model of human absence epilepsy, GLUT1 deficiency syndrome mice (GLUT1D), and wild type Sprague Dawley rats (SPD) were assessed. Non-pathological animals were also assessed across different age ranges. Experimental groups included KD, standard diet (SD) supplemented with water (Control, C) or with exogenous ketones: 1, 3-butanediol (BD), ßHB mineral salt (KS), KS with medium chain triglyceride/MCT (KSMCT), BD acetoacetate diester (KE), KE with MCT (KEMCT), and KE with KS (KEKS). In rested WR rats, the KE, KS, KSMCT groups had lower blood glucose level after 1 h of treatment, and in KE and KSMCT groups after 24 h. After exercise, the KE, KSMCT, KEKS, and KEMCT groups had lowered glucose levels after 1 h, and in the KEKS and KEMCT groups after 7 days, compared to control. In GLUT1D mice without exercise, only KE resulted in significantly lower glucose levels at week 2 and week 6 during a 10 weeks long chronic feeding study. In 4-month and 1-year-old SPD rats in the post-exercise trials, blood glucose was significantly lower in KD and KE, and in KEMCT groups, respectively. After seven days, the KSMCT group had the most significantly reduced blood glucose levels, compared to control. These results indicate that exogenous ketones were efficacious in reducing blood glucose levels within and outside the context of exercise in various rodent models of different ages, with and without pathology.
Assuntos
Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/farmacologia , Acetoacetatos/farmacologia , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Butileno Glicóis/farmacologia , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/terapia , Dieta Cetogênica , Suplementos Nutricionais , Epilepsia Tipo Ausência/terapia , Proteínas de Transporte de Monossacarídeos/deficiência , Animais , Biomarcadores , Glicemia/metabolismo , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/sangue , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/genética , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação para Baixo , Epilepsia Tipo Ausência/sangue , Epilepsia Tipo Ausência/genética , Epilepsia Tipo Ausência/fisiopatologia , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 1/deficiência , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 1/genética , Masculino , Camundongos Knockout , Proteínas de Transporte de Monossacarídeos/sangue , Proteínas de Transporte de Monossacarídeos/genética , Esforço Físico , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Descanso , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Dor Abdominal/etiologia , Dor Abdominal/terapia , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/diagnóstico , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/terapia , Criança , Doença Crônica , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Terapia Combinada , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Gastroenteropatias/diagnóstico , Gastroenteropatias/terapia , Humanos , Imagens, Psicoterapia , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/diagnóstico , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/terapia , Lactase/deficiência , Recidiva , Encaminhamento e ConsultaRESUMO
The American Academy of Pediatrics is committed to the use of maternal breast milk as the ideal source of nutrition for infant feeding. Even so, by 2 months of age, most infants in North America are formula-fed. Despite limited indications, the use of soy protein-based formula has nearly doubled during the past decade to achieve 25% of the market in the United States. Because an infant formula provides the largest, if not sole, source of nutrition for an extended interval, the nutritional adequacy of the formula must be confirmed and the indications for its use well understood. This statement updates the 1983 Committee on Nutrition review and contains some important recommendations on the appropriate use of soy protein-based formulas.