RESUMO
Este artigo analisou a percepção e os sentimentos de casais sobre o atendimento recebido nos serviços de saúde acessados em função de perda gestacional (óbito fetal ante e intraparto). O convite para a pesquisa foi divulgado em mídias sociais (Instagram e Facebook). Dos 66 casais que contataram a equipe, 12 participaram do estudo, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu em 2018. Os casais responderam conjuntamente a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos e uma entrevista semiestruturada, realizada presencialmente (n=4) ou por videochamada (n=8). Os dados foram gravados em áudio e posteriormente transcritos. A Análise Temática indutiva das entrevistas identificou cinco temas: sentimento de impotência, iatrogenia vivida nos serviços, falta de cuidado em saúde mental, não reconhecimento da perda como evento com consequências emocionais negativas, e características do bom atendimento. Os achados demonstraram situações de violência, comunicação deficitária, desvalorização das perdas precoces, falta de suporte para contato com o bebê falecido e rotinas pouco humanizadas, especialmente durante a internação após a perda. Para aprimorar a assistência às famílias enlutadas, sugere-se qualificação profissional, ampliação da visibilidade do tema entre diferentes atores e reorganização dos serviços, considerando uma diretriz clínica para atenção ao luto perinatal, com destaque para o fortalecimento da inserção de equipes de saúde mental no contexto hospitalar.(AU)
This study analyzed couples' perceptions and feelings about pregnancy loss care (ante and intrapartum fetal death). A research invitation was published on social media (Instagram and Facebook) and data collection took place in 2018. Of the 66 couples who contacted the research team, 12 participated in the study by filling a sociodemographic questionnaire and answering a semi-structured interview in person (n=04) or by video call (n=08). All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and examined by Inductive Thematic Analysis, which identified five themes: feelings of impotence, iatrogenic experiences in health services, lack of mental health care, not recognizing pregnancy loss as an emotionally overwhelming event, and aspects of good healthcare. Analysis showed experiences of violence, poor communication, devaluation of early losses, lack of support for contact with the deceased baby, and dehumanizing routines, especially during hospitalization after loss. Professional qualification, extended pregnancy loss visibility among different stakeholders, and reorganization of health services are needed to improve the care offered to grieving families, considering a clinical guideline for perinatal grief care with emphasis on strengthening the insertion of mental health teams in the hospital context.(AU)
Este estudio analizó las percepciones y sentimientos de parejas sobre la atención recibida en los servicios de salud a los que accedieron debido a la pérdida del embarazo (muerte fetal ante e intraparto). La invitación al estudio se publicó en las redes sociales (Instagram y Facebook). De las 66 parejas que se contactaron con el equipo, 12 participaron en el estudio, cuya recolección de datos se realizó en 2018. Las parejas respondieron un formulario de datos sociodemográficos y realizaron una entrevista semiestructurada presencialmente (n=4) o por videollamada (n=08). Los datos se grabaron en audio para su posterior transcripción. El análisis temático inductivo identificó cinco temas: Sentimiento de impotencia, experiencias iatrogénicas en los servicios, falta de atención a la salud mental, falta de reconocimiento de la pérdida como un evento con consecuencias emocionales negativas y características de buena atención. Los hallazgos evidenciaron situaciones de violencia, comunicación deficiente, desvalorización de las pérdidas tempranas, falta de apoyo para el contacto con el bebé fallecido y rutinas poco humanizadas, especialmente durante la hospitalización tras la pérdida. Para mejorar la atención a las familias en duelo, se sugiere capacitación profesional, ampliación de la visibilidad del tema entre los diferentes actores y reorganización de los servicios, teniendo en cuenta una guía clínica para la atención del duelo perinatal, enfocada en fortalecer la inserción de los equipos de salud mental en el contexto hospitalario.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Serviços de Saúde da Criança , Saúde Mental , Humanização da Assistência , Morte Fetal , Dor , Pais , Pediatria , Perinatologia , Doenças Placentárias , Preconceito , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Psicologia , Psicologia Médica , Política Pública , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Reprodução , Síndrome , Anormalidades Congênitas , Tortura , Contração Uterina , Traumatismos do Nascimento , Auxílio-Maternidade , Trabalho de Parto , Prova de Trabalho de Parto , Adaptação Psicológica , Aborto Espontâneo , Cuidado da Criança , Enfermagem Materno-Infantil , Recusa em Tratar , Saúde da Mulher , Satisfação do Paciente , Poder Familiar , Licença Parental , Qualidade, Acesso e Avaliação da Assistência à Saúde , Privacidade , Depressão Pós-Parto , Credenciamento , Afeto , Choro , Curetagem , Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida , Acesso à Informação , Ética Clínica , Parto Humanizado , Ameaça de Aborto , Negação em Psicologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Parto , Dor do Parto , Nascimento Prematuro , Lesões Pré-Natais , Mortalidade Fetal , Descolamento Prematuro da Placenta , Violência contra a Mulher , Aborto , Acolhimento , Ética Profissional , Natimorto , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Cordão Nucal , Resiliência Psicológica , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Medo , Doenças Urogenitais Femininas e Complicações na Gravidez , Fertilidade , Doenças Fetais , Uso Indevido de Medicamentos sob Prescrição , Esperança , Educação Pré-Natal , Coragem , Trauma Psicológico , Profissionalismo , Sistemas de Apoio Psicossocial , Frustração , Tristeza , Respeito , Angústia Psicológica , Violência Obstétrica , Apoio Familiar , Obstetra , Culpa , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Maternidades , Complicações do Trabalho de Parto , Trabalho de Parto Induzido , Ira , Solidão , Amor , Tocologia , Mães , Cuidados de EnfermagemRESUMO
Com os avanços tecnológicos e o aprimoramento da prática médica via ultrassonografia, já é possível detectar possíveis problemas no feto desde a gestação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a prática do psicólogo no contexto de gestações que envolvem riscos fetais. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo sob formato de relato de experiência como psicólogo residente no Serviço de Medicina Fetal da Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Os registros, feitos por observação participante e diário de campo, foram analisados em dois eixos temáticos: 1) intervenções psicológicas no trabalho em equipe em consulta de pré-natal, exame de ultrassonografia e procedimento de amniocentese; e 2) intervenções psicológicas em casos de bebês incompatíveis com a vida. Os resultados indicaram que o psicólogo nesse serviço é essencial para atuar de forma multiprofissional na assistência pré-natal para gravidezes de alto risco fetal. Ademais, a preceptoria do residente é relevante para sua formação e treinamento para atuação profissional no campo da psicologia perinatal.(AU)
Face to the technological advances and the improvement of medical practice via ultrasound, it is already possible to detect possible problems in the fetus since pregnancy. The objective of this study was to analyze the psychologist's practice in the context of pregnancies which involve fetal risks. It is a qualitative study based on an experience report as a psychologist trainee at the Fetal Medicine Service of the Maternity School of UFRJ. The records, based on the participant observation and field diary, were analyzed in two thematic axes: 1) psychological interventions in the teamwork in the prenatal attendance, ultrasound examination and amniocentesis procedure; and 2) psychological interventions in cases of babies incompatible to the life. The results indicated that the psychologist in this service is essential to work in a multidisciplinary way at the prenatal care for high fetal risk pregnancies. Furthermore, the resident's preceptorship is relevant to their education and training for professional performance in the field of Perinatal Psychology.(AU)
Con los avances tecnológicos y la mejora de la práctica médica a través de la ecografía, ya se puede detectar posibles problemas en el feto desde el embarazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la práctica del psicólogo en el contexto de embarazos de riesgos fetal. Es un estudio cualitativo basado en un relato de experiencia como residente de psicología en el Servicio de Medicina Fetal de la Escuela de Maternidad de la Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Los registros, realizados en la observación participante y el diario de campo, se analizaron en dos ejes temáticos: 1) intervenciones psicológicas en el trabajo en equipo, en la consulta prenatal, ecografía y los procedimientos de amniocentesis; y 2) intervenciones psicológicas en casos de bebés incompatibles con la vida. Los resultados señalaron como fundamental la presencia del psicólogo en este servicio trabajando de forma multidisciplinar en la atención prenatal en el contexto de embarazos de alto riesgo fetal. Además, la tutela del residente es relevante para su educación y formación para el desempeño profesional en el campo de la Psicología Perinatal.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Intervenção Psicossocial , Cardiopatias Congênitas , Ansiedade , Orientação , Dor , Relações Pais-Filho , Pais , Paternidade , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Pacientes , Pediatria , Placenta , Placentação , Complicações na Gravidez , Manutenção da Gravidez , Prognóstico , Teoria Psicanalítica , Psicologia , Transtornos Puerperais , Qualidade de Vida , Radiação , Religião , Reprodução , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Reprodutivos e Urinários , Cirurgia Geral , Síndrome , Anormalidades Congênitas , Temperança , Terapêutica , Sistema Urogenital , Bioética , Consultórios Médicos , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Trabalho de Parto , Gravidez , Prenhez , Resultado da Gravidez , Adaptação Psicológica , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Ecocardiografia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Família , Aborto Espontâneo , Educação Infantil , Proteção da Criança , Saúde Mental , Saúde da Família , Taxa de Sobrevida , Expectativa de Vida , Causas de Morte , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Licença Parental , Competência Mental , Rim Policístico Autossômico Recessivo , Síndrome de Down , Assistência Perinatal , Assistência Integral à Saúde , Compostos Químicos , Depressão Pós-Parto , Manifestações Neurocomportamentais , Crianças com Deficiência , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , Número de Gestações , Intervenção em Crise , Afeto , Análise Citogenética , Espiritualidade , Cumplicidade , Valor da Vida , Parto Humanizado , Morte , Tomada de Decisões , Mecanismos de Defesa , Ameaça de Aborto , Atenção à Saúde , Demência , Incerteza , Organogênese , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Gestantes , Diagnóstico Precoce , Nascimento Prematuro , Medição da Translucência Nucal , Mortalidade da Criança , Depressão , Transtorno Depressivo , Período Pós-Parto , Diagnóstico , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Obstétrico e Ginecológico , Etanol , Ego , Emoções , Empatia , Meio Ambiente , Humanização da Assistência , Acolhimento , Ética Profissional , Forma do Núcleo Celular , Nutrição da Gestante , Medida do Comprimento Cervical , Conflito Familiar , Terapia Familiar , Resiliência Psicológica , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Doenças Urogenitais Femininas e Complicações na Gravidez , Saco Gestacional , Evento Inexplicável Breve Resolvido , Morte Fetal , Desenvolvimento Embrionário e Fetal , Imagem Multimodal , Mortalidade Prematura , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Medicina de Emergência Pediátrica , Criança Acolhida , Liberdade , Esgotamento Psicológico , Entorno do Parto , Frustração , Tristeza , Respeito , Angústia Psicológica , Genética , Bem-Estar Psicológico , Obstetra , Culpa , Felicidade , Ocupações em Saúde , Hospitalização , Maternidades , Hospitais Universitários , Desenvolvimento Humano , Direitos Humanos , Imaginação , Infecções , Infertilidade , Anencefalia , Jurisprudência , Complicações do Trabalho de Parto , Licenciamento , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Cuidados para Prolongar a Vida , Solidão , Amor , Corpo Clínico Hospitalar , Deficiência Intelectual , Princípios Morais , Mães , Narcisismo , Doenças e Anormalidades Congênitas, Hereditárias e Neonatais , Neonatologia , Malformações do Sistema Nervoso , Apego ao ObjetoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To explore facilitators and barriers to the implementation of a physiological approach to care during labour and birth in obstetric settings. To explore how facilitators and barriers located at three levels: organisation, professional groups (midwives and obstetricians) and women, interact to influence the implementation of a physiological approach. METHOD: A systematic review of the literature, identified 32 eligible studies from four databases reporting relevant qualitative data. Findings from these studies were thematically synthesised in three phases: line by line coding of findings from primary studies, development of descriptive themes and analytical themes. This review is reported in line with PRISMA guidelines. FINDINGS: At an organisational level, centralisation of care in obstetric units limited time for labouring and professional care to support a physiological labour and birth. Risk management strategies ostensibly designed to promote safety sustained a risk-based approach. At a professional level, important barriers include hierarchical decision-making led by obstetricians, midwifery acquiescence, obstetric and midwifery risk preoccupation, rationalisation of the routine use of clinical intervention and an erosion of midwifery skills and knowledge. At the level of the woman, barriers include a lack of knowledge and reliance on professional decision-making. Facilitators include collaborative working by midwives and obstetricians, a valuing of midwifery autonomy and women's questioning of inappropriate intervention use. KEY CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to evidence-based guidelines that recommend a physiological approach, a risk-based approach informs practices in obstetric units. Primary research has mainly identified barriers to implementing a physiological approach at a professional level, and this has been studied largely from a midwifery perspective. To aid comprehensive investigations of facilitators and barriers and their interactive influences, this review identifies important research gaps for study across all levels: organisation, professionals (midwives and obstetricians) and women. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Risk preoccupations and rationalisation, with negative influences on knowledge and skills in the use of a physiological approach, must prompt reflection and action amongst professional groups. Power imbalances between midwives and obstetricians need to be addressed, drawing on experiences in units where collaborative working and midwifery autonomy is fostered.
Assuntos
Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências/normas , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências/métodos , Humanos , Tocologia/métodos , Tocologia/normas , Desenvolvimento de Programas/métodosRESUMO
Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in oestrogendeficient states has long been thought to be a direct outcome of the reduction in oestrogen. In physiologic and many pathologic hypo-oestrogenic states, oestrogen supplementation improves BMD. However, the relationship between oestrogen replacement and BMD is less clear in the case of reproductive axis dysfunction secondary to decreased caloric intake or increased energy expenditure, such as in female athletes or anorexia nervosa. This decrease in oestrogen is associated with decreased BMD, but oestrogen replacement in these states fails to conclusively improve BMD. This suggests that the decrease in BMD in these states is not driven solely by low oestrogen. Cortisol and other markers of inflammation may play a role in BMD reduction but further research is needed. What is clear is that increased caloric consumption and restoration of menses and the reproductive axis are essential to improving BMD, while pharmacologic therapy, including oestrogen replacement through hormone therapy or contraceptives, does not provide conclusive benefit.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Estrogênios/deficiência , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/fisiopatologia , Osteoporose/fisiopatologia , Ingestão de Energia , Metabolismo Energético , Terapia de Reposição de Estrogênios , Feminino , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/etiologia , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Osteoporose/etiologia , Fenômenos Reprodutivos FisiológicosRESUMO
Many obese patients are exposed to hypolipidemic and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) drugs. Statins are one of the most marketed drugs in the world to treat dyslipidemia, while sibutramine, a SNRI drug, is prescribed in some countries to treat obesity and is detected as an additive in many adulterated weight loss supplements marketed worldwide. Previous studies reported adverse effects of isolated exposure to these drugs on male rat reproductive parameters. In the present work, we further investigated male reproductive toxicity of these drugs, administered in isolation or combination in adult rats for a longer period of treatment. Adult male rats (90 days) were treated (gavage) for 70 days with saline and dimethyl sulfoxide (control), sibutramine (10 mg/kg), rosuvastatin (5 mg/kg), or rosuvastatin combined with sibutramine. Sibutramine alone or with rosuvastatin, promoted a reduction in food intake and body weight gain, weight of the epididymis, ventral prostate and seminal vesicle; as well as decreased sperm reserves and transit time through the epididymis; androgen depletion; and increased index of cytoplasmic droplet. The rosuvastatin-treated group showed reduced frequency of ejaculation. Exposure to this drug alone or combined with sibutramine impaired epididymal morphology. Co-exposed rats had altered epididymal morphometry, and seminal vesicle and testis weights. The rats also showed decreased fertility after natural mating and a trend toward a delay in ejaculation, suggesting a small synergistic effect of these drugs. Given the greater reproductive efficiency of rodents, the results obtained in the present study raise concern regarding possible fertility impairment in men taking statins and SNRI drugs.
Assuntos
Ciclobutanos/toxicidade , Ciclobutanos/uso terapêutico , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Rosuvastatina Cálcica/toxicidade , Rosuvastatina Cálcica/uso terapêutico , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Animais , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Desertliving Cistanche herb was first recorded in "Shen Nong'Herbal Classic" and listed as the top grade herbal medicine in it. Phenylethanoid glycosides are indicative components for identification and content determination of Desertliving Cistanche herb in Chinese pharmacopoeia, which is also one of the main active components. In this research, we explored the mechanism of phenylethanoid glycosides of Desertliving Cistanche herb to the perimenopausal model rats. AIM: The purpose of this study is to research the effects of phenylethanoid glycosides of Desertliving Cistanche herb (PGC) on the neuroendocrine-immune function of perimenopausal syndrome by perimenopausal model rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar female rats were selected. The left ovaries for all rats except in the blank control group(BC) were removed, and the right ovaries were removed in 80%. The vaginal smear showed irregular estrous cycle changes for the perimenopausal model rats. And the perimenopausal model rats were gavaged Gengnian'an, Phenylethanoid Glycosides of Desertliving Cistanche herb high, medium, low suspension which is 450mg/(kg day), 133.33mg/(kg day), 66.67mg/(kg day), 33.33mg/(kg day); the group of BC and model group (MC)were given distilled water in the same volume as the drugs group for 30 consecutive days. Horizontal-vertical exercise scores were measured at 29 days of dosing. After the last administration, the blood was taken from the abdominal aorta, and levels of E2, LH, FSH, GnRH, BGP in serum, and the levels ß-EP in plasma were measured respective. Organ indexes of thymus, spleen, and uterus were calculated. The content of estrogen receptor (ER) in the hypothalamic, pituitary and uterus tissues and the content of androgen receptor (AR) in the hypothalamic homogenate were measured. The pathological changes of the thymus, spleen, uterus, ovary were observed by HE staining. RESULTS: Compared with MC, PGC increase the activity, the organ index (thymus, spleen, uterus), E2, T, BGP level in serum, ß-EP level in plasma, AR level in hypothalamus, ER level in hypothalamus, pituitary, uterus in perimenopausal model rats. And it also reduced FSH, LH, GnRH level in serum, and improved uterine and ovarian lesions in perimenopausal model rats. CONCLUSION: Each dose of PCG could counteract the disorder of sex hormone in perimenopausal model rats, correct the imbalance of ER and AR level, enhance and restore the effect of uterus and the nerve cells of hypothalamic, and improve immune function.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Cistanche/química , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Animais , Feminino , Glicosídeos/química , Plantas Medicinais , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fenômenos Reprodutivos FisiológicosRESUMO
The study was undertaken to explore the molecular mechanism of eurycomanone, a major compound of Eurycoma longifolia plant in increasing the reproductive processes in the male fish model. Chitosan-nanoconjugated eurycomanone nanoparticles with a significant particle size [130 nm (CED1); 144.1 nm (CED2)] and stable zeta potentials (+49.1 mV and +30 mV) were synthesized and evaluated against naked eurycomanone (ED1 and ED2). In present study, short-term and long-term experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of nano-formulation on expression of endocrine-related genes, circulating hormone concentrations (Follicle stimulating hormone, FSH; luteinizing hormone, LH; progesterone, testosterone and 17-ß estradiol) and reproductive capacity of male Clarias magur. In short-term experiment, the sampling of tissues was done on hourly basis after injection of eurycomanone either alone or with chitosan and long-term experiment was carried for 21 days and in this the injection was repeated after 7 days and 14 days. Treatments CED1 and CED2 showed controlled and sustained surge of the transcript level of selected genes (except aromatase) and serum hormones (except 17ß-estradiol) compared to ED1 and ED2 groups. The transcript levels of aromatase and serum 17ß-estradiol hormone showed the declining trend in the chitosan conjugated groups. The gonadosomatic index (GSI), reproductive capacity, intracellular calcium and selenium and cellular structure of testes were improved in CED1 and CED2 groups compared to other treatments. Furthermore, the effect of chitosan conjugated eurycomanone was evaluated in primary testicular cells and an increase in the mRNA expression level of endocrine-related genes was detected. This is the first report of the use of chitosan conjugated eurycomanone and present study elucidates the molecular mechanism of eurycomanone in increasing the reproductive output in animals.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/fisiologia , Quitosana/farmacologia , Infertilidade Masculina/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Quassinas/farmacologia , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/fisiologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Estradiol/sangue , Eurycoma/química , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Nanopartículas/química , Progesterona/sangue , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Vegetable oils have an important place in our daily diet. This study starts from this point to investigate the effects of canola oil and hazelnut oil in the male reproductive system in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 30 male rats were used in this 16-week study. The animals were divided into three groups: the animals in group I served as the control group, while the animals in group II and group III were fed with hazelnut and canola oil, respectively. The testes of all rats were excised for histopathologic evaluation and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation with a standard method. Blood samples were obtained for determination of serum hormone levels. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted with respect to behavior or weight among the three groups. Rats in the canola oil group (group III) had higher luteinizing hormone (LH) and higher testosterone levels than rats in the control group. Rats who received hazelnut oil (group II) exhibited similar findings, with these levels being higher than they were in the control group. No statistical differences were shown for histopathology or IHC testosterone antibody levels across all treatment groups. Conclussion: Canola oil was shown to have a greater effect on serum LH and testosterone compared to the control group and the group fed with hazelnut oil. Further investigation is required into how these oils affect serum hormone and sperm activity.
Assuntos
Corylus/química , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Óleo de Brassica napus/farmacologia , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/sangue , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Testículo/anatomia & histologia , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
ABSTRACT Equigan is an anabolic steroid that has been developed for veterinary use and derived from endogenous sex hormone testosterone that plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissue as well as in puberty and spermatogenesis. The current study is aimed to investigate the possible prophylactic effect of star anise extracts (SAE) on the toxicity of rat testes, sexual hormones alternations, sperm count, sperm abnormalities and testicular DNA damage by Equigan. Forty adult male rats were equally divided into four groups (1st Control group, 2nd SAE group, 3rd Equigan and 4th Equigan+SAE group). Food and fluid intakes, relative body weight, potassium, chloride, phosphorous, non-progressive and immotile sperms were significantly increased in Equigan group as compared to control group. In contrast; relative testes weight, sodium, magnesium, total calcium, testosterone, FSH, LH, PRL, sperm count, progressive motility, and viability showed a significant decrease in Equigan group as compared to control groups. The relative weight of epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostates and serum calcium ions didn't change significantly in different studied groups. Co-administration of SAE with Equigan improved the sexual toxicity, electrolyte alternations, sperm count, abnormalities and DNA damage induced by Equigan.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Técnicas Reprodutivas , Illicium/efeitos adversos , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Secreções Corporais , Fragmentação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos para a Fertilidade Masculina/análise , Anabolizantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
Desde hace muchos años se considera que el control de la reproducción radica en el cerebro y que el hipotálamo es la región del SNC directamente implicada en esta función. Clásicamente se había descrito un eje hipotálamo-hipofisario-gonadal encargado de controlar la función reproductora. Los avances de los últimos años confirman este concepto, pero se está demostrando que existe una mayor dependencia del eje al estar íntimamente conectado con el resto del SNC, con otros ejes reguladores hipotalámicos (energía y metabolismo, medio líquido interno, control simpático y parasimpático, estrés, hormonas, etc) y con el resto del organismo. Se reciben, además, de manera directa o indirecta, informaciones nerviosas y moleculares del medio interno y de situaciones del medio externo con mayor amplitud y selectividad que lo anteriormente descrito. Las amplias interconexiones que cada vez se van poniendo más de manifiesto (entre los núcleos y neuronas no secretoras y secretoras del hipotálamo; entre éstas neuronas y las extrahipotalámicas; y entre los ejes funcionales descritos), hacen cada vez más difícil describir con exactitud la base morfofuncional de cada individuo de cada especie en cada situación (sexo, edad, estadio del ciclo reproductivo, condiciones externas y externas), máxime cuando existen enormes capacidades de adaptación de las células y los sistemas funcionales. Las neuronas descritas en los últimos años relacionadas con la reproducción son las neuronas secretoras de GnRH, GnIH y Kisspeptina (neuronas productoras de la hormona liberadora de gonadotropina, la hormona inhibidora de las neuronas GnRH y las neuronas reguladoras de GnRH mediante el péptido Kisspeptina), pero todavía se desconoce si existen otros péptidos reguladores de las gonadotropinas hipofisarias así como de otras neuronas (o péptidos) que producen factores controladores de estas neuronas. Sí se sabe que estas neuronas están formadas por subconjuntos que pueden secretar otras substancias y/o ser reguladas de diferente manera. La gran variabilidad de las conexiones sinápticas y la secreción de neuropéptidos parece indicar que es necesario conocer la modalidad funcional específica (o cuadro éspecífico de una situación en un individuo de una especie) más que las células intervinientes en un proceso. La compleja interrelación de los subtipos morfofuncionales de las neuronas secretoras y no secretoras de los diferentes núcleos o áreas del hipotálamo relacionadas con la reproducción plantea dudas sobre la actuación terapéutica. Posibles tratamientos farmacológicos y no farmacológicos, estimulando específicamente algunos tipos neuronales, pueden tener consecuencias adversas al desestimar conexiones colaterales a otros sistemas o desconocer la existencia de neuronas de un subtipo en otras vía o ejes funcionales del hipotálamo, con lo que se podrían inducir fenómenos secundarios de gran transcendencia (AU)
For many years, the control of reproduction has been considered a brin function, being the hypothalamus the CNS region directly involved. The main neurons described in recent years related to reproduction are the secretory neurons of GnRH, GnIH and Kisspeptine (gonadotropin-releasing hormone; the gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and by the peptide Kisspeptine- GnRH regulatory neurons), but it is still unknown whether other pituitary gonadotropin regulatory peptides exist as well as other neurons (or peptides) that produce regulatory factors for these neurons. It is known that these neurons are formed by subsets that can secrete other substances and/or be regulated in different ways. The great variability of the synaptic connections and the secretion of neuropeptides seem to indicate that it is necessary to know the specific functional modality (or specific picture of a situation in an individual of a species) rather than the cells involved in a process. The complex interrelationship of the morphofunctional subtypes of secretory and non-secreting neurons of the different nuclei or areas of the hypothalamus related to reproduction raises doubts about the therapeutic performance. Possible pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, specifically stimulating some neuronal types, may have important side effects by disregarding collateral connections to other systems or by ignoring the existence of neurons of a subtype in other functional axes of the hypothalamus (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Reprodução , Cérebro/fisiologia , Gravidez/fisiologia , Hipotálamo/fisiologia , Eminência Mediana/fisiologia , Neuroglia/fisiologiaRESUMO
It is widely accepted that selection for high milk yield in dairy cows has negatively affected their reproductive performance. After calving, dairy cows experience a nutritional imbalance due to an asynchrony in the occurrence of the lactation and dry matter intake peaks. In the tropics, this situation is exacerbated due to poor quality and/ or availability of the diet. A study was carried out to describe the nutritional and reproductive behavior of two-to-four parturition crossbred cows (Gyr (Bos indicus) x Holstein (Bos taurus)) divided in two groups according to their calving to first service interval (CFSI): Group 1: ≤50 days CFSI, n=7; Group 2: ≥50 days CFSI, n=8. Animals were grazing in an intensive silvopastoral system (ISS) based on Leucaena leucocephala and Cynodon plectostachyus and also received protein, energy and mineral supplementation. Dry matter (DMI) and nutrient intake were individually estimated and correlations between reproductive and nutritional parameters were performed. Additionally, serum progesterone concentration was monitored. Group 2 had greater forage and total DMI and milk production than Group 1 (P<0.05). Hence, Group 2 had greater nutrient intake from forages than Group 1 (P<0.05). Group 1 had a positive nutritional balance and an optimum reproductive performance compared to Group 2, which had a negative energy balance and lengthier days with open intervals (P<0.05). It was corroborated that protein and energy are required in adequate levels, to ensure that uterus undergoes involution correctly and ovarian activity starts soon in the postpartum period.(AU)
É amplamente aceito que a seleção para alta produção de leite em vacas leiteiras tem interferido no seu desempenho reprodutivo. Depois do parto, um extraordinário desafio nutritivo é experimentado pelas vacas leiteiras, devido a uma assincronia entre a ocorrência do pico de lactação e a do pico de consumo de matéria seca. Este estudo foi realizado para descrever o comportamento reprodutivo de vacas mestiças de dois a quatro partos (Gyr (Bos indicus) x Holstein (Bos taurus)), divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com seu intervalo parto ao primeiro serviço (IPPS): grupo 1: ≤ 50 dias IPPS, n = 7; grupo 2: ≥50 IPPS dias, n = 8. Os animais pastaram em um sistema silvipastoril intensivo (SSI), com base em Leucaena leucocephala e Cynodon plectostachyus, e receberam também suplementação de proteína, energia e mineral. Matéria seca (CMS) e ingestão de nutrientes foram estimadas individualmente e correlações entre parâmetros reprodutivos e nutricionais foram realizadas. Além disso, a concentração de progesterona em soro foi monitorizada. Vacas do grupo 2 apresentaram maior ingestão de forragem, de dieta total e de produção total de leite do que vacas do grupo 1 (P<0,05). Dessa forma, vacas do grupo 2 apresentaram maior consumo de nutrientes de forrageiras do que os animais do grupo 1 (P<0,05). Vacas do grupo 1 tinham um equilíbrio nutricional positivo e um ótimo desempenho reprodutivo em relação ao grupo 2, que teve um balanço energético negativo e mais longos intervalos de dias abertos (P<0,05). Foi corroborado que a proteína e a energia são necessárias em níveis adequados, assim o útero sofre involução corretamente e a atividade ovariana começa logo no período pós-parto.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Ração Animal/análise , Cynodon , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Metabolismo Energético , Fabaceae , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Fenômenos Reprodutivos FisiológicosRESUMO
La planta Actaea racemosa, también conocida como Cimicífuga racemosa o simplemente Cimicífuga, ha sido ampliamente usada la medicina autóctona tradicional de varios grupos indígenas norteamericanos, y como fitofármaco para el tratamiento de las dolencias presentes en las diversas etapas del ciclo reproductivo femenino: menarquia, menstruación, embarazo, parto, puerperio y menopausia. Si bien es cierto que estas etapas hacen parte de un ciclo natural y por lo tanto deberían estar libres de síntomas, algunas mujeres experimentan molestias de diverso grado de intensidad que se traducen al lenguaje médico como síntomas que pueden resultar incapacitantes. Estos síntomas se pueden expresar en las dimensiones física, mental y emocional produciendo cuadros característicos que son susceptibles de tratamiento con medicamentos homeopáticos siendo Actaea racemosa uno de los más útiles. Sin embargo, la materia médica homeopática ofrece otros medicamentos que también son de utilidad para el tratamiento de estos síntomas, motivo por el cual sería conveniente contar con métodos pedagógicos complementarios que permitan su fácil recordación. El presente trabajo tiene como propósito enriquecer el material didáctico disponible para la enseñanza de la homeopatía tomando como sujeto de estudio el medicamento Actaea racemosa para lo cual se elaboró una obra teatral utilizando los síntomas característicos del medicamento cubiertos por menos de 15 medicamentos en el repertorio Radar 10.5. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo se efectuó una revisión no sistemática en textos de materia médica de eminentes homeópatas como Nash, Kent, Farrington, Lathoud, y Vijnovsky, sobre el medicamento Actaea racemosa, así como de la fundamentación teórica para el diseño de la obra teatral.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Cimicifuga , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Materiais de Ensino , ColômbiaRESUMO
Over the last 10 years, kisspeptins--peptide products of varying lengths encoded by the KISS1 gene--have been found to be key regulators of normal reproductive function throughout life in animals and humans. By activating the kisspeptin receptor [previously known as orphan G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54)], they elicit an effect on the central gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Administration of kisspeptin by either the subcutaneous or intravenous route potently stimulates endogenous gonadotropin hormone release in healthy men and women as well as in animals. Kisspeptin also stimulates endogenous release of gonadotropins in subfertile as well as healthy volunteers, and therefore it has potential as a novel therapeutic agent in reproductive disorders. Further human studies have shown that chronic, high-dose administration of kisspeptin causes desensitisation with rapid subsequent suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and therefore high-dose long-acting analogues may have a clinical role in treating sex hormone-dependent malignancies. By further elucidating the intricacies and mechanisms of the kisspeptin signalling system, and the tissues it acts on during different phases of the reproductive timeline (including during puberty, fertility, pregnancy and menopause), pharmacologic analogues could become clinically useful.
Assuntos
Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Infertilidade/tratamento farmacológico , Kisspeptinas/fisiologia , Hipófise/metabolismo , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Animais , Feminino , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Humanos , Infertilidade/metabolismo , Kisspeptinas/administração & dosagem , Kisspeptinas/metabolismo , Hormônio Luteinizante/metabolismo , Masculino , Neurônios/metabolismo , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/metabolismo , Puberdade/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1 , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Maturidade Sexual/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Fluctuations in Zn metabolism throughout gestation and lactation might affect Zn requirements. However, scientific data on Zn requirements for breeding sows are limited. The objective of the present study was to assess the Zn status of primiparous and multiparous sows using different Zn status biomarkers, to identify periods of critical Zn status throughout the reproductive cycle at different parities. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting before feeding in the morning from five primiparous and ten multiparous sows at fixed time intervals during gestation (days - 5, 0 (insemination), 21, 42, 63 and 84), around parturition (days 108, 112, 115 (parturition) and 118) and during lactation (days 122, 129 and 143 (weaning)). At parturition, blood samples were collected from two randomly selected piglets per sow before colostrum intake. Plasma was analysed for Zn and Cu contents, whereas serum was analysed for alkaline phosphatase, metallothionein and albumin concentrations. Independently of parity, all biomarkers fluctuated differently during gestation and lactation (P< 0·050). This reflects their different roles in Zn metabolism, and suggests that the choice of a Zn status biomarker necessitates careful consideration. Low average plasma Zn concentration at the end of gestation and throughout lactation seem to be replenished towards weaning.
Assuntos
Lactação/sangue , Prenhez/sangue , Reprodução , Desmame , Zinco/sangue , Albuminas/metabolismo , Fosfatase Alcalina/sangue , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Colostro , Feminino , Metalotioneína/sangue , Paridade , Parto , Gravidez , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Suínos , Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
Given the central role of the decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in reproductive function, our long-term objective is to delineate the underlying mechanism regulating these reproductive processes. The outcome of GnRH secretion is in part dependent on the proteolytic metabolism of this decapeptide. In contrast to the belief that the metabolism of GnRH serves only as a degradative process that removes excess GnRH, we have shown that a metabolite of the decapeptide, GnRH-(1-5), can directly regulate GnRH gene expression and reproductive behavior. To further characterize the effect of GnRH-(1-5) on GnRH neuronal function, we determined whether GnRH-(1-5) can directly regulate GnRH secretion and pulsatility using an in vitro perifusion system. We compared the effect of GnRH-(1-5) on GnRH secretion in the immortalized GnRH neuron (GT1-7 cell line), whole rat hypothalamic explant, and enzymatically dispersed rat hypothalamic cells. Tissue preparations were perifused continuously for 9 h during which a 3-h challenge with GnRH-(1-5) was administered (4-6 h). The results show that treatment with GnRH-(1-5) increased (p < 0.05) the mean GnRH secretion and the amplitude of the pulses but not the pulse frequency. The present study supports the notion that GnRH-(1-5) is functionally capable of regulating the reproductive neuroendocrine system.
Assuntos
Retroalimentação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
This review covers present-day ideas of the female organism reproductive system neuroendocrine regulation in aging. The literature data on the key role of the hypothalamus in formation, organization and age-related decline of the reproductive function in both mammals and humans are considered in detail. Special focus is on catecholamines, peptides and other biologically active compounds acting in these processes. The authors discuss data showing interaction between the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and the pineal gland synchronizing circadian and diurnal rhythms of gonadotropine-releasing hormone being normally synthesised and secreted during the reproductive period, but failing in aging or under the influence of neurotoxic compounds. Molecular mechanisms of ovarian cycle hypothalamic regulation impairment and possible ways of its correction by means of melatonin and peptide preparations from the pineal gland are described. The data presented may be of utility to prevent premature aging of reproductive function.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Hipotálamo/fisiologia , Neurossecreção/fisiologia , Glândula Pineal/metabolismo , Reprodução/fisiologia , Senilidade Prematura/metabolismo , Senilidade Prematura/prevenção & controle , Animais , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Feminino , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Humanos , Melatonina/metabolismo , Fenômenos Reprodutivos FisiológicosRESUMO
There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that nonpharmacological interventions have an appropriate place in the treatment of major depressive disorders (MDDs) as both stand-alone and supplemental treatments. Because women may be reluctant to use psychotropic medications due to strong values or treatment preferences during specific reproductive events, clinicians need to be able to offer empirically based alternatives to medication. In this review, we present recent findings from studies of acupuncture, bright light therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, omega fatty acid supplementation, physical activity, and psychosocial intervention for women experiencing depressive symptoms in the contexts of menstruation, pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior/terapia , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin plays a critical role as a metabolic cue for the reproductive system. Conditions of low leptin levels observed in negative energy balance and loss-of-function mutations of leptin or leptin receptor genes are characterized by decreased fertility. In recent years, advances have been made for identifying possible hypothalamic neurons relaying leptin's neuroendocrine control of reproductive function. Studies from different laboratories have demonstrated that leptin action in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is exerted via hypothalamic interneurons regulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells, oppose to direct action on GnRH neurons. Following this observation, studies focused on identifying leptin responsive interneurons. Using a Cre-loxP system to re-express or delete the leptin receptor long form (LepRb) from kisspeptin neurons, our laboratory found that leptin's action on kiss1 cells is neither required nor sufficient for leptin's role in reproductive function. Endogenous re-expression of LepRb however, in glutamatergic neurons of the ventral premammilary nucleus (PMV) or ablation of agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons from leptin signaling-deficient mice are both sufficient to induce puberty and improve fertility. Recent studies have also shown that leptin action in first order GABAergic neurons is required for fertility. Together, these studies begin to delineate key neuronal populations involved in leptin's action in reproduction. In this review, we discuss recent advances made in the field and highlight the questions yet to be answered.
Assuntos
Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Leptina/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Animais , Humanos , CamundongosRESUMO
In the turkey, exogenous serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) increases prolactin (PRL) secretion by acting through the dopaminergic (DAergic) system. In the present study, infusion of the 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist, (R)(-)-DOI hydrochloride (DOI), into the third ventricle stimulates PRL secretion, whereas the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, (+/-)-8-OH-DPAT hydrobromide (DPAT), inhibits PRL secretion. Using the immediate-early gene, c-fos, as an indicator of neuronal activity, in situ hybridization histochemistry showed preferential c-fos co-localization within tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons (the rate limiting enzyme in DA synthesis) in the areas of the nucleus preopticus medialis (POM) and the nucleus premammillaris (PMM), in response to DPAT and DOI, respectively. To clarify the involvement of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors in PRL regulation, their mRNA expression was determined on hypothalamic tissue sections from birds in different reproductive stages. A significant difference in 5-HT1A receptor was observed, with the POM of hypoprolactinemic short day and photorefractory birds showing the highest expression. 5-HT2C receptors mRNA did not change during the reproductive cycle. The data presented support the notion that DA neurons in the PMM and POM mediate the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of 5-HT, respectively, on PRL secretion and the 5-HTergic system can both stimulate and inhibit PRL secretion.
Assuntos
Proteínas Aviárias/fisiologia , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Prolactina/metabolismo , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/fisiologia , Receptor 5-HT2C de Serotonina/fisiologia , Perus/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Fenômenos Reprodutivos FisiológicosRESUMO
El objetivo de la presente revisión es evaluar los efectos de la L-carnitina sobre la infertilidad masculina y como complemento nutricional para la mejora de la calidad espermática y de la fertilidad. Se ha realizado una extensa búsqueda de publicaciones científicas en las siguientes bases de datos electrónicas especializadas: PubMed central (PMC)-NBCI, Elsevier Journal, Scielo España, Scirus y Science Direct. La infertilidad representa un problema para el 15% de las parejas en edad reproductiva. Del total de infertilidad, aproximadamente el 50% se asocia a infertilidad masculina. La ingestión de L-carnitina puede mejorar la fertilidad masculina, aportando energía celular a los espermatozoides, facilitando la movilidad, mejorando su proceso de formación, la maduración, la formación de la membrana, y aumentando la calidad seminal, mientras ayuda en el metabolismo que sigue a la eyaculación. La mayoría de estudios sugieren que la suplementación con L-carnitina podría tener un carácter preventivo y terapéutico, actuando también como complemento a tratamientos de infertilidad, especialmente en pacientes afectados por la infertilidad masculina idiopática. No obstante, no todos los estudios son concluyentes o existen variaciones de resultados. Por lo tanto, se necesita la realización de investigaciones adicionales para poder estar seguros de la eficacia y la seguridad de la suplementación con L-carnitina en tratamientos para la infertilidad masculina, así como determinar la dosis para mejorar los parámetros seminales y los resultados de embarazo (AU)
The aim of this review is to evaluate the effects of L-carnitine on male infertility and as a nutritional supplement for improving sperm quality and fertility. There has been an extensive search of scientific publications in the following specialized electronic databases: PubMed Central (PMC)-NBCI, Elsevier Journal, Scielo Spain, Scirus and Science Direct. Infertility is a problem for 15% of couples in reproductive age. Approximately 50% of infertility is associated with male infertility. The ingestion of L-carnitine may improve male fertility, bringing energy to the sperm cell, facilitating mobility, improving their training process, maturation, membrane formation, and increasing semen quality, while helping the metabolism that follows ejaculation. Most studies suggest that supplementation with L-carnitine may be preventative and therapeutic, also acting as a complement to infertility treatments, especially in patients with idiopathic infertility. However, not all studies are conclusive and exists large variations within results. Therefore, further research is needed to test the efficacy and safety of L-carnitine supplementation in male infertility treatments and to determine the dose for sperm parameters and pregnancy outcomes improvements (AU)