Licentîa hypomnema: reflections and perceptions in teacher education / Licentîa hypomnema: reflexões e percepções na formação de educadoras(es) / Licentîa hypomnema: reflexiones y percepciones en la formación del profesorado

Student protagonism is paramount in the knowledge construction process. In this paper, we discuss a didactic-pedagogical resource called licentîa hypomnema (LH), inspired in portfolios and learning diaries in which student-teachers record their understandings and reflections regarding pedagogical topics learned at University in a meta-learning process on learning about teaching. The initial context of the research was a Psychological Development and Teaching course, offered in the Teacher Education program at Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Two of the authors, then Literacy and Languages Teaching students, produced their LH and peer assessed each other during the course. In their annotations, the student-authors recorded two pedagogical situations related to the use of LH in their own teaching practices, causing an impact on their formative path. These materials consist of the data for analysis and discussion. Moreover, we discuss possible uses of reflexive writing in teacher education and other learning contexts. Producing a LH supports knowledge production and allows students to connect theory and practice, which consequently influences the student's teaching practice. Since LH is a didactic-pedagogical resource and not a close-ended tool, both the context and individuals who use it should be considered.(AU)

O protagonismo de estudantes tem grande importância no processo de construção do conhecimento. Neste artigo, discutimos um recurso didático-pedagógico chamado licentîa hypomnema (LH), inspirado em portfólios e diários de aprendizagem, isto é, estudantes de licenciatura escrevem suas compreensões e reflexões acerca de assuntos pedagógicos vistos na universidade em um processo de meta-aprendizagem sobre aprender a ensinar. O contexto inicial da pesquisa foi um curso de Desenvolvimento Psicológico e Ensino, ministrado em cursos de Licenciatura da Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Duas das autoras eram estudantes do curso de Letras, elas produziram seus LH, realizando avaliação por pares entre si durante o curso. As estudantes-autoras trouxeram em seus registros duas situações pedagógicas relacionadas ao uso desse recurso em suas próprias práticas de ensino que causaram um impacto em suas trajetórias formativas. São esses relatos que compõem os dados para análise e discussão. Além disso, procuramos discutir possíveis desdobramentos para o uso do recurso da escrita reflexiva na formação docente e em outros contextos de aprendizagem. A produção do LH fornece suporte para a produção de conhecimento e permite ao aluno conectar teoria e prática, o que, consequentemente, reverbera na prática de ensino do aluno. O LH é um recurso didático-pedagógico e não uma ferramenta fechada, portanto, tanto o contexto quanto as pessoas que o utilizam devem ser considerados.(AU)

El protagonismo de los estudiantes tiene gran importancia en el proceso de construcción del conocimiento. En este trabajo, discutimos un recurso didáctico-pedagógico llamado licentîa hypomnema (LH), que se inspira en diarios de aprendizaje, es decir, estudiantes de profesorado escriben sus comprensiones y reflexiones sobre temas pedagógicos aprendidos en la universidad, produciendo un proceso de meta-aprendizaje sobre aprender a enseñar. El contexto inicial de la investigación fue un curso de Desarrollo Psicológico y Enseñanza, impartido en el programa de Formación de Profesores de la Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Dos de las autoras eran alumnas de la carrera de Letras que produjeron sus LH y realizaron una evaluación por pares mutua durante el curso. Las estudiantes autoras plantearon en su LH dos situaciones pedagógicas relacionadas con el uso de este recurso en sus propias prácticas de enseñanza, causando un impacto en su trayectoria formativa. Estos materiales constituyen los datos para el análisis y la discusión en esta investigación. Buscamos discutir posibles desdoblamientos para el uso del recurso de la escritura reflexiva en la formación docente y en otros contextos de aprendizaje. La producción de este recurso da soporte a la producción de conocimiento y permite al estudiante conectar teoría y práctica, lo que consecuentemente repercute en su práctica docente. El LH es un recurso didáctico-pedagógico y no una herramienta cerrada, por lo tanto, se debe considerar tanto el contexto como las personas que lo utilizan.(AU)

Paradigma manicomial e proibicionismo como operadores da guerra de raças no Brasil / Asylum paradigm and prohibitionism operating the racial war in Brazil / Paradigma asilar y prohibicionismo como operadores de la guerra racial en Brasil

Este artigo relaciona o paradigma manicomial, relativo à assistência psiquiátrica, à compreensão e ao manejo do campo da saúde mental, ao paradigma proibicionista, referente ao porte, uso e à circulação de drogas, como duas séries de políticas e práticas sociais que operam a guerra de raças que está na base do Estado brasileiro. Com isso, propomos uma investigação arqueogenealógica acerca do emaranhado de condições de emergência das práticas e objetos de saber-poder mobilizados por esses dois paradigmas, atentando ao caráter político das verdades que as sustentam. Dedicamo-nos especialmente ao período entre o final do século XIX e o começo do XX ao interrogar as dinâmicas de forças que constituem as práticas sociais e seus efeitos de subjetivação, produzidos pela sujeição de corpos por meio de uma diversidade de mecanismos morais, disciplinares, eugênicos, higienistas e biopolíticos que articulam os anseios de modernização e produtividade do Estado brasileiro à gestão dos problemas de saúde e segurança do país, colocando a pobreza, o vício e a doença como desdobramento da sua constituição racial. Concluímos, por fim, que o conflito de raças aparece como fundo intrínseco que se atualiza no cerne e a partir dos campos problemáticos da saúde mental e das drogas, colocando como saída dos impasses sociais e políticos eliminar ou pelo menos diluir, via miscigenação ou submissão para integração, o elemento físico e cultural do negro do Brasil.(AU)

This article puts in relation the asylum paradigm, associated to psychiatric care, to the understanding and management of the mental health field, to the prohibitionist paradigm, that refers to the possession, use and circulation of drugs, as two series of social policies and practices that operate racial war that is in the base of the Brazilian State. So on, we propose an archeogenealogical investigation about the emergency conditions of the practices and objects of knowledge-power organized by these two paradigms, paying attention to the political character of the truths that support them. Looking especially at the period between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, we questioned the dynamics of forces that constitute social practices and their effects of subjectivation, produced by the subjection of bodies through moral, disciplinary, eugenic, hygienist and biopolitics mechanisms that articulate the modernization and productivity aspirations of the Brazilian State to the management of the country's health and safety problems, understanding poverty, addiction and disease as consequences of its racial constitution. We conclude that the conflict of races is an intrinsic background that is updated at the heart of the problematic fields of mental health and drugs. Considering this, the solution for social and political impasses is the elimination or at least dilution, through miscegenation or submission for integration, of the physical and cultural element of black people in Brazil.(AU)

Este artículo relaciona el paradigma asilar de atención psiquiátrica, comprensión y manejo del campo de la salud mental, con el paradigma prohibicionista, referente a al uso y circulación de drogas, como dos series de políticas y prácticas sociales que operan la guerra racial que está en el fundamento del Estado brasileño. Así, proponemos una investigación arqueogenealógica sobre las condiciones de emergencia de prácticas y objetos de saber-poder movilizados por estos dos paradigmas, prestando atención al carácter político de las verdades que los sustentan. Nos dedicamos especialmente al período entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX buscando la dinámica de fuerzas que constituyen a las prácticas sociales y sus efectos de subjetivación, producidos por la sujeción de los cuerpos a través de una diversidad de mecanismos morales, disciplinarios, eugenésicos, higienistas y biopolíticos que articulan las aspiraciones de modernización y productividad del Estado brasileño a la gestión de los problemas de salud y seguridad del país, comprendiendo la pobreza, la adicción y la enfermedad como resultado de su constitución racial. Finalmente, concluimos que el conflicto racial aparece como un trasfondo intrínseco que se actualiza en el cerne y desde los campos problemáticos de la salud mental y de las drogas, tomando como soluciones a los impasses sociales y políticos nacionales, la eliminación o al menos la dilución, a través del mestizaje o de la sumisión para fines de integración, del elemento físico y cultural del negro en Brasil.(AU)

Estudio piloto sobre la implementación de un programa lúdico en el contexto escolar para la estimulación del lenguaje / Pilot study of the implementation of an educational play-based program for language stimulation in the school setting

En el presente estudio se ha diseñado y aplicado un programa lúdico-educativo con el fin de estimular el lenguaje de niños de último curso de educación infantil con y sin dificultad específica. Este programa pretende responder a la necesidad de herramientas en el aula que, de forma atractiva y dinámica, actúen sobre las dificultades que pueden aparecer durante el desarrollo del lenguaje oral de los niños. Para ello, se empleó un diseño pre-post con una muestra de 25 alumnos de tercer curso de educación infantil. Las evaluaciones se realizaron a través de un registro de observación del lenguaje y de la Prueba de lenguaje oral de Navarra revisada. Las actividades del programa lúdico están basadas en el juego dirigido y se centran en aspectos como la atención, el reconocimiento visual, la lateralidad, el ritmo y la fluidez del habla, la discriminación auditiva, etc. Su duración ha sido de un mes, con 2 sesiones semanales de 45 min. Los resultados reflejan diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la mayoría de las variables objeto de intervención. Si bien se trata de un estudio piloto, los resultados parecen apoyar la utilidad de intervenciones breves de tipo lúdico-educativo aplicadas a nivel grupal en el contexto escolar para la estimulación del lenguaje (AU)

In the present study, an educational play-based program was designed and implemented to stimulate the language of children with or without specific difficulties in the last year of primary education. This program aimed to respond to the need for dynamic tools in the classroom to correct difficulties that may arise during the development of children's oral language. To do this, a pre-post design was used with a sample of 25 students in their third year of primary education. Evaluations were performed by the Revised Navarre oral language test and an observational procedure specifically designed for this study. The program's activities were based on directed play and focused on aspects such as attention, visual recognition, laterality, rhythm and fluency of speech, auditory discrimination, etc. The program lasted for 1 month with two weekly sessions of 45 min each.Statistically significant differences were found in most of the variables. Although this was a pilot study, the results seem to support the usefulness of brief interventions for language stimulation applied at the group level in schools (AU)

Mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy is associated with reduced educational outcomes in the offspring: 9-year follow-up of the gestational iodine cohort.

CONTEXT: Severe iodine deficiency (ID) during gestation is associated with neurocognitive sequelae. The long-term impact of mild ID, however, has not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether children born to mothers with urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) <150 µg/L during pregnancy have poorer educational outcomes in primary school than peers whose mothers did not have gestational ID (UIC ≥150 µg/L). DESIGN: This was a longitudinal follow-up (at 9 years old) of the Gestational Iodine Cohort. Pregnancy occurred during a period of mild ID in the population, with the children subsequently growing up in an iodine-replete environment. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Participants were children whose mothers attended The Royal Hobart Hospital (Tasmania) antenatal clinics between 1999 and 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Australian national curriculum and Tasmanian state curriculum educational assessment data for children in year 3 were analyzed. RESULTS: Children whose mothers had UIC <150 µg/L had reductions of 10.0% in spelling (-41.1 points, 95% confidence interval [CI], -68.0 to -14.3, P = .003), 7.6% in grammar (-30.9 points, 95% CI, -60.2 to -1.7, P = .038), and 5.7% in English-literacy (-0.33 points, 95% CI, -0.63 to -0.03, P = .034) performance compared with children whose mothers' UICs were ≥150 µg/L. These associations remained significant after adjustment for a range of biological factors (maternal age at birth of child, gestational length at time of birth, gestational age at time of urinary iodine collection, birth weight, and sex). Differences in spelling remained significant after further adjustment for socioeconomic factors (maternal occupation and education). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that even mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy can have long-term adverse impacts on fetal neurocognition that are not ameliorated by iodine sufficiency during childhood.

The effects of musical and linguistic components in recognition of real-world musical excerpts by cochlear implant recipients and normal-hearing adults.

BACKGROUND: Cochlear implants (CI) are effective in transmitting salient features of speech, especially in quiet, but current CI technology is not well suited in transmission of key musical structures (e.g., melody, timbre). It is possible, however, that sung lyrics, which are commonly heard in real-world music may provide acoustical cues that support better music perception. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine how accurately adults who use CIs (n = 87) and those with normal hearing (NH) (n = 17) are able to recognize real-world music excerpts based upon musical and linguistic (lyrics) cues. RESULTS: CI recipients were significantly less accurate than NH listeners on recognition of real-world music with or, in particular, without lyrics; however, CI recipients whose devices transmitted acoustic plus electric stimulation were more accurate than CI recipients reliant upon electric stimulation alone (particularly items without linguistic cues). Recognition by CI recipients improved as a function of linguistic cues. METHODS: Participants were tested on melody recognition of complex melodies (pop, country, & classical styles). Results were analyzed as a function of: hearing status and history, device type (electric only or acoustic plus electric stimulation), musical style, linguistic and musical cues, speech perception scores, cognitive processing, music background, age, and in relation to self-report on listening acuity and enjoyment. Age at time of testing was negatively correlated with recognition performance. CONCLUSIONS: These results have practical implications regarding successful participation of CI users in music-based activities that include recognition and accurate perception of real-world songs (e.g., reminiscence, lyric analysis, & listening for enjoyment).

Mandarin melody recognition by pediatric cochlear implant recipients.

This study investigated the ability of children with implants who speak Mandarin Chinese, a tonal language, to recognize familiar melodies. It further examined the relative contributions of pitch, rhythm, and lyrics to melody recognition. Two groups of participants (ages 7-15; n = 20 for each group), those with cochlear implants and those with typical hearing, listened to 2 sets (traditional Mandarin children's songs and children's songs from Western cultures translated into Mandarin) of three melodies. These melodies were presented in 3 conditions: (a) melodic contour only (pitches in equal durations); (b) melodic contour with rhythmic patterns; and (c) melodic contour with rhythmic patterns and lyrics. The results indicated that pediatric cochlear implant recipients performed with greater accuracy in melody recognition when lyrics were available. Their scores were significantly lower when melodies containing only pitch features. Providing the rhythmic patterns aided participants' identification of the target melodies, but less so than the lyrics. Applications of findings to aural rehabilitation are discussed.

The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder.

BACKGROUND: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) affects approximately 5% of school-aged children. In addition to the core deficits in motor function, this condition is associated commonly with difficulties in learning, behavior, and psychosocial adjustment that persist into adulthood. Mounting evidence suggests that a relative lack of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids may contribute to related neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders such as dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Given the current lack of effective, evidence-based treatment options for DCD, the use of fatty acid supplements merits investigation. METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, compared with placebo, was conducted with 117 children with DCD (5-12 years of age). Treatment for 3 months in parallel groups was followed by a 1-way crossover from placebo to active treatment for an additional 3 months. RESULTS: No effect of treatment on motor skills was apparent, but significant improvements for active treatment versus placebo were found in reading, spelling, and behavior over 3 months of treatment in parallel groups. After the crossover, similar changes were seen in the placebo-active group, whereas children continuing with active treatment maintained or improved their progress. CONCLUSIONS: Fatty acid supplementation may offer a safe efficacious treatment option for educational and behavioral problems among children with DCD. Additional work is needed to investigate whether our inability to detect any improvement in motor skills reflects the measures used and to assess the durability of treatment effects on behavior and academic progress.

Construction of the Mandarin version of the International Prostate Symptom Score inventory in assessing lower urinary tract symptoms in a Malaysian population.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to validate the Mandarin version of the International Prostate Symptom Score (Mand-IPSS) in a Malaysian population. METHODS: The validity and reliability were studied in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS; benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH] group) and without LUTS (control group). Test-retest methodology was used to assess the reliability while Cronbach alpha was used to assess the internal consistency. Sensitivity to change was used to express the effect size index in the preintervention versus post-intervention score in patients with LUTS who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. RESULTS: For the control group and BPH group, the internal consistency was excellent and a high degree of internal consistency was observed for all seven items (Cronbach alpha = 0.86-0.98 and 0.90-0.98, respectively). Test-retest correlation coefficients for all items were highly significant. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was high for the control (ICC = 0.93-0.99) and BPH group (ICC = 0.91-0.99). The sensitivity and specificity showed a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the effects of treatment. A high degree of significance between baseline and post-treatment scores was observed across all seven items in the BPH group but not in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The Mand-IPSS is a suitable, reliable, valid and sensitive instrument to measure clinical change in the Malaysian population.

Estudio lexical de las plantas medicinales andinas / Lexical study of Andean medicinal plants

En el presente trabajo de investigación, nuestra tarea debería ser recuperar los valores de la cultura aymara así como mantener el habla de nuestras lenguas rescatando léxicos para dotar a las lenguas nativas de un adecuado vocabulario. De esta manera queremos recuperar los léxicos de la lengua aymara en el ámbito de las Ciencias Naturales para la actualización de términos, así como el estudio de la identificación de sus significados en la estructura de la palabra. Al respecto Martín Cárdenas (1989:7-8), señala que el gran genetista Nicolai Ivanovich Vavilov, organizó las expediciones rusas que recorrieron las regiones montañosas de la América Latina, donde coleccionó semillas de las plantas, los cuales se usan hasta hoy en día. Los resultados publicados por los científicos rusos sobre el germoplasma procedente de Latino América ha servido como estímulo para el envío de otras expediciones de Suecia, Alemania, Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, etc.. Estas expediciones coleccionaron un valioso material de los diferentes tubérculos y otras plantas que pertenecen al mundo andino. Asimismo, Martín Cárdenas (1989:16) señala que el libro de Nicolai Ivanovich Vavilov menciona la teoría de Leo Metchnikov, quien había formulado que las plantas cultivadas son procedentes del Asia Suroccidental como Asia Menor y África septentrional. Por esta situación las regiones montañosas fueron consideradas como la cuna de la agricultura, además de presentar condiciones favorables para la manifestación de la diversidad de caracteres de la flora. Del mismo modo, Cárdenas (1989:16), señala que Vavilov, sostiene que las regiones montañosas fueron la cuna de la agricultura porque además de ser centros de la diversidad varietal, ofrecían condiciones óptimas para el cultivo con y sin irrigación. Los tipos de plantas cultivadas en las regiones montañosas citadas arriba están distribuidas en zonas verticales y horizontales de manera que puede observarse una sucesión regular de variedades desde los tipos tardíos de llanura hasta las razas de alta montaña extremadamente precoces. (AU)

Linguagem e desenho: uma parceria promissora na clínica de fonoaudiologia / Language and drawing: a promising relationship at the speech therapist clinic

A importância da atividade do desenho é abordada como núcleo central e gerador deste trabalho. Acredita-se ser oportuno um estudo que focalize a atividade do desenho no desenvolvimento da linguagem, enquanto uma das formas de representar, nomear e significar aspectos diferentes da mesma realidade dialógica. Dentro da perspectiva histórico-cultural, este trabalho visa a análise qualitativa, por meio do método naturalista-observacional, e o estudo de caso de um sujeito - 8 anos - participante de um grupo terapêutico fonoaudiológico, enfocando a produção de seus desenhos e as suas relações com a oralidade e a escrita. A análise de dados sugere interpretações das observações filmadas e transcritas de sessões de terapia fonoaudiológica, durante um ano e meio, com o objetivo de analisar a complexidade do dinâmico processo de construção do desenho e sua importância para o desenvolvimento da linguagem...(AU)

Musicoterapia, linguagem e autismo sob uma visäo da semiótica peirciana / Music therapy, language and autism under peirce`s semiotics point of view

Ao se utilizar música como terapia - musicoterapia - pode-se perceber, de imediato, cadeias semióticas de várias naturezas se cruzando, numa heterogeneidade de açöes. Formas sígnicas e/ou quase-sígnicas: códigos sonoro-musical, gestual, pré-vocal, tátil, pré-verbal e verbal proporcionam as mais variadas conjunçöes e conexöes, ampliando, assim, as possibilidades de comunicaçäo. Visando melhor compreensäo da linguagem do indivíduo com autismo, seja ela verbal ou näo verbal, foi eleita a semiótica de Charles Peirce como campo de estudos, análises e reflexöes, tendo como ponto de partida as ocorrências de um setting musicoterápico com esta clientela especificamente

Campo léxico y semántico de las plantas medicinales de Kulli Kulli Alto y Qhurapata / Lexicon and semantic field of the medicinal plants of Kulli Kulli Alto and Qhurapata

La presente tesina titulada "Campo léxico y semántico de las plantas medicinales de Kulli Kulli Alto y Qhurapata", cuyo objetivo fundamental es determinar el campo léxico y semántico de las plantas medicinales partiendo de la identificación, del análisis y el establecimiento de sus aspectos de sinonimia y polisemia, como denotación y connotación de las regiones mencionadas. Además, se justifica a través de la valoración de los conocimientos ancestrales sobre la medicina tradicional, conforme al Art. 42. I. Es responsabilidad del Estado promover y garantizar el respeto, uso, investigación y práctica de la medicina tradicional... Por consiguiente, el presente es un aporte fundamental en el proceso de cambio que atraviesa nuestro país, ya que se valora el aspecto cultural que está interrelacionado al estudio de las plantas medicinales. Nuestro trabajo se enmarca en la investigación cualitativa por referirse a un estudio social que involucra a todos los actores. Asimismo, en nuestro estudio sobre el campo léxico y semántico de las plantas medicinales, se considera el método descriptivo porque se describe cada uno de los hechos que se presentan en el proceso de investigación. También, se recurre a una de sus modalidades, el cual es el estudio de casos. Puesto que el estudio de casos nos permitió trabajar en base a grupos focalizados. En conclusión, con la presente investigación se aporta al campo léxico con el análisis respectivo a sus aspectos de sinonimia y polisemia, tanto a la recuperación del léxico de las plantas medicinales que deberían ir remplazando a términos o denominaciones del idioma castellano que fueron aymarizados como: CHANQURUMA en vez de Achikuria, término aymarizado del castellano Achicoria; KUMASA en vez de Salwiya, término aymarizado del castellano Salvia, y otros. También se aporta al campo semántico con una serie de descripciones comprendidas en el análisis de sus aspectos de denotación como connotación correspondientemente, dando a conocer ciertas propiedades y características generales como particulares de las plantas medicinales, que son desconocidas e ignoradas por parte de nuestra sociedad. Por lo consiguiente, al contribuir con el campo léxico y semántico de las plantas medicinales, también aportamos a la normalización de la lengua aymara, demostrando que la cultura aymara presenta diversos aspectos los cuales encierran una gran riqueza lingüística. (AU)

The functional neuroanatomy of comprehension and memory: the importance of prior knowledge.

Stories are a common way in which humans convey and acquire new information. Their effectiveness and memorability require that they be understood which, in turn, depends on two factors-whether the story makes sense and the prior knowledge that the listener brings to bear. Comprehension requires the linking of related pieces of information, some provided within the story and some by the listener, in a process establishing coherence. In this study, we examined brain activations associated with story processing. During PET scanning, passages of prose were read twice to subjects during successive scans with the requirement to remember them. These were either standard stories that were readily comprehensible, or unusual stories for which the global theme was very difficult to extract without prior knowledge of the mental framework. This was manipulated by the provision of relevant, irrelevant or no visual cues shortly before the story. Ratings of comprehension provided by the subjects just after each scan confirmed that standard stories were more comprehensible than the unusual stories, as were unusual stories with a mental framework compared with those without. PET results showed activation of anterior and ventral parts of the medial parietal/posterior cingulate cortex in association with hearing unusual stories when subjects were given prior knowledge of what it might be about. Medial ventral orbitofrontal cortex and left temporal pole activations were found to be associated with more general aspects of comprehension. Medial parietal cortex (precuneus) and left prefrontal cortex were associated with story repetition. We suggest that while the temporal pole is involved in the linking of propositions to build a narrative, the anterior medial parietal/posterior cingulate cortex is concerned with linking this information with prior knowledge. All of this occurs in the context of a general memory processing/retrieval system that includes the posterior parietal (precuneus) and prefrontal cortex. Knowledge of how distinct brain regions contribute differentially to aspects of comprehension and memory has implications for understanding how these processes break down in conditions of brain injury or disease.

La medicina a través de lenguas phehispánicas / Medicine through pre-hispanic languages

Presenta los diferentes estadios culturales y por lo tanto también médicos de algunos de los pueblos de América y Filipinas prehispánicos según sus propias lenguas aborígenes. Este análisis de la medicina de las culturas prehispánicas por medio de sus lenguas lleva a unas conclusiones que tal vez cambian el concepto tradicional sobre el grado de conocimientos médicos de los pueblos aborígenes. Para llevarlo a cabo, se han elegido los textos más representativos de cada una de las lenguas estudiadas, cuya utilidad ha sido sancionada por linguistas, etnógrafos e historiadores.(AU)