Diagnostic Accuracy of Clusters of Pain Provocation Tests for Detecting Sacroiliac Joint Pain: Systematic Review With Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic test accuracy of pain provocation tests for the sacroiliac joint. DESIGN: Systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy. LITERATURE SEARCH: Seven electronic databases and reference lists of included studies and previous reviews were searched. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies investigating the diagnostic accuracy of clusters of clinical tests for sacroiliac joint pain were included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Bivariate random-effects meta-analysis was employed. Risk of bias and applicability concerns were assessed using the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to judge credibility of evidence. RESULTS: From 2195 records identified in the search, 5 studies were included that assessed clusters of pain provocation tests for the sacroiliac joint. The estimated positive likelihood ratio was 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2, 3.9), the negative likelihood ratio was 0.33 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.72), and the diagnostic odds ratio was 9.01 (95% CI: 1.72, 28.4). The GRADE ratings for the outcomes were of very low certainty. Assuming a point prevalence of sacroiliac joint pain of 20%, we calculated a positive posterior probability of 35% (95% CI: 32%, 37%) and negative posterior probability of 8% (95% CI: 6%, 10%). CONCLUSION: A positive result on a sacroiliac joint pain provocation test cluster gives the clinician 35% certainty of having correctly identified sacroiliac joint pain. Clusters of pain provocation tests for the sacroiliac joint do not provide sufficient diagnostic accuracy for ruling in the sacroiliac joint as the source of pain. Clinicians can rule out the sacroiliac joint as the source of pain with more confidence: the negative posttest probability indicates that the clinician can conclude with 92% certainty that a negative test result is correct. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(9):422-431. Epub 1 Jul 2021. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.10469.

Effects of the Manual Therapy Approach of Segments C0-1 and C2-3 in the Flexion-Rotation Test in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Flexion-rotation test predominantly measures rotation in C1-2 segment. Restriction in flexion-rotation may be due to direct limitation in C1-2, but also to a premature tightening of the alar ligament as a result of lack of movement in C0-1 or C2-3. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a 20-min single cervical exercise session, with or without manual therapy of C0-1 and C2-3 segment in flexion-rotation test, in patients with chronic neck pain and positive flexion-rotation test. Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial in 48 subjects (24 manual therapy+exercise/24 exercise). Range of motion and pain during flexion-rotation test, neck pain intensity and active cervical range of motion were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Significant differences were found in favour of the manual therapy group in the flexion-rotation test: right (p < 0.001) and left rotation (p < 0.001); pain during the flexion-rotation test: right (p < 0.001) and left rotation (p < 0.001); neck pain intensity: (p < 0.001); cervical flexion (p < 0.038), extension (p < 0.010), right side-bending (p < 0.035), left side-bending (p < 0.002), right rotation (p < 0.001), and left rotation (p < 0.006). Conclusions: Addition of one C0-C1 and C2-C3 manual therapy session to cervical exercise can immediately improve flexion-rotation test and cervical range of motion and reduce pain intensity.

Automatic Construction of Chinese Herbal Prescriptions From Tongue Images Using CNNs and Auxiliary Latent Therapy Topics.

The tongue image provides important physical information of humans. It is of great importance for diagnoses and treatments in clinical medicine. Herbal prescriptions are simple, noninvasive, and have low side effects. Thus, they are widely applied in China. Studies on the automatic construction technology of herbal prescriptions based on tongue images have great significance for deep learning to explore the relevance of tongue images for herbal prescriptions, it can be applied to healthcare services in mobile medical systems. In order to adapt to the tongue image in a variety of photographic environments and construct herbal prescriptions, a neural network framework for prescription construction is designed. It includes single/double convolution channels and fully connected layers. Furthermore, it proposes the auxiliary therapy topic loss mechanism to model the therapy of Chinese doctors and alleviate the interference of sparse output labels on the diversity of results. The experiment use the real-world tongue images and the corresponding prescriptions and the results can generate prescriptions that are close to the real samples, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed method for the automatic construction of herbal prescriptions from tongue images. Also, it provides a reference for automatic herbal prescription construction from more physical information.

Quantification and Reliability of Hip Internal Rotation and the FADIR Test in Supine Position Using a Smartphone Application in an Asymptomatic Population.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to quantify and report the intrarater and interrater reliability of hip internal rotation (IR) range of motion supine with the hip and knee at 90° of flexion and for the flexion-adduction-internal rotation (FADIR) test. Hip internal rotation measured in a lying supine position with the hip and knee at 90° of flexion revealed information on hip impairments. To date no simple quantification approach has been presented in this position; therefore, the FADIR test has not been quantified yet. METHODS: Twenty participants (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age, 24.0 ± 2.1 years; 10 women and 10 men) without lower-limb or back pain were recruited. Three raters evaluated each participant during 2 testing sessions, 1 day apart. A built-in smartphone compass application was used to obtain the hip IR range of motion in both procedures. RESULTS: Mean (± SD) supine IR was 51.7° (± 9.7°) and 62.6° (± 11.4°) for men and women, respectively. Concerning the FADIR test, mean values were 41.8° (± 9.64°) and 50.1° (± 8.0°) for men and women, respectively. The mean intrarater and interrater reliability coefficients were 0.80 and 0.72 for hip IR and 0.75 and 0.40 for the FADIR test. The standard error of the mean ranged from 4.8° to 8.3° (minimal detectable difference [MDD], 13.3° to 22.9°) for hip IR and from 4.6° to 10.3° (MDD, 12.8° to 28.6°) for the FADIR test. CONCLUSION: Overall, the smartphone compass application is adequate to quantify hip IR in a lying supine position. However, the poor to moderate interrater reliability in the FADIR test and the size of the MDD values suggest that the FADIR test should be standardized.

Reliability of Different Clinical Techniques for Assessing Foot Posture.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the interrater and intrarater reliability of navicular drop (NDP), navicular drift (NDT), and the Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6), and test-retest reliability of the static arch index (SAI) and dynamic arch index (DAI). METHODS: Sixty healthy individuals were assessed for intrarater and test-retest reliability. From 60 participants, 30 individuals were assessed for interrater reliability. A digital caliper was used to measure NDP and NDT. Electronic pedography was used to calculate SAI and DAI. The FPI-6 was also performed. All assessments were performed on the dominant foot. The NDP, NDT, SAI, and DAI were repeated 3 times. The NDP and NDT were analyzed separately using both first measurement and the average, but the SAI and DAI were analyzed using only the average. The NDP, NDT, and FPI-6 were conducted by 2 raters to determine interrater reliability and were repeated by a single rater after 5 days from initial assessment to determine intrarater reliability. The SAI and DAI were also repeated after 5 days to determine test-retest reliability. RESULTS: Intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were 0.934 and 0.970 for NDP, 0.724 and 0.850 for NDT, and 0.945 for FPI. Interrater ICCs were 0.712 and 0.811 for NDP, 0.592 and 0.797 for NDT, and 0.575 for FPI. Test-retest ICCs of the SAI and DAI were 0.850 and 0.876, respectively. CONCLUSION: Navicular drop is relatively more reliable than other traditional techniques. Also, the FPI-6 has excellent intrarater reliability, but only moderate interrater reliability. The results can provide clinicians and researchers with a reliable way to implement foot posture assessment.

Intrarater and Interrater Reliability of the Flexion Rotation Test and Cervical Range of Motion in People With Migraine.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the reliability, standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable change (SDC) of the flexion rotation test (FRT) and cervical range of motion (CROM) assessed with the CROM device in individuals with and without migraine. METHODS: Twenty-five women with migraine (mean age, 35 years; standard deviation, 10 years) and 25 comparable headache-free women (mean age, 32 years; standard deviation, 11 years) participated in this study. C1/C2 mobility was assessed with the FRT, whereas global cervical range of motion was calculated using a CROM device. To assess the interrater reliability, tests were conducted on the same day at 20-minute intervals, by 2 independent assessors, and they were repeated after a 1-week interval by the same assessor to evaluate the intrarater reliability. The mean value of 3 repetitions was used to calculate the intraclass correlation coefficient ICC(2,k), SEM, and SDC. RESULTS: The intrarater reliability was excellent (ICC > 0.83), and interrater reliability ranged from substantial to excellent (ICC > 0.77) for the FRT. The SEM ranged from 2.44° to 2.85°, and the SDC from 6.78° to 7.9°. Intrarater and interrater reliability for cervical range of motion was substantial to excellent (ICC > 0.65), with the SEM ranging from 2.03° to 5.46° and the SDC from 5.6° to 15.14°. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that FRT and global cervical range of motion with a CROM device show high reliability in individuals with migraine. In addition, the SEM and SDC were relatively small. Both assessments can be used for clinical evaluation of the cervical spine in individuals with migraine.

Effects of music on behavior and physiological stress response of domestic cats in a veterinary clinic.

OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to determine if feline-specific music played in a veterinary clinical setting would promote lower cat stress scores (CSSs), lower mean handling scale scores (HSs) and reduced neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios (NLRs) in cats during physical examinations. METHODS: Cats were exposed to one of three auditory stimuli tests - silence, classical music and cat-specific music - during three physical examinations 2 weeks apart. CSSs were recorded at pre- and post-auditory tests and during the examination period. The HSs were recorded at the physical examination period. The physiological stress was assessed via NLRs. RESULTS: The pre-auditory test showed no difference in CSS between cats listening to silence, classical music and cat music. CSSs for post-auditory tests and examination periods were not significantly different between silence and classical music; however, CSSs were significantly decreased in cats listening to cat music vs silence and in cats listening to cat music vs classical music. HSs were not different in cats listening to silence vs classical music, but were significantly lower in cats listening to cat music vs silence and classical music. No difference was found in NLRs among all three auditory stimuli tests. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Listening to cat-specific music prior to, and during, physical examination was associated with lower CSSs and lower HSs in cats, but had no effect on the physiological stress responses measured by NLRs. We conclude that cat-specific music may benefit cats by decreasing the stress levels and increasing the quality of care in veterinary clinical settings.

Severe scurvy in a patient with eosinophilicoesophagitis.

While scurvy is considered to be a rare disease in the modern era, the disease still presents in certain populations with nutritional deficiencies such as those with poor nutritional absorption secondary to gastrointestinal disorders and in patients with poor nutritional intake. We present a case of scurvy in a patient who had eosinophilic oesophagitis which limited his oral intake. He presented with the classic symptoms of scurvy including a perifollicular rash, arthralgia, gingivitis and anaemia. He was treated with intravenous vitamin C initially followed by an oral course after which he showed improvement. This case demonstrates that it is important to consider vitamin C deficiency in patients with who present with anaemia and bleeding stigmata specifically in those who have poor nutritional intake. Furthermore, additional consideration should be given to patients with malnutrition as part of the preoperative evaluation.

Validity of Cyriax's Functional Examination for Diagnosing Shoulder Pain: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of lesion localization between Cyriax's functional examination and ultrasonography in participants with and without shoulder pain. METHODS: A total of 206 adults aged 20 years and older with or without shoulder pain were included. All participants received Cyriax's functional examination by the first blinded physiatrist. Within a week, ultrasonography was performed by another blinded specialist. The diagnoses made by both methods, respectively, were compared finally. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were evaluated for the diagnosis of shoulder lesions between Cyriax's functional examination and ultrasonography. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding age, sex, and body mass index. Moderate to high sensitivity (74.1%, 76.5%, and 66.7%) and high specificity (93.0%, 99.5%, and 99.0%) were in supraspinatus, subscapularis, and infraspinatus lesions, respectively. For the subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis, high sensitivity (90.4%) and moderate to high specificity (70.3%) was found. In contrast, low sensitivity (15.0%) and high specificity (100.0%) were found in the biceps lesions. CONCLUSION: In this study, we found that Cyriax's functional examination had high sensitivity in detecting subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis and high specificity in rotator cuff lesion.

How to diagnose and treat benign headaches.

A 19-year-old female, university student with a long-standing history of migraine headaches presented to the emergency department (ED) with a 36-hour history of gradual onset of left-sided headache, preceded by visual aura. She stated that her headache was worse than usual and now associated with nausea, vomiting, and photophobia, despite use of oral ibuprofen. On examination, she was afebrile, her SaO2 = 98% on room air, her pulse was 110 beats/minute, and she was breathing 20 breaths/minute. She received a Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale score of 2 due to her pain score of 8/10 on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Her neurological examination was normal and her neck was supple with full range of motion. She was a non-smoker, infrequent cannabis user, and her last menstrual period was normal.

Diagnostic Reference Levels for conventional radiography and fluoroscopy in Austria: Results and updated National Diagnostic Reference Levels derived from a nationwide survey.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation and updating of Austrian National Diagnostic Reference Levels (NDRLs). METHODS: A nationwide survey on common conventional radiography and fluoroscopy examinations was conducted. In line with Austrian radiation protection standards, all relevant Austrian hospitals and radiology offices/centers were asked to report a minimum sample of 10 representative dose-area product (DAP) values together with patient weight and fluoroscopy time, if applicable. Examinations included for conventional radiography were skull, chest, abdomen, pelvis, lumbar spine and bedside chest x-ray, for fluoroscopy barium enema (single and double contrast) and swallowing (video). Participants were invited via e-mail, followed up by reminders to increase participation rates. Plausibility checks were performed to increase data quality. 3rd quartiles of facility median and mean DAP were calculated and compared to Austrian and international NDRLs. RESULTS: 59% of invited facilities submitted DAP data, 43% submitted additional data on patient weight and 41% on fluoroscopy time. DAP case numbers varied from 1005 to 2121 for conventional radiography and from 182 to 1380 for fluoroscopy. Average patient weight was 75 kg for conventional radiography and 77 kg for fluoroscopy. CONCLUSION: 3rd quartiles derived from the survey are substantially lower than the old Austrian NDRLs (valid till early 2018). Since 3rd quartiles correspond well to European NDRLs, the update would be in accordance with European DRL harmonisation efforts.

Diagnostic accuracy and validity of three manual examination tests to identify alar ligament lesions: results of a blinded case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: Tests to evaluate the integrity of the alar ligaments are important clinical tools for manual therapists, but there is limited research regarding their validity. METHOD: A single blinded examiner assessed alar ligament integrity using the lateral shear test (LST), rotation stress test (RST) and side-bending stress test (SBST) on a sample of convenience comprising 7 subjects with MRI confirmed alar ligament lesions and 11 healthy people. Alar ligament lesions were identified using both supine and high-field strength upright MRI. RESULTS: The RST had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 69.2%. The SBST and the LST both showed a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 76.9%. In cases where all three tests were positive, the specificity increased to 84.6%. DISCUSSION: Tests of manual examination of alar ligament integrity have some diagnostic utility; however, these findings require further corroboration in a larger sample.

A manual physical therapy intervention for symptoms of knee osteoarthritis and associated fall risk: A case series of four patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) are at an increased risk of falling. Further, the symptoms associated with knee OA are correlated with fall risk. A manual physical therapy (MPT) approach consisting of mobilizing techniques and reinforcing exercise improves the symptoms and functional limitations associated with knee OA. The purpose of this case series is to evaluate an MPT intervention of mobilization techniques and exercise for knee OA on improving symptoms and quantify the secondary benefit of improving stumble recovery. CASE DESCRIPTION: Four patients with symptomatic knee OA and four matched controls completed a fall risk assessment. Following 4 weeks of intervention, patients were reevaluated. OUTCOMES: Initial Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) scores indicated notable symptoms and functional limitations in all patients. In addition, all patients displayed elevated fall risk and/or impaired stumble responses. Following 4 weeks of intervention, all patients reported meaningful reductions in all three WOMAC subscales and demonstrated improvements in at least two of the three fall risk measures. DISCUSSION: We identified potential connections between symptom relief in patients with knee OA, stumble response, and ultimately fall risk. The results suggest that MPT intervention designed to improve the signs and symptoms of knee OA may lead to a secondary benefit of improved gait stability and stumble response.

The Evaluation and Treatment of Tall Stature in Preadolescent Girls: A Case Report.

Families may approach primary care providers for advice and treatment for tall stature (height more than two standard deviations above the mean height for a given age) in pre-pubertal children. The following case report describes an 11-year-old girl who was referred to an endocrinology specialist for familial tall stature. Potential pathological causes for tall stature are reviewed. The assessment, management, and risks and benefits of treatment for this condition are described. Finally, the role of the pediatric nurse practitioner in caring for youth with this chief complaint is discussed.

Early surgical management of traumatic dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon at the ankle is a rare injury. Some of these cases are misdiagnosed as ankle sprains and are not treated properly. In addition, because the conservative treatment is not as effective as the surgical treatment, it is essential that patients be diagnosed early so that proper surgical treatment can be performed. We report the early surgical management of traumatic dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old Japanese man, who was a karate coach, was injured while acting as an umpire in a karate competition. On the same day of his injury, he came to our hospital. He complained of swelling and pain in the medial malleolus. Anterior dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon was detected upon palpation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of anterior dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon with retinaculum injury. Four days after the injury, we performed the Das De procedure as the surgical treatment. Three months after the surgery, the patient was able to participate in karate again. CONCLUSIONS: Dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon is likely to be misdiagnosed, thus delaying the start of proper treatment. It is essential to diagnose the patient accurately by carefully assessing the physical symptoms manifested. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging can also be used for better diagnosis, thereby leading to an early and proper surgical treatment.

Infant colic: mechanisms and management.

Infant colic is a commonly reported phenomenon of excessive crying in infancy with an enigmatic and distressing character. Despite its frequent occurrence, little agreement has been reached on the definition, pathogenesis or the optimal management strategy for infant colic. This Review aims to delineate the definitional entanglement with the Rome IV criteria, which were published in 2016, as the leading, most recent diagnostic criteria. Moreover, neurogenic, gastrointestinal, microbial and psychosocial factors that might contribute to the pathophysiology of infant colic are explored. This Review underlines that a comprehensive medical history and physical examination in the absence of alarm symptoms serve as guidance for the clinician to a positive diagnosis. It also highlights that an important aspect of the management of infant colic is parental education and reassurance. Management strategies, including behavioural, dietary, pharmacological and alternative interventions, are also discussed. Owing to a lack of large, high-quality randomized controlled trials, none of these therapies are strongly recommended. Finally, the behavioural and somatic sequelae of infant colic into childhood are summarized.

Musculoskeletal Pain and Interest in Meditation and Yoga in Home Health Aides: Evidence From the Home Health Occupations Musculoskeletal Examinations (HHOME) Study.

Home healthcare aides (HHAs) are a growing U.S. workforce highly susceptible to workplace stressors and musculoskeletal pain. In the present study we: 1) examine the association of musculoskeletal pain to life satisfaction and emotional exhaustion; and 2) characterize interest in meditation and yoga in a sample of HHAs. A nonprobabilistic sample of HHAs employed at home healthcare agencies in Florida, Massachusetts, and Oregon (n = 285 total) completed a self-administered questionnaire with standard survey measures on musculoskeletal pain location, duration, and severity; life satisfaction; emotional exhaustion; and interest in meditation techniques and yoga. Among HHAs responding, 48.4% reported pain in the last 7 days and 46.6% reported pain in the last 3 months. Home healthcare aides who reported current pain and chronic pain had a significant (P < .05) decrease in satisfaction with life score and a significant increase in emotional exhaustion score. The majority of HHAs reported an interest in learning about the benefits (65.6%) and practice (66.4%) of meditation and a willingness to participate in a yoga class (59.2%) or stress management meeting (59.1%). The HHAs reported both acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain that was correlated with lower life satisfaction and greater emotional exhaustion. More efforts are needed to reduce the sources of injury and emotional exhaustion.

International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Critical examination of the quality and validity of available allergic rhinitis (AR) literature is necessary to improve understanding and to appropriately translate this knowledge to clinical care of the AR patient. To evaluate the existing AR literature, international multidisciplinary experts with an interest in AR have produced the International Consensus statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (ICAR:AR). METHODS: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to AR. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review (EBR), or evidence-based review with recommendations (EBRR) format as dictated by available evidence and purpose within the ICAR:AR document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:AR document was synthesized and reviewed by all authors for consensus. RESULTS: The ICAR:AR document addresses over 100 individual topics related to AR, including diagnosis, pathophysiology, epidemiology, disease burden, risk factors for the development of AR, allergy testing modalities, treatment, and other conditions/comorbidities associated with AR. CONCLUSION: This critical review of the AR literature has identified several strengths; providers can be confident that treatment decisions are supported by rigorous studies. However, there are also substantial gaps in the AR literature. These knowledge gaps should be viewed as opportunities for improvement, as often the things that we teach and the medicine that we practice are not based on the best quality evidence. This document aims to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the AR literature to identify areas for future AR research and improved understanding.

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: allergic rhinitis-executive summary.

BACKGROUND: The available allergic rhinitis (AR) literature continues to grow. Critical evaluation and understanding of this literature is important to appropriately utilize this knowledge in the care of AR patients. The International Consensus statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (ICAR:AR) has been produced as a multidisciplinary international effort. This Executive Summary highlights and summarizes the findings of the comprehensive ICAR:AR document. METHODS: The ICAR:AR document was produced using previously described methodology. Specific topics were developed relating to AR. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review (EBR), or evidence-based review with recommendations (EBRR) format as dictated by available evidence and purpose within the ICAR:AR document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:AR document was synthesized and reviewed by all authors for consensus. RESULTS: Over 100 individual topics related to AR diagnosis, pathophysiology, epidemiology, disease burden, risk factors, allergy testing modalities, treatment, and other conditions/comorbidities associated with AR were addressed in the comprehensive ICAR:AR document. Herein, the Executive Summary provides a synopsis of these findings. CONCLUSION: In the ICAR:AR critical review of the literature, several strengths were identified. In addition, significant knowledge gaps exist in the AR literature where current practice is not based on the best quality evidence; these should be seen as opportunities for additional research. The ICAR:AR document evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the AR literature. This Executive Summary condenses these findings into a short summary. The reader is also encouraged to consult the comprehensive ICAR:AR document for a thorough description of this work.