RESUMO
Limited data exist on the environmental factors that impact pathogen prevalence in the soil. The prevalence of foodborne pathogens, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes, and the prevalence and concentration of generic E. coli in Florida's agricultural soils were evaluated to understand the potential risk of microbial contamination at the preharvest level. For all organisms but L. monocytogenes, a longitudinal field study was performed in three geographically distributed agricultural areas across Florida. At each location, 20 unique 5 by 5 m field sampling sites were selected, and soil was collected and evaluated for Salmonella presence (25 g) and E. coli and coliform concentrations (5 g). Complementary data collected from October 2021 to April 2022 included: weather; adjacent land use; soil properties, including macro- and micro-nutrients; and field management practices. The overall Salmonella and generic E. coli prevalence was 0.418% (1/239) and 11.3% (27/239), respectively; with mean E. coli concentrations in positive samples of 1.56 log CFU/g. Farm A had the highest prevalence of generic E. coli, 22.8% (18/79); followed by Farm B, 10% (8/80); and Farm C 1.25% (1/80). A significant relationship (p < 0.05) was observed between generic E. coli and coliforms, and farm and sampling trip. Variation in the prevalence of generic E. coli and changes in coliform concentrations between farms suggest environmental factors (e.g. soil properties) at the three farms were different. While Salmonella was only detected once, generic E. coli was detected in Florida soils throughout the duration of the growing season meaning activities that limit contact between soil and horticultural crops should continue to be emphasized. Samples collected during an independent sampling trip were evaluated for L. monocytogenes, which was not detected. The influence of local environmental factors on the prevalence of indicator organisms in the soil presents a unique challenge when evaluating the applicability of more global models to predict pathogen prevalence in preharvest produce environments.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Escherichia coli , Salmonella , Microbiologia do Solo , Solo , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Florida , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Prevalência , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Humanos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Escherichia coli is a pathogen associated with infections in piglets in the post-weaning phase, its pathogenicity is related to the animal's susceptibility to bacterial enterotoxins. The objective of the present study was to determine the EOs activity against E. colistrain, in the form planktonic and sessile. Although the Disc-Diffusion tests to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, do not fully corroborate with the other analyzes of this study, it was noticed bacteria inhibition. The EOs were prepared at 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.0% for tests. The tested EOs were effective against E. coliplanktonic cells (p<0.05). As for the sessile cells, the most significant result was inhibition and 100% sessile cells at the concentration of 1.0% of Cymbopogon citratusEO. Although there was resistance in some treatments, the tested EOs demonstrated inhibition capacity, constituting promising alternatives for the control of E. coli, especially of planktonic cells.
Escherichia coli es un patógeno asociado con infecciones en lechones en la fase posterior al destete, su patogenicidad está relacionada con la susceptibilidad del animal a las enterotoxinas bacterianas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la actividad de contra E. coli, en la forma planctónico y sésil. Aunque las pruebas de difusión de disco para determinar la concentración inhibitoria mínima, no corroboran completamente con los otros análisis de este estudio, se observó inhibición de la bacteria. Las soluciones basadas en AE se prepararon al 0.4%, 0.8% y 1.0% para pruebas. Los AEs probados fueron efectivos contra las células planctónicas (p<0.05). En cuanto a las células sésiles, el resultado más significativo fue la inhibición y el 100% de las células sésiles a la concentración de 1,0% de Cymbopogon citratus. Aunque hubo resistencia en algunos tratamientos, los AEs probados demostraron capacidad de inhibición, constituyendo alternativas prometedoras para el control de E. coli, especialmente de células planctónicas.
Assuntos
Animais , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Suínos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Ocimum basilicum , Cymbopogon , Diarreia/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/citologia , Ionização de Chama , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Antibacterianos/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Microbial infection plays an important role in exacerbation of chronic otitis media. The aim of this study was to analyse the microbiota in chronic otitis media in the context of local treatment. METHOD: In this prospective study, samples for microbiological examination were taken from 119 patients who underwent operation because of chronic otitis media. RESULTS: The results were compared between groups depending on the type of operation (none, tympanoplasty or radical), the presence of cholesteatoma or granulomatous tissue or discharge from the ear as a symptom of exacerbation. Antibiotic susceptibility of germs was analysed to define the strategy of treatment. A total of 209 samples were collected from 119 patients with chronic otitis media. CONCLUSION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were pathogens most frequently identified from the ear in the course of chronic otitis media. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was concerned with major pathology of the middle ear (radical surgery, cholesteatoma or granulomatous tissue, persisting discharge after treatment), whereas Staphylococcus aureus was obtained in dry perforations without other pathology in the middle-ear cavity. Ciprofloxacin was effective against Staphylococcus aureus, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were ciprofloxacin resistant.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Otite Média/tratamento farmacológico , Otite Média/microbiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Doença Crônica , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteus mirabilis/isolamento & purificação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of the Verigene BC-GN molecular rapid diagnostic test to standard antimicrobial stewardship practices (mRDT + ASP) decreased the time to optimal and effective antimicrobial therapy for patients with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections (BSI) compared to conventional microbiological methods with ASP (CONV + ASP). This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study evaluating the time to optimal antimicrobial therapy in 5 years of patients with E. coli or K. pneumoniae BSI determined to be ESBL- or carbapenemase-producing by mRDT and/or CONV. Of the 378 patients included (mRDT + ASP, n = 164; CONV + ASP, n = 214), 339 received optimal antimicrobial therapy (mRDT + ASP, n = 161; CONV + ASP, n = 178), and 360 (mRDT + ASP, n = 163; CONV + ASP, n = 197) received effective antimicrobial therapy. The mRDT + ASP demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the time to optimal antimicrobial therapy (20.5 h [interquartile range (IQR), 17.0 to 42.2 h] versus 50.1 h [IQR, 27.6 to 77.9 h]; P < 0.001) and the time to effective antimicrobial therapy (15.9 h [IQR, 1.9 to 25.7 h] versus 28.0 h [IQR, 9.5 to 56.7 h]; P < 0.001) compared to CONV + ASP, respectively. IMPORTANCE Our study supports the additional benefit of molecular rapid diagnostic test in combination with timely antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) intervention on shortening the time to both optimal and effective antimicrobial therapy in patients with ESBL- or carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections, compared to conventional microbiological methods and ASP. Gram-negative infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, often resulting in life-threatening organ dysfunction. Both resistance phenotypes confer resistance to many of our first-line antimicrobial agents with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales requiring novel beta-lactam and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations or other susceptible non-beta-lactam antibiotics for treatment. National resistance trends in a cohort of hospitalized patients at U.S. hospitals during our study period demonstrate the increasing incidence of both resistance phenotypes, reinforcing the generalizability and timeliness of such analysis.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Klebsiella/tratamento farmacológico , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Gestão de Antimicrobianos , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Infecções por Klebsiella/diagnóstico , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Urosepsis is life threatening, unless treated immediately. Empirical treatment with appropriate antibiotics lowers the risk of a poor outcome. However, with increasing resistance among common uropathogens, there is a need for continuous review of the existing protocol to determine whether there is a correlation between empirical antibiotic therapy and in-vitro susceptibility pattern of the pathogens causing urosepsis. METHODOLOGY: A prospective study was carried out on 66 confirmed cases of urosepsis from January 2017 to December 2018 after obtaining ethical clearance. Demographic details, risk factors, length of hospital stay, bacteriological profile, empirical antibiotic given, and change in antibiotic following susceptibility report and outcome was recorded. RESULTS: Among the 66 urosepsis cases 63 of them were started on empiric antibiotic. The correlation between the empirical antibiotic given and the in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was found to be significant with a p value < 0.0001. Among the 63 for whom empiric antibiotics was started further escalation of antibiotic was done in 46 patients. The remaining 20% of cases were changed over to a different antibiotic, in line with susceptibility report. The mortality rate was (15.1%) with a confidence interval of (CI = 15 ± 3.5). The association between the risk factors for urosepsis and their effect on mortality rate was analyzed. Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were identified as important independent risk factors and had direct influence on the mortality rate with significant p value of 0.0281 and 0.0015 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A significant correlation was identified between the empirical antibiotic given and in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility pattern.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Tempo de Internação , Sepse/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Sepse/tratamento farmacológico , Sepse/microbiologia , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The use of live biotherapeutic products (LBPs), including single strains of beneficial probiotic bacteria or consortiums, is gaining traction as a viable option to treat inflammatory-mediated diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, LBPs' persistence in the intestine is heterogeneous since many beneficial bacteria lack mechanisms to tolerate the inflammation and the oxidative stress associated with IBD. We rationalized that optimizing LBPs with enhanced colonization and persistence in the inflamed intestine would help beneficial bacteria increase their bioavailability and sustain their beneficial responses. Our lab developed two bioengineered LBPs (SBT001/BioPersist and SBT002/BioColoniz) modified to enhance colonization or persistence in the inflamed intestine. In this study, we examined colon-derived metabolites via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in colitic mice treated with either BioPersist or BioColoniz as compared to their unmodified parent strains (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 [EcN] and Lactobacillus reuteri, respectively) or to each other. BioPersist administration resulted in lowered concentrations of inflammatory prostaglandins, decreased stress hormones such as adrenaline and corticosterone, increased serotonin, and decreased bile acid in comparison to EcN. In comparison to BioColoniz, BioPersist increased serotonin and antioxidant production, limited bile acid accumulation, and enhanced tissue restoration via activated purine and pyrimidine metabolism. These data generated several novel hypotheses for the beneficial roles that LBPs may play during colitis.
Assuntos
Colite/prevenção & controle , Colo/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Probióticos/farmacologia , Animais , Terapia Biológica/métodos , Colite/metabolismo , Colite/microbiologia , Colite/patologia , Colo/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Sulfato de Dextrana/toxicidade , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/microbiologia , Inflamação/patologia , Lactobacillus/isolamento & purificação , Metaboloma , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic Resistance is an imminent global public health threat. Antibiotic resistance emerged in healthcare settings and has now moved on to the community settings. This study was conducted to identify the rates of asymptomatic colonization with selected antibiotic resistant organisms, (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp and carbapenem resistant E.coli and Klebsiella spp) - among a group of university students in Sri Lanka. Identification of genetic determinants of MRSA and ESBL was an additional objective of the study. METHODS: A self - collected nasal swab and a peri-rectal swab collected after passing stools were obtained. Routine microbiological methods were used for the isolation S.aureus from the nasal swab and E.coli and Klebsiella species from the peri-rectal swab. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed as recommended by clinical and laboratory standard institute (CLSI). Three (3) genes that are responsible for ESBL production; blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM were tested using previously described primers and PCR procedures. Identification of MecA and PVL genes attributed to MRSA was also done with PCR. RESULTS: A total of 322 participants between 21 and 28 years were recruited representing 5 different faculties of study. Seventy one (22.0%) were colonized with S.aureus and 14 among them with MRSA, making the MRSA colonization rate of 4.3%. Forty five (15%) of the participants were colonized with an ESBL producing E.coli or Klebsiella spp. No one was colonized with carbapenem resistant E.coli or Klebsiella species. Of the 45 ESBL producers the commonest genetic determinant identified was blaCTX-M (n = 36), while 16 isolates had blaTEM and 7 had blaSHV. Similarly, of the 14 isolates identified as MRSA, 3 (21.4%) were found to be PVL positive while 11 (78.6%) were MecA positive. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of colonization with ESBL producing E.coli and Klebsiella species was noted in our study group.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Universidades , Adulto , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos/isolamento & purificação , Carbapenêmicos/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Coortes , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Klebsiella/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Sri Lanka , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Estudantes , Adulto Jovem , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Considering the advent of antibiotic resistance, the study of bacterial metabolic behavior stimulated by novel antimicrobial agents becomes a relevant tool to elucidate involved adaptive pathways. Profiling of volatile metabolites was performed to monitor alterations of bacterial metabolism induced by biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs). Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were isolated from pressure ulcers, and their cultures were prepared in the presence/absence of bio-AgNPs at 12.5, 25 and 50 µg mL-1. Headspace solid phase microextraction associated to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was the employed analytical platform. At the lower concentration level, the agent promoted positive modulation of products of fermentation routes and bioactive volatiles, indicating an attempt of bacteria to adapt to an ongoing suppression of cellular respiration. Augmented response of aldehydes and other possible products of lipid oxidative cleavage was noticed for increasing levels of bio-AgNPs. The greatest concentration of agent caused a reduction of 44 to 80% in the variety of compounds found in the control samples. Pathway analysis indicated overall inhibition of amino acids and fatty acids routes. The present assessment may provide a deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms of bio-AgNPs and how the metabolic response of bacteria is untangled.
Assuntos
Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/metabolismo , Nanopartículas Metálicas/uso terapêutico , Úlcera por Pressão/tratamento farmacológico , Úlcera por Pressão/microbiologia , Prata/uso terapêutico , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Enterococcus faecalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterococcus faecalis/isolamento & purificação , Enterococcus faecalis/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Klebsiella pneumoniae/metabolismo , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Metaboloma/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolômica , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Proteus mirabilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteus mirabilis/isolamento & purificação , Proteus mirabilis/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/química , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/classificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intensive care units (ICU) are essential healthcare facility for life threatening conditions. Bacterial contamination of objects/instruments in ICU is an important source of nosocomial infections. This study is aimed to determine the level of bacterial contamination of instruments/objects which are commonly touched by healthcare workers and frequently come in contact with the neonates. METHODS: This hospital based prospective study was conducted in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. A total of 146 samples collected from surfaces of incubators, radiant warmers, suction tips, ventilators, stethoscopes, door handles, weighing machines, mothers' beds, phototherapy beds, laryngoscope, telephone sets, blood pressure machine, etc. formed the material of the study. Isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial isolates was performed by standard techniques. Blood culture isolates from NICU patients during the study period were compared with the environmental isolates. RESULTS: Out of 146 samples, bacterial growth was observed in 109. A total of 119 bacterial isolates were retrieved from 109 samples. Three common potential pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (n = 27), Klebsiella species (n = 21) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 18). Majority of E. coli and Klebsiella isolates were from incubators, suction tips and mothers' beds. Majority of S. aureus isolates were cultured from radiant warmers. Among S. aureus isolates, 33.3% (6/18) were methicillin resistant. Majority of the bacterial isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and amikacin. Common potential pathogens isolated from blood culture of NICU patients were S. aureus and Klebsiella species. CONCLUSION: High degree of bacterial contamination of objects/instruments in NICU was recorded. Isolation of potential pathogens like E. coli, Klebsiella species and S. aureus is a major threat of nosocomial infections. Blood culture data of NICU reflects possibility of nosocomial infections from contaminated sites. Gentamicin and amikacin may be used for empirical therapy in suspected cases of nosocomial infections in NICU.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Equipamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Hemocultura , Infecção Hospitalar , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Hospitais de Ensino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Klebsiella/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Nepal , Estudos Prospectivos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data of cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales in Sub-Saharan Africa is still restricted, and in particular in Mozambique. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) - and plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-producing clinical strains of Escherichia coli at Maputo Central Hospital (MCH), a 1000-bed reference hospital in Maputo, Mozambique. METHODS: A total of 230 clinical isolates of E. coli from urine (n = 199) and blood cultures (n = 31) were collected at MCH during August-November 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method and interpreted according to EUCAST guidelines. Isolates with reduced susceptibility to 3rd generation cephalosporins were examined further; phenotypically for an ESBL-/AmpC-phenotype by combined disc methods and genetically for ESBL- and pAmpC-encoding genes by PCR and partial amplicon sequencing as well as genetic relatedness by ERIC-PCR. RESULTS: A total of 75 isolates with reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime and/or ceftazidime (n = 75) from urine (n = 58/199; 29%) and blood (n = 17/31; 55%) were detected. All 75 isolates were phenotypically ESBL-positive and 25/75 (33%) of those also expressed an AmpC-phenotype. ESBL-PCR and amplicon sequencing revealed a majority of blaCTX-M (n = 58/75; 77%) dominated by blaCTX-M-15. All AmpC-phenotype positive isolates (n = 25/75; 33%) scored positive for one or more pAmpC-genes dominated by blaMOX/FOX. Multidrug resistance (resistance ≥ three antibiotic classes) was observed in all the 75 ESBL-positive isolates dominated by resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. ERIC-PCR revealed genetic diversity among strains with minor clusters indicating intra-hospital spread. CONCLUSION: We have observed a high prevalence of MDR pAmpC- and/or ESBL-producing clinical E. coli isolates with FOX/MOX and CTX-Ms as the major ß-lactamase types, respectively. ERIC-PCR analyses revealed genetic diversity and some clusters indicating within-hospital spread. The overall findings strongly support the urgent need for accurate and rapid diagnostic services to guide antibiotic treatment and improved infection control measures.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Cefotaxima/uso terapêutico , Ceftazidima/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , beta-Lactamases/genética , Infecção Hospitalar/diagnóstico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/sangue , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/urina , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Moçambique/epidemiologia , Fenótipo , PrevalênciaRESUMO
We assessed the prevalence, distribution, and antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolated from raw and treated wastewater of a major wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and the receiving river water upstream and downstream from the WWTP discharge point. Escherichia coli and enterococci were isolated and counted using the Colilert®-18 Quanti-Tray® 2000 and Enterolert®-18 Quanti-Tray 2000 systems, respectively. A total of 580 quantitative PCR-confirmed E. coli and 579 enterococci were randomly chosen from positive samples and tested for in vitro antibiotic susceptibility using the disk diffusion assay against 20 and 16 antibiotics, respectively. The removal success of the bacterial species through the treatment procedure at the WWTP was expressed as log removal values (LRVs). Most E. coli were susceptible to meropenem (94.8%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (92.9%), with most Enterococcus susceptible to ampicillin (97.8%) and vancomycin (96.7%). In total, 376 (64.8%) E. coli and 468 (80.8%) Enterococcus isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR). A total of 42.4% (246/580) E. coli and 65.1% (377/579) enterococci isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance indices >0.2. The LRV for E. coli ranged from 2.97 to 3.99, and for enterococci the range was observed from 1.83 to 3.98. A high proportion of MDR E. coli and enterococci were present at all sampled sites, indicating insufficient removal during wastewater treatment. There is a need to appraise the public health risks associated with bacterial contamination of environmental waters arising from such WWTPs to protect the health of users of the receiving water bodies.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Águas Residuárias/microbiologia , Enterococcus/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , África do Sul/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We reported the impact of internal guidelines coupled with selective reporting of antibiotic susceptibility tests (srAST) on antibiotic adequacy in healthcare facilities. METHODS: This prospective study involved clinicians from three clinics with medical and surgical activities employing a full-time infectious disease (ID) specialist. Internal guidelines were updated in 2016. The clinics were working with the same laboratory, which delivered the srAST introduced in March 2017. Two weeks per month over a 6-month period, all isolated bacterial specimens, empirical antibiotic therapies (EAT) and the documented ones were analyzed. An EAT listed in the guidelines and a documented therapy mentioned in the srAST defined their adequacy. RESULTS: A total of 257 positive bacterial samples were analyzed in 199 patients, for which 106 infections were studied. Of these, 32% were urinary tract infections, 15% were primary bloodstream infections, 11% were bone infections, and 42% were other types of infection. The three main bacteria were Escherichia coli (27%), Staphylococcus aureus (24%), and Enterococcus faecalis (14%). The total number of antibiotic prescriptions was 168, with 75 (45%) EATs and 93 (55%) documented therapies. There were 35/75 (47%) adequate EATs and 86/93 (92%) adequate documented therapies. The ID specialist was not involved in 90/168 (53.5%) prescriptions, of which 43/90 (48%) were adequate, with 21/35 (60%) EATs and 22/86 (25%) documented therapies. There was a statistical correlation between compliance of the EATs with guidelines and of the documented therapy with srAST (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Combining internal guidelines and srAST led to a high rate of antibiotic adequacy.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Gestão de Antimicrobianos/métodos , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Ósseas Infecciosas/tratamento farmacológico , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , França , Instalações de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
This study aimed to assess a specific gamma radiation dose to be applied as a post-harvest process to guarantee the microbial safety of two medicinal plants, Melissa officinalis and Aloysia citrodora. Dried plants treated with gamma radiation indicated that a dose of 5 kGy could be applied as a post-harvest treatment process of M. officinalis and A. citrodora, assuring the microbial safety of dried medicinal plants and lowering the potentiality of deleterious effects on plants' quality attributes. This will enhance the safety and quality of the dried plants to be used as raw materials in industrial applications.
Assuntos
Raios gama , Melissa/efeitos da radiação , Plantas Medicinais/microbiologia , Verbenaceae/efeitos da radiação , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Dessecação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/efeitos da radiação , Irradiação de Alimentos , Melissa/microbiologia , Microbiota , Segurança , Verbenaceae/microbiologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial species isolated from infected sites of canines. All samples were collected from canine patients who received clinical or surgical care at the veterinary teaching hospital between March 2016 and November 2017. The samples were analyzed in a private pathology laboratory. A descriptive analysis of 295 antimicrobial susceptibility test reports was performed. Staphylococcus spp. (104/295 [35.25%]), Escherichia coli (100/295 [33.90%]), Proteus spp. (44/295 [14.92%]), Pseudomonas spp. (25/295 [8.47%]), and Klebsiella spp. (20/295 [6.78%]) were more frequently isolated, and a high incidence of multidrug resistance was observed (69,83% [206/295]). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. accounted for 33% (33/100) of the Staphylococcus strains. Enterobacteriaceae cefotaxime resistance constituted 22.82 ± 4.49% and Enterobacteriaceae imipenem resistance constituted 5% (1/20) for Klebsiella spp., 5% (5/100) for E coli, and 6.82% (3/44) for Proteus spp. Pseudomonas spp. strains accounted for 8% (2/25) of imipenem resistance and 45.45% (10/22) of polymyxin B resistance. Our findings revealed a high rate of multidrug-resistant bacteria involvement in the infectious process of dogs. From the perspective of the One Health scenario, our results showed alarming data, given the high risk of resistant-strain dissemination between animals, owners, and healthcare professionals. There is an urgent need for strategies to control and prevent the evolution of new multidrug-resistant bacteria in veterinary hospitals. It is also crucial to understand and emphasize the role of veterinary professionals in this public health battle.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Hospitais Veterinários , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Cães , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Hospitais de Ensino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The burden of antibiotic resistance is currently estimated by mathematical modeling, without real count of resistance to key antibiotics. Here we report the real rate of resistance to key antibiotics in bacteria isolated from humans during a 5 years period in a large area in southeast in France. We conducted a retrospective study on antibiotic susceptibility of 539,107 clinical strains isolated from hospital and private laboratories in south of France area from January 2014 to January 2019. The resistance rate to key antibiotics as well as the proportion of bacteria classified as Difficult-to-Treat (DTR) were determined and compared with the Mann-Whitney U test, the χ2 test or the Fisher's exact test. Among 539,037 isolates, we did not observe any significant increase or decrease in resistance to key antibiotics for 5 years, (oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem resistance in enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3rd generation cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). However, we observed a significant decrease in imipenem resistance for Acinetobacter baumannii from 2014 to 2018 (24.19-12.27%; p = 0.005) and a significant increase of ceftriaxone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.9-24.03%; p = 0.001) and Enterobacter cloacae (24.05-42.05%; p = 0.004). Of these 539,037 isolates, 1604 (0.3%) had a DTR phenotype. Over a 5-year period, we did not observe a burden of AR in our region despite a high rate of antibiotic consumption in our country. These results highlight the need for implementation of real-time AR surveillance systems which use factual data.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bases de Dados Factuais/estatística & dados numéricos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Modelos Teóricos , Acinetobacter baumannii/efeitos dos fármacos , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , França , Humanos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Retrospectivos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in the Szreniawa river with detailed aims of: (i) assessment of differences in the number of microbiological indicators of water quality in a diurnal cycle in a vicinity of the sewage treatment plant (STP); (ii) determination of prevalence of antimicrobial resistant E. coli isolated from three sites located at varying locations toward the STP; (iii) evaluation of the presence of extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-determining genes in waterborne E. coli isolated from three sites of Szreniawa and (iv) genetic similarity assessment among the E. coli populations. Bacteriological contamination (coliforms, E. coli, E. faecalis) was assessed using membrane filtration. Fifty E. coli strains, the species of which was confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis, were subjected to antimicrobial resistance tests using standard disk-diffusion method. Double disk synergy test was used to assess the ESBL production and PCR tests were conducted to detect the ESBL-conferring genes and evaluate the genetic diversity. A significant variation in the number of bacteriological indicators was observed both within and between the sampling sites, suggesting the effect of effluent from the STP, point discharge of household sewage and agricultural runoff on the water contamination. The resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (90%) and ampicillin (36%) was most prevalent. Multidrug resistance was observed in 40% of strains but no ESBL-producing strains were observed phenotypically. However, the presence of three ESBL-determining genes (TEM, OXA and CTX-M) was detected in 24, 10 and 8% of strains, respectively. A number of factors caused considerable pollution of the river and numerous multidrug resistant E. coli strains were isolated.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Genes Bacterianos , Rios/microbiologia , Esgotos/microbiologia , beta-Lactamases/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Polônia , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacologiaRESUMO
Background: Emergence, prevalence and widely spread of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae strongly impairs the clinical efficacy of colistin against life-threatening bacterial infections. Combinations of antibiotics and FDA-approved non-antibiotic agents represent a promising means to address the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Methods: Herein, we investigated the synergistic activity between melatonin and antibiotics against MCR (mobilized colistin resistance)-positive Gram-negative pathogens through checkerboard assay and time-killing curve. Molecular mechanisms underlying its mode of action were elucidated. Finally, we assessed the in vivo efficacy of melatonin in combination with colistin against drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Results: Melatonin, which has been approved for treating sleep disturbances and circadian disorders, substantially potentiates the activity of three antibiotics, particularly colistin, against MCR-expressing pathogens without enhancing its toxicity. This is evidence that the combination of colistin with melatonin enhances bacterial outer membrane permeability, promotes oxidative damage and inhibits the effect of efflux pumps. In three animal models infected by mcr-1-carrying E. coli, melatonin dramatically rescues colistin efficacy. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that melatonin serves as a promising colistin adjuvant against MCR-positive Gram-negative pathogens.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Colistina/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Melatonina/farmacologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Membrana Externa Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Colistina/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Melatonina/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Plasmídeos/genéticaRESUMO
The incidence of enteric viruses in treated wastewater and their potential release into the environment or use for agriculture are very critical matters in public health. In our study, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of enteric viruses was performed on 59 samples of influents and effluents collected from Tubli wastewater treatment plant (Water Pollution Control Center (WPCC)) and Tubli Bay, where the effluents were discharged, in Kingdom of Bahrain during two sampling periods. Four clinically essential waterborne enteric viruses were examined: enterovirus (EV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), astroviruses (AV), and rotaviruses (RV) and compared to standard bacterial and bacteriophages indicators of fecal pollution. Detection rates of EV, AV, HAV, and RV in the influent samples were 100%, 75%, 12.5%, and 12.5%, respectively, while 50% of the effluent samples from Tubli WPCC contained only EV RNA. None of the tested enteric viruses could be detected in any of the samples collected directly from Tubli Bay. Effluent samples from Tubli plant did not show significant seasonal differences. Since detection of enteric viruses genome does not necessarily indicate infectivity, the infectivity of these viruses was evaluated through isolation and growth of indictor bacteria and bacteriophages. High concentration of fecal bacteriological indicators was detected in all effluents samples (100%): 3.20 × 103 cfu/mL for E. coli, 1.32 × 103 cfu/mL for Salmonella spp., and 1.92 × 103 cfu/mL for Shigella spp. E. coli and Salmonella specific bacteriophages were also detected in the effluent samples in high titers. The combined results of PCR and bacterial enumeration point to a probable public health risk via the use of these wastewaters in agriculture or their discharge into the sea. Continuous surveillance of viral and bacterial prevalence and their resistance to sewage disinfection procedures could contribute to a better control of risks associated with the recycling of effluent wastewater and its release into the environment.
Assuntos
DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Enterovirus/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Esgotos/virologia , Águas Residuárias/microbiologia , Águas Residuárias/virologia , Bactérias/genética , Baías , Enterovirus/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Humanos , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Vírus/genética , Água , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The role of microbiota in the pathophysiology of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), especially in creating an inflammatory milieu may not be avoided. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the microbial composition of BPH tissues, its association with inflammation and check the effect of clinically isolated bacteria on prostate epithelial cells. METHODS: The study includes 36 patients with a pathological diagnosis of BPH. Following strict aseptic measures, tissues were collected after transurethral resection of prostate, multiple pieces of the resected tissues were subjected to histopathological analysis, bacterial culture and genomic DNA extraction. Microbial composition was analyzed by culture and/or next-generation sequencing methods. Annotation of operational taxonomy unit has been done with an in-house algorithm. The extent of inflammation was scored through histological evaluation of tissue sections. The effect of clinical isolates on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and induction of DNA-damage in the prostate epithelial cells were evaluated. RESULTS: Histopathological analysis of the BPH tissues showed the presence of inflammation in almost all the tissues with a varied level at different regions of the same tissue section and the level of overall inflammation was different from patients to patients. Microbial culture of tissue samples showed the presence of live bacteria in 55.5% (20 out of 36) of the patient tissues. Majority of the isolates were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, E. coli and Micrococcus spp. Further, V3 16S rRNA sequencing of the DNA isolated from BPH tissues showed the presence of multiple bacteria and the most common phylum in the BPH tissues were found to be Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The E. coli, isolated from one of the tissue was able to activate NF-κB and induce DNA damage in prostate epithelial cells. Phospho-histone γH2A.X staining confirmed the presence of cells with damaged DNA lesion in BPH tissues and also correlated with the severity of inflammation. CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that the BPH tissues do have a divergent microbial composition including the commonly found E. coli (phylum Proteobacteria), and these bacteria might contribute to the BPH-associated inflammation and/or tissue damage. The BPH-associated E. coli induced NF-κB signaling and DNA damage in prostate epithelial cells in vitro.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Inflamação/microbiologia , Próstata/microbiologia , Hiperplasia Prostática/microbiologia , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Humanos , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Próstata/patologia , Próstata/cirurgia , Hiperplasia Prostática/patologia , Hiperplasia Prostática/cirurgia , Ressecção Transuretral da PróstataRESUMO
We explored the between-group and temporal variations in the intestinal Escherichia coli populations of broilers under experimental conditions, taking both antimicrobial resistance and virulence into consideration. Four replicates of 45 commercial chicks were reared in four animal facilities. On their first day of life (Day 0), they were orally inoculated with two extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant (ESCR) E. coli (2.72 log10 CFU of a bla CMY-2- and 2.55 log10 CFU of a bla CTX-M-carrying E. coli). Faecal samples were then collected weekly and caecal samples were obtained from birds sacrificed on Days 21 or 42. The total, ESC-, ciprofloxacin- and gentamicin-resistant E. coli populations were enumerated on MacConkey (MC) and MC-supplemented media, and eight virulence-associated genes (VAGs) (iroN, iutA, iss, ompT, hlyF, vat, frzorf4 , and fyuA) were sought by PCR on isolates obtained on MC agar. The results showed significant between-group differences in the size of the resistant sub-populations and the presence of VAGs. Contrary to bla CTX-M-positive strains, bla CMY-positive strains persisted up to Day 42, but represented only a minor fraction of the total E. coli population. The ESC-, gentamicin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant populations decreased over time. Isolates obtained during the first week contained a mean of 5.1 VAGs. The percentages of some VAG profiles differed between faecal isolates on Day 41 and caecal isolates on Day 42. The fluctuations or differences between E. coli isolates according to group, age, and faecal or caecal origin need to be considered when designing experimental protocols and seeking to improve colibacillosis control. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Temporal variations in the intestinal E. coli populations of broilers was studied. The antibiotic-resistant populations decreased over time. Virulence profiles differed between faecal isolates on Day 41 and caecal isolates on Day 42. Strains with the highest numbers of virulence genes were present during the first days.