Condition of Adrenergic Innervation Apparatus of the Thyroid Gland, Blood and Lymph Vessels, and Lymph Nodes during Correction of Hypothyrosis.

We used specific histochemical fluorescence-microscopic method of visualization of catecholamines to study adrenergic innervation of the thyroid gland tissue, blood vessels of the thyroid gland, cervical lymphatic vessel and lymph nodes in rats during correction of hypothyroidism with a bioactive formulation (Vozrozhdenie Plus balm with Potentilla alba L.). In experimental hypothyroidism, adrenergic innervation of the thyroid gland and the wall of the cervical lymph node, concentrated mainly along the arterial vessels and the cervical lymphatic vessel, retained its structural formations (plexuses and varicosities), but diffusion of catecholamines outside these formations was observed. Correction with the bioactive formulation restored of the contours of the nerve plexuses and varicosities and their brighter fluorescence in the thyroid gland and cervical lymphatic vessel and node. During correction of hypothyroidism with the bioactive formulation, reorganization of regional lymphatic vessels and nodes was more pronounced than reorganization of the thyroid gland.

Seizure duration may increase thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in children experiencing a seizure.

OBJECTIVE: Variations in hormone levels are a direct effect of epileptic discharges in both animals and humans, and seizure can affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. The purpose of this study was to determine which parameters could affect the alternation of thyroid hormones in children experiencing seizure. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 181 pediatric patients with seizure and compared three thyroid hormones (serum thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], free thyroxine [fT4], and triiodothyronine [T3]) between initial (admission to hospital) and follow-up (2 weeks later) testing. RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine which six parameters (gender, age, seizure accompanying with fever, seizure type, seizure duration, and anti-epileptic drug medication) could help to explain the higher initial TSH levels in pediatric seizure. Only seizure duration in patients with an increase in TSH levels was significantly longer compared with patients with normal TSH at the time of initial testing. CONCLUSION: Neuronal excitability by seizure can cause thyroid hormonal changes, which likely reflects changes in hypothalamic function.

The Nerve to Thyrohyoid Muscle as a Novel Donor Nerve for Laryngeal Reinnervation.

OBJECTIVES: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury may be a consequence of surgical procedures of the skull base, neck, and chest, with adverse consequences to function and quality of life. Laryngeal reinnervation offers a potentially stable improvement in vocal fold position and tone. The classic donor nerve is the ansa cervicalis, but is not always available due to damage or sacrifice during previous neck surgeries. Our objective was to introduce the nerve to the thyrohyoid (TH) muscle as an alternate donor nerve for reinnervation, which has not previously been described. METHODS: Case series of two patients using the TH nerve for laryngeal reinnervation after RLN injury, with description of surgical harvest. RESULTS: Follow-up results are available for 10 months (one patient) and 3 years (one patient) demonstrating both subjective and objective improvement in function. GRBAS scores were reduced. Maximal phonation time was improved. Patient rating of voice was stable or improved postoperatively. One patient described significant preoperative dyspnea which was significantly improved postoperatively, from a score of 24 to 10 out of 40 on the dyspnea handicap index. VHI was improved in one patient, but scores elevated in the other, despite a change from "moderately severe impairment" to "normal voice" subjectively. Neither patient experienced significant complications from the procedure. CONCLUSION: Laryngeal reinnervation procedures provide good outcomes in pediatric patients. When ansa cervicalis is not available as a donor nerve, the nerve to TH provides a reasonable alternative.

[Immediate thyrotropic effects of mineral water Naftussya their autonomic relevence and possibility to forecast].

Clinical physiological monitoring of 32 men aged 25-60 years with chronic stoneless cholecystitis in the phase of remission found that in 14 patients 75-85 minutes after drinking the bioactive water Naftussya (3 ml/kg, t(0) 18-20 degrees C) the plasma level of total triiodothyronine (T3) was not significantly changed, while in 9 patients it was reduced to 0.26 +/- 0.10 nM/1 (by 11%). In the other 9 patients the level increased to 0.29 +/- 0,04 nM/1 (by 17%). The changes in T3 level correlated negatively with the changes in absolute (r = -0.55) and relative (r = -0.47) power spectral density (PSD) of ultra very low-frequency components of heart rate variability (HRV). These changes correlated positively (r = 0.46) with the changes in relative PSD of low-frequency components of HRV. Subject to a weak correlation with HRV parameter pNN50 (r = -0.21) canonical correlation coefficient (R) between changes in HRV parameters and T3 reaches 0.68 (p = 0.002). On the other hand, the changes in T3 correlated with its initial level (r = -0.46), as well as initial levels of moda (r = -0.40), its amplitude (r = 0.30) and absolute PSD of low-frequency components HRV (r = -0.33), i.e. thyrotropic effects conditionized these parameters by 30% (R = 0.55; p = 0.038). The method ofdiscriminant analysis has identified 14 primary parameters that allowed predicting the thyrotropic effect of Naftussya water with 100% accuracy.

Sympathetic nervous system activity in rat thyroid: potential role in goitrogenesis.

The role of sympathetic innervation in regulation of thyroid function is incompletely understood. We, therefore, carried out studies in rats utilizing techniques of norepinephrine turnover to assess thyroid sympathetic activity in vivo. Thyroidal sympathetic activity was increased 95% by exposure to cold (4 degrees C), 42% by chronic ingestion of an iodine-deficient diet, and 32% in rats fed a goitrogenic diet (low-iodine diet supplemented with propylthiouracil). In addition, fasting for 2 days reduced sympathetic nervous system activity in thyroid by 38%. Thyroid growth and 125I uptake were also compared in intact and decentralized hemithyroids obtained from animals subjected to unilateral superior cervical ganglion decentralization. Unilateral superior cervical ganglion decentralization led to a reduction in thyroid weight, in 125I uptake by thyroid tissue, and in TSH-induced stimulation of 125I uptake in decentralized hemithyroids. These results suggest that sympathetic activity in thyroid contributes to gland enlargement and may modulate tissue responsiveness to TSH.

Thyroid hormones and the adrenergic nervous system.

This paper reviews the various possible relationships between thyroid hormones and the adrenergic nervous system. These concern the sympathetic influence on thyroid hormone secretion, thyroid hormone - induced changes of sympathetic activity or adrenoceptor changes - the effects of catecholamines on thyroid hormone metabolism and, finally, the clinical benefits of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs on symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism.

The sympathetic superior cervical ganglia as peripheral neuroendocrine centers.

The superior cervical ganglia (SCG) provide sympathetic innervation to the pineal gland, cephalic blood vessels, the choroid plexus, the eye, carotid body and the salivary and thyroid glands. Removal of the ganglia brings about several neuroendocrine changes in mammals, including the disruption of water balance in pituitary stalk-sectioned rats, and the alteration of normal photoperiodic control of reproduction in hamsters, ferrets, voles, rams and goats. These effects are commonly attributed to pineal denervation. However pinealectomy does not always mimic ganglionectomy in its neuroendocrine sequelae. This paper discusses several examples illustrating the lack of homology of ganglia and pineal removal, including the prolactin release brought about by gonadal steroids in spayed rats, the changes in drinking behaviour caused by ganglionectomy and the control of goitrogenic response to methylmercaptoimidazole in rats. All these examples indicate that SCG removal, at least as far as for neuroendocrinologists and pineal experimenters are concerned, should not be considered simply as "pineal denervation". A functionally relevant link between SCG and the hypothalamus may occur in rats inasmuch as ganglionectomy depresses norepinephrine uptake and increases the number and responses of alpha-adrenoceptors in medial basal hypothalamus. Lastly the SCG are active points of concurrency for hormone signals, as revealed by the metabolic changes induced by steroid and anterior pituitary hormones in these structures even in the absence of intact preganglionic connections, as well as by the existence of putative receptors for some of the hormones, namely, estradiol, testosterone and corticosteroids. The SCG appear to constitute a peripheral neuroendocrine center.