Magnetic aptamer copper nanoclusters fluorescent biosensor for the visual detection of zearalenone based on docking-aided rational tailoring.

To address the food safety issues caused by toxins, we established a fluorescent copper nanocluster biosensor based on magnetic aptamer for the visual and quantitative detection of ZEN. Specifically, we utilized the docking-aided rational tailoring (DART) strategy to analyze intermolecular force and interaction sites between zearalenone (ZEN) and the aptamer, and optimize the long-chain aptamer step by step to enhance the binding affinity by 3.4 times. The magnetic bead-modified aptamer underwent conformational changes when competing with complementary sequences to bind with ZEN. Then, the released complementary sequences will be amplified in template-free mode with the presence of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and generating T-rich sequences as the core sequences for the luminescence of copper nanoclusters. The luminescence could be visualized and quantitatively detected through ultraviolet irradiation. The proposed label-free aptasensor exhibited high sensitivity and specificity, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 ng/mL.

Unexpected omega-3 activities in intracellular lipolysis and macrophage foaming revealed by fluorescence lifetime imaging.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) found primarily in fish oil have been a popular supplement for cardiovascular health because they can substantially reduce circulating triglyceride levels in the bloodstream to prevent atherosclerosis. Beyond this established extracellular activity, here, we report a mode of action of PUFA, regulating intracellular triglyceride metabolism and lipid droplet (LD) dynamics. Real-time imaging of the subtle and highly dynamic changes of intracellular lipid metabolism was enabled by a fluorescence lifetime probe that addressed the limitations of intensity-based fluorescence quantifications. Surprisingly, we found that among omega-3 PUFA, only docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) promoted the lipolysis in LDs and reduced the overall fat content by approximately 50%, and consequently helped suppress macrophage differentiation into foam cells, one of the early steps responsible for atherosclerosis. Eicosapentaenoic acid, another omega-3 FA in fish oil, however, counteracted the beneficial effects of DHA on lipolysis promotion and cell foaming prevention. These in vitro findings warrant future validation in vivo.

The application of laser­induced fluorescence in oil spill detection.

Over the past two decades, oil spills have been one of the most serious ecological disasters, causing massive damage to the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems as well as the socio-economy. In view of this situation, several methods have been developed and utilized to analyze oil samples. Among these methods, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technology has been widely used in oil spill detection due to its classification method, which is based on the fluorescence characteristics of chemical material in oil. This review systematically summarized the LIF technology from the perspective of excitation wavelength selection and the application of traditional and novel machine learning algorithms to fluorescence spectrum processing, both of which are critical for qualitative and quantitative analysis of oil spills. It can be seen that an appropriate excitation wavelength is indispensable for spectral discrimination due to different kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons' (PAHs) compounds in petroleum products. By summarizing some articles related to LIF technology, we discuss the influence of the excitation wavelength on the accuracy of the oil spill detection model and proposed several suggestions on the selection of excitation wavelength. In addition, we introduced some traditional and novel machine learning (ML) algorithms and discussed the strengths and weaknesses of these algorithms and their applicable scenarios. With an appropriate excitation wavelength and data processing algorithm, it is believed that laser-induced fluorescence technology will become an efficient technique for real-time detection and analysis of oil spills.

Tumor-Targeted Squaraine Dye for Near-Infrared Fluorescence-Guided Photodynamic Therapy.

Many efforts have been made to develop near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes with high efficiency for the NIR laser-induced phototherapy of cancer. However, the low tumor targetability and high nonspecific tissue uptake of NIR dyes in vivo limit their applications in preclinical cancer imaging and therapy. Among the various NIR dyes, squaraine (SQ) dyes are widely used due to their high molar extinction coefficient, intense fluorescence, and excellent photostability. Previously, benzoindole-derived SQ (BSQ) was prepared by incorporating carboxypentyl benzoindolium end groups into a classical SQ backbone, followed by conjugating with cyclic RGD peptides for tumor-targeted imaging. In this study, we demonstrate that the structure-inherent tumor-targeting BSQ not only shows a high fluorescence quantum yield in serum but also exhibits superior reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capability under the 671 nm laser irradiation for effective photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vitro and in vivo. Without targeting ligands, the BSQ was preferentially accumulated in tumor tissue 24 h post-injection, which was the optimal timing of the laser irradiation to induce increments of ROS production. Therefore, this work provides a promising strategy for the development of photodynamic therapeutic SQ dyes for targeted cancer therapy.

A fluorescence ionic probe utilizing Cu2+ assisted competition for detecting glyphosate abused in green tea.

Food fraud caused by the violation of glyphosate use in tea is frequently exposed, posing a potential health risk to consumers and undermining trust in food safety. In the work, an ionic fluorescent probe "[P66614] [4HQCA]-Cu2+ (PHQCA-Cu2+)" was constructed using Cu2+ and ionic liquids coordination through a competitive coordination strategy to detect glyphosate. This probe exhibited a prominent "turn-on" fluorescence response in glyphosate detection. PHQCA-Cu2+was destroyed by glyphosate with its strong coordination capability, and a new complex re-formed simultaneously between glyphosate and the Cu2+ in it, where Cu2+ served as an "invisible indicator" influencing fluorescence changes. Remarkably, PHQCA-Cu2+formed rapidly within 5 s, demonstrated exceptional sensitivity and selectivity, and satisfactory detection performance on paper strips impregnated withPHQCA-Cu2+.Importantly,PHQCA-Cu2+showed excellent recoveries in various green tea, which offered a viable method for identifying contaminated products from the supply chain quickly to enhance overall food safety surveillance.

Detection of CD40 Protein-Umbelliferone Interaction via Differential Scanning Fluorescence.

The investigation of interactions between different molecules is a crucial aspect of understanding disease pathogenesis and screening for drug targets. Umbelliferone, an active ingredient in Tibetan medicine Vicatia thibetica, exhibits an immunomodulatory effect with an unknown mechanism. The CD40 protein is a key target in the immune response. Therefore, this study employs the principle of differential scanning fluorescence technology to analyze the interactions between CD40 protein and umbelliferone using fluorescent enzyme markers. Initially, the stability of the protein fluorescent orange dye was experimentally verified, and the optimal dilution ratio of 1:500 was determined. Subsequently, it was observed that the temperature melting (Tm) value of CD40 protein tended to decrease with an increase in concentration. Interestingly, the interaction between CD40 protein and umbelliferone was found to enhance the thermal stability of CD40 protein. This study represents the first attempt to detect the binding potential of small molecule compounds and proteins using fluorescence microplates and fluorescent dyes. The technique is characterized by high sensitivity and accuracy, promising advancements in the fields of protein stability, protein structure, and protein-ligand interactions, thus facilitating further research and exploration.

Application of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis Technique in Studying the Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to Cadmium Stress.

To reveal the impact of cadmium stress on the physiological mechanism of lettuce, simultaneous determination and correlation analyses of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic function were conducted using lettuce seedlings as the research subject. The changes in relative chlorophyll content, rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics curve, and related chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of lettuce seedling leaves under cadmium stress were detected and analyzed. Furthermore, a model for estimating relative chlorophyll content was established. The results showed that cadmium stress at 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg had a promoting effect on the relative chlorophyll content, while cadmium stress at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg had an inhibitory effect on the relative chlorophyll content. Moreover, with the extension of time, the inhibitory effect became more pronounced. Cadmium stress affects both the donor and acceptor sides of photosystem II in lettuce seedling leaves, damaging the electron transfer chain and reducing energy transfer in the photosynthetic system. It also inhibits water photolysis and decreases electron transfer efficiency, leading to a decline in photosynthesis. However, lettuce seedling leaves can mitigate photosystem II damage caused by cadmium stress through increased thermal dissipation. The model established based on the energy captured by a reaction center for electron transfer can effectively estimate the relative chlorophyll content of leaves. This study demonstrates that chlorophyll fluorescence techniques have great potential in elucidating the physiological mechanism of cadmium stress in lettuce, as well as in achieving synchronized determination and correlation analyses of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic function.

NIR-IIb fluorescence antiangiogenesis copper nano-reaper for enhanced synergistic cancer therapy.

The formation of blood vessel system under a relatively higher Cu2+ ion level is an indispensable precondition for tumor proliferation and migration, which was assisted in forming the tumor immune microenvironment. Herein, a copper ions nano-reaper (LMDFP) is rationally designed not only for chelating copper ions in tumors, but also for combination with photothermal therapy (PTT) to improve antitumor efficiency. Under 808 nm laser irradiation, the fabricated nano-reaper converts light energy into thermal energy to kill tumor cells and promotes the release of D-penicillamine (DPA) in LMDFP. Photothermal properties of LMDFP can cause tumor ablation in situ, which further induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) to promote systematic antitumor immunity. The released DPA exerts an anti-angiogenesis effect on the tumor through chelating copper ions, and inhibits the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which synergizes with PTT to enhance antitumor immunity and inhibit tumor metastasis. Meanwhile, the nanoplatform can emit near-infrared-IIb (NIR-IIb) fluorescence under 980 nm excitation, which can be used to track the nano-reaper and determine the optimal time point for PTT. Thus, the fabricated nano-reaper shows powerful potential in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis, and holds great promise for the application of copper nanochelator in precise tumor treatment.

Rapid quantitative evaluation of total polar materials (TPM) in frying oil based on an "off-on" fluorescence viscosity response probe.

The content of total polar material (TPM) is considered as a comprehensive indicator to evaluate the quality of edible oils which should be discarded and no longer be used when TPM content exceeding 27 %. Nevertheless, there is currently a lack of a convenient and efficient TPM detection method, which is a meaningful challenge. With the increase of TPM content, the viscosity of frying oil grows, and the two maintain a satisfactory positive correlation. Consequently, an "off-on" fluorescence probe TCF-PR method based on viscosity-response has been developed. There exists a good linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of the probe and the TPM content of soybean oil ((R2 = 0.9936) and salad oil (R2 = 0.9878), accompanying with the advantage of fast response (3 s), which means the rapid detection of TPM can be realized to determine the quality of frying oil in the field of food safety.

Benzobisthiadiazole-Based Small Molecular Near-Infrared-II Fluorophores: From Molecular Engineering to Nanophototheranostics.

Organic fluorescent molecules with emission in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biological window have aroused increasing investigation in cancer phototheranostics. Among these studies, Benzobisthiadiazole (BBT), with high electron affinity, is widely utilized as the electron acceptor in constructing donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structured fluorophores with intensive near-infrared (NIR) absorption and NIR-II fluorescence. Until now, numerous BBT-based NIR-II dyes have been employed in tumor phototheranostics due to their exceptional structure tunability, biocompatibility, and photophysical properties. This review systematically overviews the research progress of BBT-based small molecular NIR-II dyes and focuses on molecule design and bioapplications. First, the molecular engineering strategies to fine-tune the photophysical properties in constructing the high-performance BBT-based NIR-II fluorophores are discussed in detail. Then, their biological applications in optical imaging and phototherapy are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of BBT-based NIR-II fluorescent dyes are also summarized. This review is believed to significantly promote the further progress of BBT-derived NIR-II fluorophores for cancer phototheranostics.

Azide-modified corrole phosphorus complexes for endoplasmic reticulum-targeted fluorescence bioimaging and effective cancer photodynamic therapy.

Study on corrole photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) has made remarkable progress. Targeted delivery of PSs is of great significance for enhancing therapeutic efficiency, decreasing the dosage, and reducing systemic toxicity during PDT. The development of PSs that can be specifically delivered to the subcellular organelle is still an attractive and challenging work. Herein, we synthesize a series of azide-modified corrole phosphorus and gallium complex PSs, in which phosphorus corrole 2-P could not only precisely target the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with a Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) up to 0.92 but also possesses the highest singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ = 0.75). This renders it remarkable PDT activity at a very low dosage (IC50 = 23 nM) towards HepG2 tumor cell line while ablating solid tumors in vivo with excellent biosecurity. Furthermore, 2-P exhibits intense red fluorescence (ΦF = 0.25), outstanding photostability, and a large Stokes shift (190 nm), making it a promising fluorescent probe for ER. This study provides a clinically potential photosensitizer for cancer photodynamic therapy and a promising ER fluorescent probe for bioimaging.

Dual fluorescence images, transport pathway, and blood-brain barrier penetration of B-Met-W/O/W SE.

Borneol is an aromatic traditional Chinese medicine that can improve the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), enter the brain, and promote the brain tissue distribution of many other drugs. In our previous study, borneol-metformin hydrochloride water/oil/water composite submicron emulsion (B-Met-W/O/W SE) was prepared using borneol and SE to promote BBB penetration, which significantly increased the brain distribution of Met. However, the dynamic images, transport pathway (uptake and efflux), promotion of BBB permeability, and mechanisms of B-Met-W/O/W SE before and after entering cells have not been clarified. In this study, rhodamine B and coumarin-6 were selected as water-soluble and oil-soluble fluorescent probes to prepare B-Met-W/O/W dual-fluorescent SE (B-Met-W/O/W DFSE) with concentric circle imaging. B-Met-W/O/W SE can be well taken up by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). The addition of three inhibitors (chlorpromazine hydrochloride, methyl-ß-cyclodextrin, and amiloride hydrochloride) indicated that its main pathway may be clathrin-mediated and fossa protein-mediated endocytosis. Meanwhile, B-Met-W/O/W SE was obviously shown to inhibit the efflux of BMECs. Next, BMECs were cultured in the Transwell chamber to establish a BBB model, and Western blot was employed to detect the protein expressions of Occludin, Zona Occludens 1 (ZO-1), and p-glycoprotein (P-gp) after B-Met-W/O/W SE treatment. The results showed that B-Met-W/O/W SE significantly down-regulated the expression of Occludin, ZO-1, and P-gp, which increased the permeability of BBB, promoted drug entry into the brain through BBB, and inhibited BBB efflux. Furthermore, 11 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 7 related signaling pathways in BMECs treated with B-W/O/W SE were detected by transcriptome sequencing and verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). These results provide a scientific experimental basis for the dynamic monitoring, transmembrane transport mode, and permeation-promoting mechanism of B-Met-W/O/W SE as a new brain-targeting drug delivery system.

Electrochemical Diselenation of BODIPY Fluorophores for Bioimaging Applications and Sensitization of 1 O2.

We report a rapid, efficient, and scope-extensive approach for the late-stage electrochemical diselenation of BODIPYs. Photophysical analyses reveal red-shifted absorption - corroborated by TD-DFT and DLPNO-STEOM-CCSD computations - and color-tunable emission with large Stokes shifts in the selenium-containing derivatives compared to their precursors. In addition, due to the presence of the heavy Se atoms, competitive ISC generates triplet states which sensitize 1 O2 and display phosphorescence in PMMA films at RT and in a frozen glass matrix at 77 K. Importantly, the selenium-containing BODIPYs demonstrate the ability to selectively stain lipid droplets, exhibiting distinct fluorescence in both green and red channels. This work highlights the potential of electrochemistry as an efficient method for synthesizing unique emission-tunable fluorophores with broad-ranging applications in bioimaging and related fields.

Utilization of multiple-dilution fluorescence fingerprint facilitates prediction of chemical attributes in spice extracts.

Fluorescence Fingerprint (FF) is a powerful tool for rapid quality assessment of various foods and plant-derived products. However, the conventional utilization of FFs measured at a single dilution level (DL) to substitute chemical analyses is extremely challenging, especially for multicomponent materials like spice extracts because fluorescence intensity and concentration widely differ between components, with complex phenomena like inner filter effects. Here, we proposed a new strategy to use the meta-data comprised of FFs measured at multiple DLs with machine learning to estimate common chemical attributes including total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant abilities. This strategy achieved more consistently satisfactory performance in estimation of all chemical attributes of spice extracts compared to using a single DL. Hence, the workflow employed in this study is expected to serve as an alternative method to quickly evaluate the chemical quality of spice extracts, as well as other plant products and food materials.

Fluorescence and pectinase double-triggered chitosan/pectin/calcium propionate/curcumin-ß-cyclodextrin complex film for pork freshness monitoring and maintenance.

An intelligent and active food packaging film based on chitosan (CS), pectin (P), calcium propionate (CP), and curcumin-ß-cyclodextrin complex (Cur-ß-CD) was prepared. The CS/P/CP/Cur-ß-CD film exhibited improved hydrophobicity (74.78 ± 0.53°), water vapor (4.55 ± 0.16 × 10-11 g·(m·s·Pa)-1), and oxygen (1.50 ± 0.06 × 10-12 g·(m·s·Pa)-1) barrier properties, as well as antioxidant (72.34 ± 3.79 % for DPPH and 86.05 ± 0.14 % for ABTS) and antibacterial (79.41 ± 2.89 % for E. coli and 83.82 ± 3.96 % for S. aureus) activities. The release of CP and Cur could be triggered by pectinase, with their cumulative release reaching 92.62 ± 1.20 % and 42.24 ± 1.15 %, respectively. The CS/P/CP/Cur-ß-CD film showed delayed alterations in surface color, pH value, total volatile bases nitrogen, total viable counts, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, hardness, and springiness of pork. Additionally, the fluorescence intensity of the film gradually decreased. In conclusion, we have developed a pH-responsive film with pectinase-triggered release function, providing a new concept for the design of multi-signal responsive intelligent food packaging.

Cyclometalated Ir(III) theranostic molecular probe enabled mitochondria targeted fluorescence-SERS-guided phototherapy in breast cancer cells.

The increased energy demands inherent in cancer cells necessitate a dependence on mitochondrial assistance for their proliferation and metastatic activity. Herein, an innovative photo-medical approach has been attempted, specifically targeting mitochondria, the cellular powerhouses, to attain therapeutic benefit. This strategy facilitates the rapid and precise initiation of apoptosis, the programmed cell death process. In this goal, we have synthesized cyclometalated Iridium (III) molecular probes, denoted as Ir-CN and Ir-H, with a nitrile (CN) and a hydrogen-functionalized bipyridine as ancillary ligands, respectively. Ir-CN has shown superior photosensitizing properties and lower dark cytotoxicity compared to Ir-H in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, positioning it as the preferred probe for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The synthesized Ir-CN induces alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential, disrupting the respiratory chain function, and generating reactive oxygen species that activate signaling pathways leading to cell death. The CN-conjugated bipyridine ligand in Ir-CN contributes to the intense red fluorescence and the positive charge on the central metal atom facilitates specific mitochondrial colocalization (colocalization coefficient of 0.90). Together with this, the Iridium metal, with strong spin-orbit coupling, efficiently generates singlet oxygen with a quantum yield of 0.79. Consequently, the cytotoxic singlet oxygen produced by Ir-CN upon laser exposure disrupts mitochondrial processes, arresting the electron transport chain and energy production, ultimately leading to programmed cell death. This mitochondrial imbalance and apoptotic induction were dually confirmed through various apoptotic assays including Annexin V staining and by mapping the molecular level changes through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Therefore, cyclometalated Ir-CN emerges as a promising molecular probe for cancer theranostics, inducing laser-assisted mitochondrial damage, as tracked through bimodal fluorescence and SERS.

Self-ratiometric fluorescence approach based on plant extract-assisted synthesized silver nanoparticles for the determination of vanillin.

The current study designed and applied a novel self-ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor composed of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) to determine vanillin in adult and infant foods and human plasma. A straightforward microwave-assisted approach is proposed for synthesizing Ag-NPs in less than 1 min using a reducing agent, tailed pepper seed extract. The synthesized Ag-NPs had a strong fluorescence with an intense emission band at 360 nm and a shoulder peak at 430 nm when excited at 265 nm. Upon interaction with vanillin, the fluorescence peak of Ag-NPs at 360 nm decreases in a concentration-dependent manner while being shifted to a longer wavelength, 385 nm. Meanwhile, the shoulder fluorescence peak at 430 nm is only slightly affected by vanillin addition. Thus, a new Ag-NP self-ratiometric probe was designed and validated for vanillin determination using the peak at 385 nm and the shoulder peak at 430 as two built-in reference peaks. The optimized system accurately measured vanillin with a detection limit of 9.0 ng/mL and a linear range of 0.05-8.0 µg/mL without needing pre-derivatization or high-cost instrumentation. The method successfully measured vanillin in adult and infant milk formula, biscuits, and human plasma samples with high percentage recoveries (95.3-104.6%) and excellent precision (relative SD; ≤3.85%).

Study on CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dot Fluorescence Immunoprobe for Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in 5 Traditional Chinese Medicines.

Aflatoxin is a highly toxic substance, of which aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic and carcinogenic among aflatoxins. In this paper, the team used homemade CdSe/Zns quantum dots to construct a fluorescent immunoprobe and all-antigen coupling with aflatoxin B1. It used a self-developed fluorescence intensity detector to detect aflatoxin B1 in five traditional Chinese medicines, namely, ginseng, Panax ginseng, Chuanxiong rhizome, rhubarb, and yam. The recoveries were 80.0-102.0%; the relative standard deviations (RSD)were from 2.4 to 9.2.

Near-Infrared Conjugated Polymers Containing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Units Enable Enhanced Photothermal Therapy.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) using near-infrared (NIR) conjugated polymers as photosensitizers has exhibited enormous potential for tumor treatment. However, most NIR conjugated polymers have poor therapeutic efficacy due to their faint absorbance in the NIR region and low photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). Herein, a valuable strategy for designing NIR polymeric photosensitizer PEKBs with an enhanced PCE accompanied by strong NIR absorbance is proposed by means of inserting TPA-AQ as a thermally activated delayed fluorescence unit into a polymeric backbone. In these PEKBs, PEKB-244 with the appropriate molar content of the TPA-AQ unit displays the strongest NIR absorbance and the highest PCE of 64.5%. Theoretical calculation results demonstrate that the TPA-AQ unit in the polymeric backbone can modulate the intramolecular charge transfer effects and the excited energy decay routes for generating higher heat. The prepared nanoparticles (PEKB-244 NPs) exhibit remarkable photothermal conversion capacities and great biocompatibility in aqueous solutions. Moreover, PEKB-244 NPs also show outstanding photothermal stability, displaying negligible changes in the absorbance within 808 nm irradiation of 1 h (800 mW cm-2). Both in vitro and in vivo experimental results further indicate that PEKB-244 NPs can substantially kill cancer cells under NIR laser irradiation. We anticipate that this novel molecular design strategy can be employed to develop excellent NIR photosensitizers for cancer photothermal therapy.

Magnetic separation-assisted cluster-amplified versatile fluorescent aptasensors for the sensitive detection of target biomolecules.

A sensitive and versatile platform for detecting diverse target biomolecules was developed by combining a magnetic separation module and a fluorescence amplification module in a plug-and-play manner. The magnetic separation module was constructed using magnetic beads (MBs), whose surfaces were modified with aptamer-blocked captor DNAs. The fluorescence amplification module was constructed by loading the fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) into the pores of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The MSN surfaces were modified with prey DNAs, of which the MSN-near ends hybridized with complementary DNAs (sealing DNAs) to form duplexes to seal the pores, and the free ends were designed to be single-stranded that were complementary to the captor DNAs. Upon binding of targets to their aptamers, the captor DNAs were unblocked and thus were able to hybridize with the prey DNAs, to capture Rh6G-laden MSNs, forming MB-MSN clusters. The clusters were isolated by magnetic separation and heated to dissociate the DNA duplexes, to unseal the MSN pores and release the inner Rh6G; thus a target was converted into a cluster of Rh6G dyes. By simply changing the target aptamers and related DNA connectors, this strategy detected ATP, thrombin, and platelet-derived growth factor BB with detection limits of 2.1 nM, 4.1 pM, and 2.4 pM, respectively. A wide range of targets, high amplification efficiency and universal functional modules endow the aptasensors with good potential as versatile platforms for detecting target molecules in vitro and in medical research.