Sistemas Complejos y Deporte / Complex Systems and Sport

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Homosexuality according to ancient Greek physicians.

Homosexuality and pedophilia in ancient Greece greatly concerned many researchers who were mainly interested in highlighting the social aspect of this phenomenon in ancient Greek society. An important source on the subject was the paintings of a man and his lover in attic black and red figured pottery, up to the end of the 5th century BC. Another main source was the information that derived from the texts of ancient Greek literature, especially poetry. Homosexuality was not only referring to relationships between males, but it was also manifested in lesbian love. It is believed that in the Homeric world homosexuality was not favored. In Greek society of the archaic period, the restriction of women at home, the satisfaction of sexual needs with courtesans, the marriage for the purpose of maintaining and managing the property, put women aside, marginalizing them in terms of social life, impeding the cultivation of emotional relationships between sexes. At the same time, in the society of those times, the aristocratic ideal, the constant communication of men during military training and the war, the male nudity in sports and the promotion of beauty and bravery in athletic contests, as well as the gatherings and the entertainment of men at the symposia, created a suitable substrate in which male homosexuality could develop. In this context, pedophile relationships were developed mainly during the archaic period, as recorded on vase paintings, where a mature man developed a special relationship with a teenager of the same social class. The mature man had the role of mentor for the juvenile, he would look after him and cover his living expenses and education cost. In this relationship, exhibiting predominantly the social dimension of an initiation process and introduction to adult life, the erotic homosexual intercourse could find a place to flourish. The above-mentioned relationship could not last forever, given that this would later transform into an emotional connection of friendship and trust. Besides, the constant homosexual relationships and male prostitution were considered to be reprehensible behaviors. Regarding the lesbian love, the main example was Sappho and her poems that praised love between women. Nevertheless, the relationship with the girls in the poems is considered to be similar to that Socrates had with his students, an intense personal relationship which would not involve sexual love and could probably be a platonic love. Ancient Greek physicians used their methodological tools in order to interpret homosexuality as a mental disease, but ancient medical dogmas such as the theory of humors, stereopathology and their variations could not offer an explanation for homosexuality.

Luchas y pacificación en la historia de la kinesiologia americana / Struggles and pacification in the history of american kinesiology

En este artículo estudiamos la disputa epistemológica y pedagógica sobre la kinesiología/educación física que ha tenido lugar en las universidades de Estados Unidos desde 1990 hasta la actualidad. Hemos recogido el pensamiento de una muestra amplia de autores involucrados, con el propósito de obtener una visión de conjunto de un proceso que, de acuerdo con Morrow (2006), trata de esclarecer ¿de dónde venimos?, ¿qué somos?, ¿a dónde vamos? Tras el cotejo y análisis de la documentación más relevante concluimos que el periodo 1990-2013, caracterizado por una enconada pugna de paradigmas -en la que han estado implicados humanistas, positivistas, crosdisciplinaristas y subdisciplinaristas-, ha dado como resultado el dominio del paradigma integrador de Kretchmar (2007, 2008) (AU)

In this article we review the epistemological and pedagogical debate on Kinesiology and Physical Education that has been going on in the universities of the US from 1990 to the present. We have compiled the opinions of a wide sample of authors, with the intention of getting the most complete picture of a process that, according to Morrow (2006), seeks to answer the questions "where we come from, who we are, and where we are going". After comparing and analysing the most relevant documents, we conclude that the period 1990-2013, characterized by a bitter struggle between paradigms fought by humanists, positivists, cross-disciplinarists, and sub-disciplinarists, has revealed the eventual predominance of the integrative paradigm of Kretchmar (2007, 2008) (AU)

Performance-Enhancing Drugs I: Understanding the Basics of Testing for Banned Substances.

Whenever athletes willfully or accidentally ingest performance-enhancing drugs or other banned substances (such as drugs of abuse), markers of those drugs can be detected in biological samples (e.g., biofluids: urine, saliva, blood); in the case of some drugs, that evidence can be apparent for many weeks following the last exposure to the drug. In addition to the willful use of prohibited drugs, athletes can accidentally ingest banned substances in contaminated dietary supplements or foods and inadvertently fail a drug test that could mean the end of an athletic career and the loss of a good reputation. The proliferation of performance-enhancing drugs and methods has required a corresponding increase in the analytical tools and methods required to identify the presence of banned substances in biofluids. Even though extraordinary steps have been taken by organizations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency to limit the use of prohibited substances and methods by athletes willing to cheat, it is apparent that some athletes continue to avoid detection by using alternative doping regimens or taking advantage of the limitations in testing methodologies. This article reviews the testing standards and analytical techniques underlying the procedures used to identify banned substances in biological samples, setting the stage for future summaries of the testing required to establish the use of steroids, stimulants, diuretics, and other prohibited substances.

Imagen corporal, autoestima, motivación y rendimiento en practicantes de danza / Body image, motivation and academic achievemetn in young dancers / Imagem corporal, auto-estima, motivação e desempenho em jovens praticantes de dança

En este trabajo se analizaron las implicaciones de la imagen corporal, la motivación y la autoestima sobre el rendimiento académico del alumnado de Danza del Conservatorio de Córdoba. Sobre una muestra de 75 estudiantes Aplicando el método de investigación-acción sobre una muestra de 75 estudiantes, se realizó un análisis antropométrico y conductual centrado en la apreciación de la imagen corporal y un estudio de su autoestima y motivación, estableciendo relaciones de todo ello sobre el rendimiento. Posteriormente, se implementó un programa de educación emocional para mejorar las deficiencias detectadas. El estudio de los efectos de esta intervención y la evolución de los resultados académicos mostraron la gran influencia ejercida por la autoestima y la motivación sobre el rendimiento. Asimismo se reveló la importancia del trabajo de la autoestima para la construcción de una imagen corporal ajustada y la necesidad de una educación emocional y del empleo sistemático de herramientas de diagnóstico para prevenir trastornos de la conducta alimentaria

In this paper the implications of body image, motivation and self-esteem on academic performance of students at the Dance Conservatory of Córdoba were analyzed. In a sample of 75 students, we developed an anthropometric and behavioral analysis focused on the assessment of body image and a study of self-esteem and motivation, establishing relationships between these factors and performance. Subsequently, an emotional education program was implemented to improve the deficiencies identified. The study of the effects of this intervention and the development of academic results showed the large influence of self-esteem and motivation on performance. The study also revealed the importance of working on self-esteem to build an appropriate body image and the need for emotional education and the systematic use of diagnostic tools to prevent eating behaviour disorders

Neste trabalho foram analisadas as implicações da imagem corporal, motivação e auto-estima no desempenho acadêmico dos alunos emDança Conservatório de Córdoba. Em uma amostra de 75 estudantes foram realizadas análises antropométrica e comportamental com enfoque naavaliação da imagem corporal e auto-estima. Foram estudadas a motivação e as relações estabelecidas com o desempenho. Posteriormente, um programade educação emocional foi implementado para melhorar as deficiências identificadas. O estudo dos efeitos desta intervenção e o desenvolvimento deresultados acadêmicos mostrou a grande influência da auto-estima e motivação no desempenho. A importância do trabalho de auto-estima foi reveladona construção de uma imagem do corpo, para além disso a necessidade de uma educação emocional e o uso sistemático de ferramentas de diagnósticopara prevenir o comportamento com transtornos alimentares

As fronteiras psicológicas entre violência, luta e brincadeira: as transições fenomenológicas na prática da capoeira / Fronteras psicológicas entre juego, lucha y la violencia: las transiciones fenomenologicas en la práctica de la capoeira / Psychological barriers between violence, fight and game: phenomenological transitions in the practice of capoeira

Por meio de relatos de capoeiristas entrevistados, visou-se compreender como se dão as experiências vividas nesta prática corporal no trânsito psicológico entre brincadeira, luta e briga. A arqueologia fenomenológica das culturas foi o referencial metodológico utilizado. Três categorias descrevem essencialmente como brincadeira, luta e briga ocorrem propriamente na capoeira: alegria de jogar; jogo da cumplicidade; a negação do jogo. Já os elementos essenciais das transições aparecem em duas categorias: jogo de prudências e jogo duro – orientadas afetivamente pela dinâmica entre abrandamento e intensificação combativa. Confere-se que a intensificação combativa pode tanto acarretar em violência como ocasionar o cultivo do espírito de luta, possibilitando condições existenciais para o autocontrole dos capoeiristas.

The aim of this research is to understand experiences of Capoeira practitioners in the psychological transit between game, fight and quarrels, based on their own accounts. The methodological framework used was the phenomenological archeology of cultures. Three categories essentially describe how game, fight and quarrels really happen in Capoeira: the joy of playing; the game of complicity, and the denial of game. Moreover, the essential elements of transitions appear in two groups: game of prudences and tough game – emotionally guided by the dynamics between slowdown and combative intensification. Combative intensification is found to result either in violence or in the development of the fighting spirit, providing existential conditions for capoeira practitioners’ self-control.

A través de relatos de capoeiristas entrevistados, buscamos comprender cómo transcurren las experiencias vividas en esta práctica corporal en el tránsito psicológico entre juego, lucha y pelea. La arqueología fenomenológica de las culturas fue el referente metodológico utilizado. Tres categorías describen esencialmente cómo ocurren el juego, la lucha y la pelea en la capoeira: alegría de jugar; juego de la complicidad; la negación del juego. A su vez, los elementos esenciales de las transiciones aparecen en dos categorías –juego de prudencias; juego duro– orientadas afectivamente por la dinámica entre suavización e intensificación combativa. Se constata que la intensificación combativa puede tanto derivar en violencia como ocasionar el cultivo del espíritu de lucha, posibilitando condiciones existenciales para el autocontrol de los capoeiristas.

Ringue ou academia? A emergência dos estilos modernos da capoeira e seu contexto global / Capoeira circle or sports academy? The emergence of modern styles of capoeira and their global context

A emergência dos estilos modernos de capoeira deve ser considerada no contexto global da modernização de artes marciais em curso na Europa e na Ásia, por um lado, e, por outro, da nova fase da modernidade negra. O confronto, no ringue, da capoeira com o jiu-jítsu e outras lutas levou mestre Bimba a desenvolver sua luta regional baiana. A revitalização da capoeira tradicional como capoeira de Angola, liderada por mestre Pastinha, insere-se no movimento mais amplo de afirmação da cultura afro-baiana em Salvador e da crescente visibilidade do corpo negro no mundo atlântico.

The emergence of the modern styles of capoeira should be considered in the global context of the modernization of martial arts currently in progress in Europe and Asia on the one hand, and the new phase of Afro-descendant modernity on the other. The confrontation between the capoeira, jiu-jitsu and other martial arts circles led mestre Bimba to develop his regional Bahian fighting style. The revival of traditional capoeira as Angolan capoeira led by mestre Pastinha is part of the broader movement of affirmation of Afro-Bahian culture in Salvador and the growing visibility of the Afro-descendant body in the Atlantic world.

[Capoeira circle or sports academy? The emergence of modern styles of capoeira and their global context]. / Ringue ou academia? A emergência dos estilos modernos da capoeira e seu contexto global.

The emergence of the modern styles of capoeira should be considered in the global context of the modernization of martial arts currently in progress in Europe and Asia on the one hand, and the new phase of Afro-descendant modernity on the other. The confrontation between the capoeira, jiu-jitsu and other martial arts circles led mestre Bimba to develop his regional Bahian fighting style. The revival of traditional capoeira as Angolan capoeira led by mestre Pastinha is part of the broader movement of affirmation of Afro-Bahian culture in Salvador and the growing visibility of the Afro-descendant body in the Atlantic world.

[Adolescence yesterday and today: care issues]. / L'adolescenza ieri e oggi: aspetti assistenziali.

In ancient Greece, the chronological boundaries of the stages of life hinged upon Solon's theory of human life as divided into ten seven year stages. At the peak of Latin civilization, the chronological limits of the infant, pueritia and adulescentia were respectively 0-8 years, 8-16 years and 16-17 years, when in a ceremony the adolescent (a term derived from adolescente (m) present participle of the Latin verb adolescere = to grow) wearing the "toga of manhood" is declared an adult (teenager adult) and up to 30 years later iuventus. Throughout the following centuries, the chronological boundaries of the various ages came to acquire only a theoretical worth, since the child, once introduced to the world of work, used to suddenly become an adult. Only in the wave of Humanism in the XVI-XVII century, people started to rediscover the Greek 'paideia' (education), the Latin Humanitas' (recognition and respect towards manhood in every man), and, through the Christian 'caritas' (to recognize and to love the son of God in every man) begins a moral vision of childhood, of his weakness and innocence, a reflection of the 'divine purity'. In this evolution, the twentieth century identifies itself with adolescence, so that history moves from an era devoiced of adolescence to an age in which adolescence appears to be the privileged age: the adolescent is the hero of the twentieth century. Several and many important institutions have proceeded to recognize the essential rights of adolescent care in pediatric departments, but many are still admitted to adult wards with suboptimal therapeutic results, particularly for blood-cancer. The pediatrician, both the family one and the one in the hospital, must be the referees for the health of the adolescent, especially in cases of chronic diseases or in those of psychosocial relevance, following her in the path of the disease especially if other specialists are involved with a view to further investigation, and establishing, since early childhood, communication, dialogue and compliance with her and the whole family. One of the greatest philosophers and sophists of Magna Graecia, Gorgia of Lentini, used to state that the word has tremendous power: it can instill the joy, eliminate pain, enhance compassion, put an end to fear: then be medicine for the suffering. The doctor is in fact, in certain situations of life, a drug for his patient. He is the most widely used drug because drugs are not the only thing that matters: the soul of medicine lies in the relationship, in the communication between the healer and the healed.

Football and post-war reintegration: exploring the role of sport in DDR processes in Sierra Leone.

Growing enthusiasm for 'Sport for development and peace' (SDP) projects around the world has created a much greater interest among critical scholars seeking to interrogate potential gains, extant limitations and challenges of using sport to advance 'development' and 'peace' in Africa. Despite this interest, the role of sport in post-conflict peace building remains poorly understood. Since peace building, as a field of study, lends itself to practical approaches that seek to address underlying sources of violent conflict, it is surprising that it has neglected to take an interest in sport, especially its grassroots models. In Africa, football (soccer) in particular has a strong appeal because of its popularity and ability to mobilise individuals and communities. Through a case study on Sierra Leone, this paper focuses on sports in a particularly prominent post-civil war UN intervention­the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) process­to determine how ex-youth combatants, camp administrators and caregivers perceive the role and significance of sporting activities in interim care centres (ICCS) or DDR camps. It argues that sporting experiences in ddr processes are fruitful microcosms for understanding nuanced forms of violence and healing among youth combatants during their reintegration process.

Reinterpreting the history of women's judo in Japan.

This paper reassesses the role of women in judo in Japan, from its secluded and restricted beginnings in the late nineteenth century to the gradual changes in gender and social paradigms triggered by the influence of Western feminist struggle from the 1960s onwards. Judo has been considered in theory an inclusive martial art because its creator, Jigoro Kano, stressed safety, etiquette and moral teachings irrespective of age, size or gender of its adherents. However, the social and cultural environment in Japan has traditionally discriminated against women both outside and inside the dojo (training place). We treat this issue historically, considering the broader context of the Japanese social, political and cultural developments.

The historical development of Chinese group callisthenics.

The history of Chinese group callisthenics can be traced back to the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties. Modern callisthenics was brought to China in the Republic of China Era (1912-49) and developed rapidly in the People's Republic of China Era (1949 to the present). Since the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, group callisthenics has developed in five stages: the formation of systemisation, the breakthrough, the multiple development and the comprehensive development. Today, Chinese group callisthenics has become world-famous and has continued its development from its own system and style.

Divine service, music, sport, and recreation as medicinal in Australian asylums 1860s-1945.

Australian asylum records (circa 1860 to circa 1945) demonstrate that medical staff went to great lengths to provide recreation to suitable patients. This article examines how the demarcation of Australian institutional spaces along gender divisions was also mirrored by the gender-specific recreational activities provided in purpose-built facilities. Using Australian examples I demonstrate how the main forms of recreation-that is divine service, music and dance, and sport-were justified to governments on medical grounds. Some designated recreational spaces even offered select female and male patients the opportunity to mix under medical supervision. Recreation was therapeutic because of its psychological, physical, social, and moral benefits, and government authorities funded the construction of costly chapels, recreation halls, and sports grounds expressly for this medical purpose.

A Constituição de um subcampo do esporte: o caso do taekwondo / La constitución de un sub campo del deporte: el caso de taekwondo / The taekwondo case: the constitution of a subfield of the sports

Este trabalho discute a relação do Taekwondo com o esporte moderno. Identificaram-se fatores históricos, sociais e políticos envolvidos em seu possível processo de esportivização. Optou-se pelo referencial teórico de Pierre Bourdieu e Norbert Elias. Utilizou-se a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada com os “mestres”. Considerou-se: a) que evidências advindas de um processo evolutivo social não planejado formam a configuração na qual o Taekwondo assentou seu arcabouço corporal, cultural e social; b) sua divulgação como subcampo esportivo dá o valor diplomático e simbólico necessário para a divulgação de uma moral nacional garantindo sua passagem pelo mundo; c) sua exposição alavancou um processo de imposição da nacionalidade coreana como forma de violência simbólica.

The present work discusses the relation of Taekwondo with modern sports. Historical, social and political elements involved in an eventual process of “sportivization” were identified. The option was to work with the theoretic referential of Pierre Bourdieu and Norbert Elias and also a semi- structured technique interview with the masters was used. Considerations: a) its evidences occurred to a social evolutionary process not planned, created the configuration in which Taekwondo placed its corporal, cultural and social framework. b) its diffusion as a sports sub field offers the diplomatic and symbolical necessary values towards a diffusion of a national moral that confirms its entry to the world. c) its exposition led off to an imposing process of the corean nationality as a symbolic violence aspect.

El trabajo presente discute la relación de Taekwondo con lo deporte moderno. Históricos, sociales y políticos elementos implicados en un proceso eventual de esportivización se identificaron. La opción fue trabajar con el referencial teórico de Pierre Bourdieu y Norbert Elias y también un medido estructurado de técnica se utilizó. Las consideraciones: a) sus evidencias ocurrieron a un proceso evolutivo social no planeado, creó la configuración en la que Taekwondo colocó a su cabo, armazón cultural y social. b) su difusión como un sub-campo de deporte ofrece los valores diplomáticos y simbólicos necesarios hacia una difusión de una moral nacional que confirma su entrada al mundo. c) su exposición empezó a un proceso imponente de la nacionalidad coreana como un aspecto simbólico de violencia.

The Maya ball game. Comparison of the physical load with modern ball games.

The Maya ball game (MBG) originated more than 3,000 years ago. As best as is now known from archaeological and iconographical sources as well as the structure of the sport courts, this was a very physically taxing and important part of Mayan culture. The objective of this paper was to determine the physical load on those who participated in MBG as best as could be done from present perspectives. The load appears to be similar to that observed in soccer-tennis, in which heart rate rises to 140-160 beats/min and systolic blood pressure to 150-170 mm Hg. This is considered a light-to-moderate workload (4.5-5.5 metabolic equivalents) comparable to intensities reached in baseball, cycling (10 km/h), cross-country skiing (7 km/h), tournament dancing, swimming (2 km/h), doubles tennis and hiking (7 km/h). Thus, the cardiovascular demands of popular sports seem to have remained relatively similar through several millennia.

Surfing into spirituality and a new, aquatic nature religion.

"Soul surfers" consider surfing to be a profoundly meaningful practice that brings physical, psychological, and spiritual benefits. They generally agree on where surfing initially developed, that it assumed a religious character, was suppressed for religious reasons, has been undergoing a revival, and enjoins reverence for and protection of nature. This subset of the global surfing community should be understood as a new religious movement-a globalizing, hybridized, and increasingly influential example of what I call aquatic nature religion. For these individuals, surfing is a religious form in which a specific sensual practice constitutes its sacred center, and the corresponding experiences are constructed in a way that leads to a belief in nature as powerful, transformative, healing, and sacred. I advance this argument by analyzing these experiences, as well as the myths, rites, symbols, terminology, technology, material culture, and ethical mores that are found within surfing subcultures.