RESUMO
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are an emerging group of environmental pollutants associated with adverse effects on human health (such as endocrine disruption and possible carcinogenicity). CPs are classified into several groups: short- (SCCPs), medium- (MCCPs) and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs). In this study, CPs were determined in fish oil-based omega-3 dietary supplements (DS) representing widely consumed products that might be contaminated with various lipophilic contaminants including CPs. The CPs were isolated from DS (n = 85) by solid phase extraction. The SCCPs and MCCPs were determined by gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry operated in a negative chemical ionisation mode. The LCCPs (up to C21) were screened using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation operated in negative mode. The CP concentrations varied from <0.01 to 56.48 µg/g fat for SCCPs (median 0.12 µg/g fat; limit of quantification, LOQ, for SCCPs was exceeded in 51 out of 85 samples) and from <0.03-89.08 µg/g fat for MCCPs (median 0.26 µg/g fat; LOQ for MCCPs was exceeded in 66 out of 85 samples), respectively. The LCCPs were not quantified in this study, nevertheless their limit of detection (0.5 µg/g fat) was exceeded in 7 out of 85 samples. Due to high levels of CPs, DS might pose as a significant source of CPs exposure to some population groups.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , China , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Óleos de Peixe , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Parafina/análiseRESUMO
Authenticity and adulteration detection are primary concerns of various stakeholders, such as researchers, consumers, manufacturers, traders, and regulatory agencies. Traditional approaches for authenticity and adulteration detection in edible oils are time-consuming, complicated, laborious, and expensive; they require technical skills when interpreting the data. Over the last several years, much effort has been spent in academia and industry on developing vibrational spectroscopic techniques for quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils. Among them, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has gained enormous attention as a green analytical technique for the rapid monitoring quality of edible oils at all stages of production and for detecting and quantifying adulteration and authenticity in edible oils. The technique has several benefits such as rapid, precise, inexpensive, and multi-analytical; hence, several parameters can be predicted simultaneously from the same spectrum. Associated with chemometrics, the technique has been successfully implemented for the rapid detection of adulteration and authenticity in edible oils. After presenting the fundamentals, the latest research outcomes in the last 10 years on quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils using FT-IR spectroscopy will be highlighted and described in this review. Additionally, opportunities, challenges, and future trends of FT-IR spectroscopy will also be discussed.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta , Contaminação de Alimentos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Alimentos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Óleos de Plantas/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
Trans Fatty Acid (TFA) intake is a risk factor for coronary heart diseases and cancer. Egypt, considered among the highest TFA consumers in the world, lacks proper dietary analysis of TFAs. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze TFAs in traditional and frequently consumed food products. A market survey was conducted to identify products and brands that are mostly consumed in major governorates in Egypt. Laboratory analysis allowed for the profiling of TFAs, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Products having more than 2 g of TFA/100 g of fat were considered to have an elevated TFA content. Commonly consumed food items (n = 208) in the Egyptian market were identified. On average, 34% of the products exceeded the TFA limit. Sambosk meat, a traditional meat item, had the highest TFA content of 5.2%, followed by foods fried with used oils. Oriental sweets had a TFA content three times higher than that of doughnuts. The fast-food group had the largest proportion of TFA-rich products, followed by the canned and frozen item groups and confectionaries. This study revealed that around one third of products in the Egyptian market have a high TFA content. This calls for urgent legislative action to regulate composition.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Análise de Alimentos , Ácidos Graxos trans/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Graxos trans/análise , Doença das Coronárias/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Laticínios/análise , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Egito/epidemiologia , Fast Foods/análise , Humanos , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Política Nutricional , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Liquid chicken oil is similar to the human lipid ratio, and is similar to the ideal fatty acids ratio suggested by Hayes, but its benefits remain unclear (Hwang, K.N.; Tung, H.P.; Shaw, H.M. J. Oleo. Sci. 69, 199-206 (2020)). Using soybean oil as a control, liquid chicken oil, coconut oil, lard oil, and olive oil, were tested on SD rats with the rodent diet 5001 plus 1% of high cholesterol addition and moderate 10 % of test oils. Positive results showed that a 10% liquid chicken oil diet reduced LDL and triglycerides, atherogenic index while increasing superoxide dismutase more than the soybean oil control (0.05 ⦠p < 0.10). Moreover, increment of hepatic endogenous glutathione peroxidase was found to be significantly different from the soybean oil control (p < 0.05). In this study, liquid chicken oil had more benefits than vegetable soybean dietary oil, with little evidence of hyperlipidemia. Comparison of the test oils with categories of fatty acids to the idea ratio SFA : MUFA : PUFA = 1 : 1.5 : 1, scored by its average weight implied a parallel trend of lipidemia and hepatic antioxidant activity to its score. It is difficult to use the test of rat to reflect human physiology, it remain 19% different of the fatty acids ratio from human ratio, however, this study reveal that the healthiness of a dietary oil seems relate well to its compatibility to the idea ratio or the host oil ratio, in this case, it is the human ratio.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/metabolismo , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Catalase/metabolismo , Galinhas , Cocos/química , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Olea/química , Azeite de Oliva/análise , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Óleo de Soja/análise , Óleo de Soja/metabolismo , Glycine max/química , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding the effects of the omega-3 (É·-3) PUFAs (n-3 PUFAs) DHA and EPA on cognition is lacking. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether supplementation with oils rich in EPA or DHA improves cognition, prefrontal cortex (PFC) hemoglobin (Hb) oxygenation, and memory consolidation. METHODS: Healthy adults (n = 310; age range: 25-49 y) completed a 26-wk randomized controlled trial in which they consumed either 900 mg DHA/d and 270 mg EPA/d (DHA-rich oil), 360 mg DHA/d and 900 mg EPA/d (EPA-rich oil), or 3000 mg/d refined olive oil (placebo). Cognitive performance and memory consolidation were assessed via computerized cognitive test battery. PFC Hb oxygenation was measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). RESULTS: Both global accuracy and speed improved with EPA-rich oil compared with placebo and DHA-rich oil [EPA vs. placebo accuracy: estimated marginal mean (EMM) = 0.17 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.24) vs. EMM = 0.03 (95% CI = -0.04, 0.11); P = 0.044; EPA vs. placebo speed: EMM = -0.15 (95% CI: -0.22, -0.07) vs. EMM = 0.03 (95% CI: -0.05, 0.10); P = 0.003]. Accuracy of memory was improved with EPA compared with DHA [EMM = 0.66 (95% CI: 0.26, 1.06) vs. EMM = -0.08 (95% CI: -0.49, 0.33); P = 0.034]. Both EPA- and DHA-rich oils showed trends towards reduced PFC oxygenated Hb (oxy-Hb) compared with placebo [placebo: EMM = 27.36 µM (95% CI: 25.73, 28.98); DHA: EMM = 24.62 µM (95% CI: 22.75, 26.48); P = 0.060; EPA: EMM = 24.97 µM (95% CI: 23.35, 26.59); P = 0.082]. CONCLUSIONS: EPA supplementation improved global cognitive function and was superior to the oil enriched with DHA. Interpreted within a neural efficiency framework, reduced PFC oxygenated Hb suggests that n-3 PUFAs may be associated with increased efficiency.These trials were registered in the clinical trials registry (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) as NCT03158545, NCT03592251, NCT02763514.
Assuntos
Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/farmacologia , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacologia , Adulto , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/química , Método Duplo-Cego , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/química , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Although mandatory fortification of oil with vitamin A is efficacious, its effectiveness can be compromised by suboptimal compliance to standards. In this study, we assessed (1) the availability of oil brands across the eight divisions of Bangladesh, (2) fortification quality (the extent to which vitamin A content is aligned with fortification standards) of oil brands and producers and (3) the market volume represented by available edible oil types. We visited different retail outlets in rural and urban market hubs to ascertain available oil brands and bulk oil types and collected samples. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify average vitamin A content and compared them to the national oil fortification standards. Among the 66 packaged brands analyzed, 26 (39%) were not fortified, and 40 (61%) were fortified, with 28 (42%) fortified above the standard vitamin A minimum. Among the 41 bulk oil type composites analyzed, 24 (59%) were not fortified, and 17 (41%) were fortified, with 14 (34%) fortified below and 3 (7%) fortified above the standard minimum. Vitamin A fortification is high for packaged and branded edible oil but low for oil sold in unbranded, loose form. As bulk oil makes up a large proportion of the oil market volume, this means the majority of the oil volume available to the population is either not (25%) or fortified below the standard requirement (39%). Regulatory inspections of producers selling bulk oil should be prioritized to support and incentivize the industry to make all oil traceable and fortified to standard.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Vitamina A/análise , Bangladesh , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/classificação , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Alimentos Fortificados/normas , Humanos , Supermercados , Vitamina A/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Interesterified (IE) fats are widely used in place of trans fats; however, little is known about their metabolism. OBJECTIVES: To test the impact of a commonly consumed IE compared with a non-IE equivalent fat on in vivo postprandial and in vitro lipid metabolism, compared with a reference oil [rapeseed oil (RO)]. METHODS: A double-blinded, 3-phase crossover, randomized controlled trial was performed in healthy adults (n = 20) aged 45-75 y. Postprandial plasma triacylglycerol and lipoprotein responses (including stable isotope tracing) to a test meal (50 g fat) were evaluated over 8 h. The test fats were IE 80:20 palm stearin/palm kernel fat, an identical non-IE fat, and RO (control). In vitro, mechanisms of digestion were explored using a dynamic gastric model (DGM). RESULTS: Plasma triacylglycerol 8-h incremental area under the curves were lower following non-IE compared with RO [-1.7 mmol/Lâ h (95% CI: -3.3, -0.0)], but there were no differences between IE and RO or IE and non-IE. LDL particles were smaller following IE and non-IE compared with RO (P = 0.005). Extra extra large, extra large, and large VLDL particle concentrations were higher following IE and non-IE compared with RO at 6-8 h (P < 0.05). No differences in the appearance of [13C]palmitic acid in plasma triacylglycerol were observed between IE and non-IE fats. DGM revealed differences in phase separation of the IE and non-IE meals and delayed release of SFAs compared with RO. CONCLUSIONS: Interesterification did not modify fat digestion, postprandial lipemia, or lipid metabolism measured by stable isotope and DGM analysis. Despite the lower lipemia following the SFA-rich fats, increased proatherogenic large triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein remnant and small LDL particles following the SFA-rich fats relative to RO adds a new postprandial dimension to the mechanistic evidence linking SFAs to cardiovascular disease risk.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/efeitos adversos , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Ácido Palmítico/efeitos adversos , Período Pós-Prandial , Idoso , Apolipoproteína B-48 , Aterosclerose/induzido quimicamente , Quilomícrons/química , Estudos Cross-Over , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Método Duplo-Cego , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperlipidemias/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ácido Palmítico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Palmítico/química , TriglicerídeosRESUMO
Currently, the authentication analysis of edible fats and oils is an emerging issue not only by producers but also by food industries, regulators, and consumers. The adulteration of high quality and expensive edible fats and oils as well as food products containing fats and oils with lower ones are typically motivated by economic reasons. Some analytical methods have been used for authentication analysis of food products, but some of them are complex in sampling preparation and involving sophisticated instruments. Therefore, simple and reliable methods are proposed and developed for these authentication purposes. This review highlighted the comprehensive reports on the application of infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for authentication of fats and oils. New findings of this review included (1) FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics, which has been used to authenticate fats and oils; (2) due to as fingerprint analytical tools, FTIR spectra have emerged as the most reported analytical techniques applied for authentication analysis of fats and oils; (3) the use of chemometrics as analytical data treatment is a must to extract the information from FTIR spectra to be understandable data. Next, the combination of FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics must be proposed, developed, and standardized for authentication and assuring the quality of fats and oils.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Gorduras/química , Análise de Alimentos , Alimentos/normas , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Gorduras/análise , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Óleos de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
Aflatoxins (AFs), as the secondary metabolites of the toxigenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are well known to be extremely harmful to humans and animals because of their high toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity. Recurring and increasing studies on AF ingestion incidents indicate that AF contamination is a serious food safety issue worldwide. Currently, immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) has become the most conventional sample clean-up method for determining AFs in foodstuffs. However, the IAC method may be limited to some laboratories because it requires the use of expensive disposable cartridges and the IA procedure is time-consuming. Herein, to achieve the cost-effective determination of AFs in edible oils, we developed a dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) clean-up method based on humic acids (HAs), which is followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. HAs could be directly used as a DSPE sorbent after simple treatment without any chemical modification. In the HA-DSPE, AFs could remain on the HA sorbent by both hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, whereas the oil matrix was retained on HA via only hydrophobic interactions. The oil matrix could be sufficiently washed off by n-hexane, whereas the AFs could still be retained on HA; thus, the selective extraction of AFs and clean-up of oil matrices were achieved. Under the optimal conditions of HA-DSPE, satisfactory recoveries ranging from 81.3% to 106.2% for four AFs (B1, B2, G1, and G2) were achieved in various oil matrices i.e. blended oil, mixed olive oil, tea oil, sunflower seed oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, rice oil, corn oil, and peanut oil. Minor matrix effects ranging from 89.3% to 112.9% were obtained for the four AFs, which were acceptable. Moreover, the LODs of AFs between 0.063 and 0.102 µg kg-1 completely meet the regulatory levels fixed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Union (EU), China, or other countries. The proposed methodology was further validated using a naturally contaminated peanut oil, and the results indicated that the accuracy of the HA-DSPE could match the accuracy of the referenced IAC. In addition, HA-DSPE can be used to directly treat diluted edible oil without liquid-liquid extraction and HA is cheap and can be easily obtained from the market worldwide; these advantages make the proposed methodology simple, low-cost, and accessible for the determination of AFs in edible oils.
Assuntos
Aflatoxinas , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta , Análise de Alimentos , Extração em Fase Sólida , Aflatoxinas/análise , Aspergillus/química , Aspergillus flavus/química , China , Cromatografia Líquida , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Substâncias Húmicas , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
The effects and action mechanism of tea polyphenols (TP) on the quality of rapeseed oil during frying process were investigated. Results showed that compared with control, TP (0.04%, w/w) exhibited the remarkable ability to inhibit the deterioration of acid value, peroxide value, anisidine value, viscosity, and color of frying oil. By using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, frying oil with TP showed the higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (72.79%) and lower content of trans fatty acids (3.36%) than those of control. Meanwhile, frying oil with TP had a higher total phenolic content than control at the same frying time. In addition, the thermo gravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry results showed that TP could increase the oxidation stability of rapeseed oil. Furthermore, according to the Fourier transform infrared and molecular dynamic simulation results, TP could reduce the breaking degree of = C-H bond, C-O-C bond, and C = C bond in oil molecules, and inhibit the oxidation of oil components by inhibiting the generation of free radicals and eliminating free radicals. All present results suggested that TP showed the potential value to be used for protecting the quality of oil during the frying process in food and chemical industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The inhibitory effect of tea polyphenols on the deterioration of quality of rapeseed oil during frying was found and the mechanism had also preliminarily interpretation. This work provided a method for monitoring the quality of fry oil and provided the theoretical basis for the use of tea polyphenols in frying.
Assuntos
Culinária , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Polifenóis/química , Óleo de Brassica napus/química , Chá/química , Óleo de Brassica napus/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Long-chain n-3 PUFAs (LCPUFAs) improve immune development and reduce atopic disease risk in infants. Stearidonic acid (SDA) can be a substrate for biosynthesis of n-3 LCPUFAs. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the effect of feeding an SDA-enriched diet during suckling and weaning on offspring immunity and ability to develop oral tolerance (OT). METHODS: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to consume either SDA (3 g SDA/100 g fat) or a control (no SDA) diet, 5 d before parturition and through lactation (21 d). For the OT treatment, 10-d-old pups were fed ovalbumin (Ova; 200 µL of 8 mg/mL) or placebo daily for 5 d. At 21 d, pups (both sexes) were weaned to their respective maternal diet until 6 wk of age or killed. Systemic immunization was induced using Ova (in 3-wk-old pups) or Ova + adjuvant (in 6-wk-old pups). The effect of suckling diet (in 3-wk-old pups) or weaning diet (in 6-wk-old pups) and OT treatment on immune function (main outcome) in spleen and blood was compared using 2-factor ANOVA. RESULTS: An SDA-enriched maternal diet, compared with the control diet, resulted in higher plasma phospholipid (PL) EPA (15 times higher), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 3 times higher), and DHA (1.3 times higher) content in 3-wk-old pups, accompanied by higher B-cell function [plasma ovalbumin-specific IgG1 (Ova-IgG1), 2 times higher] ( P < 0.05). Compared with pups fed a control diet, the splenocytes from these pups had more (23%) helper T (Th) cells (CD3+CD4+) and activated (12%) Th cells (CD4+CD28+) (P < 0.02) than controls. At 6 wk, the SDA group had 30% more CD4+CD25+ splenocytes, and when stimulated ex vivo with LPS, produced less inflammatory IL-6 (50%) and TNF-α (30%) and more immunoregulatory IL-10 (45%) cytokines (P < 0.05) than the control group. The Ova-exposed group had less (30%) plasma Ova-IgG1 than the placebo group. Splenocytes and plasma PLs from the 6-wk-old SDA group had more EPA (2x) and DPA (3.5x) (P < 0.05), but not DHA, than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Feeding SDA during lactation and weaning altered immune responses in directions believed to be beneficial.
Assuntos
Animais Recém-Nascidos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Sistema Imunitário/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Citocinas/biossíntese , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Feminino , Sistema Imunitário/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunofenotipagem , Masculino , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Baço/metabolismoRESUMO
This work investigated the presence of seven major phthalates in nine different kinds of edible oils (i.e. olive, rapeseed, peanut, sesame, tea seed, corn, soybean, sunflower, and blended oil) and their potential impacts on human. The respective total average phthalates concentrations in the oils studied were found to be 6.01, 2.79, 2.63, 2.03, 1.73, 1.66, 1.57, 1.26, and 0.72 mg/kg. On the other hand, the seven main phthalates in the edible oils with the average concentration ranked from high to low were in order of DiNP, DEHP, DiDP, DBP, DiBP, DEP, and BBP, with 0.90, 0.81, 0.79, 0.71, 0.22, 0.17, and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively. The estimated maximum human daily intakes (EDI) of DEHP, DBP, DiBP, DiNP, BBP, DEP, and DiDP via edible oils were determined to be 552, 2996, 121, 356, 268, 66, and 563 µg/p/d, respectively. It was further revealed that the maximum human EDI of DEHP, DBP, BBP, and DiBP through consumption of edible oils were 2.92, 6.79, 1.24, and 1.06 times higher than those via bottled water. The calculated average estrogenic equivalence (EEQ) values of the seven major phthalates in edible oils fell into the range of 2.7-958.1 ng E2/L, which were 45-396 times of those in bottled water. With published works, the complete distributions of 15 phthalates in nine kinds of edible oils were established and assessed for the health risks based on EDI and EEQ. This work provided the first evidence that edible oil is a potential source of phthalates, thus the potential adverse estrogenic effects on human health should need to be assessed in a holistic manner.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Ácidos Ftálicos/análise , Exposição Dietética , AlimentosRESUMO
An optimal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 (ω-6/ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet prevents the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize ternary oil blends with optimal ω-6/ω-3 ratios using olive (OL), sunflower (SU), and cress (CR) oils. The oxidative stability, thermal profile, fatty acid (FA) and tocopherol compositions, and the physicochemical properties of the blends were used to determine their quality. Oil mixtures were prepared with 2, 3, 4, and 5 ω-6/ω-3 ratios. FA composition and tocopherol content were the most important factors affecting the oxidation and thermal stabilities of the oils. All oil mixtures showed good quality indices. Thus, synthetized oil blends with high oxidative stability, high antioxidant content, optimal ω-6/ω-3 ratios, and recommended FA compositions can influence human health. The composition of healthy oil blends with optimal ω-6/ω-3 ratios was expressed mathematically and depicted graphically in a ternary diagram.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/análise , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Óleos de Plantas/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Brassicaceae/química , Fenômenos Químicos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/química , Azeite de Oliva/química , Oxirredução , Óleo de Girassol/química , Temperatura , Tocoferóis/análiseRESUMO
Eucommia ulmoides is a traditional Chinese herb whose seeds can be used to produce edible oils. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic (SyFS) spectra of Eucommia ulmoides seed oil (EUSO) are lacking. The relevant functional and fluorescent groups were determined by FTIR and SyFS techniques for discriminating adulteration of EUSO, respectively. FTIR and SyFS spectra of EUSO and six common-used vegetable oils were recorded from 4000-400 cm-1 and 250-700 nm at wavelength interval of 60 nm, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), cluster analysis (CA) and partial least square (PLS) regression was used for qualitative and quantitative calibration of EUSO adulteration. The FTIR spectral regions of 1429-1377 cm-1 and 1128-1110 cm-1 based on PCA, LDA, and CA, and the PCA of SyFS spectral regions of 600-700 nm and 300-500 nm were evaluated for qualitative differentiation of EUSO adulteration. The recognition rate of PCA validation was found to be 100% by FTIR regions. PLS calibration was optimal by the spectral normalization vector treatment in the two FTIR spectral regions and SyFS spectra were combined with characteristic absorption peak area, which can achieve quantitative detection of EUSO adulteration. The two techniques are useful for EUSO adulteration detection at levels down to 1% and 0.48% (w/w), respectively. The results indicated that spectral information obtained by FTIR and SyFS of EUSO can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of EUSO adulteration with the advantages of high sensitivity, simplicity, and rapidness.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Eucommiaceae/química , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Óleos de Plantas/química , Sementes/química , Espectrometria de Fluorescência/métodos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Calibragem , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Extraction of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in samples with high fat content is generally performed by a sulfuric acid treatment and liquid-liquid partitioning in n-hexane, followed by clean-up by column chromatography. Analysis and quantitation are commonly carried out via gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) when low- and high-resolution MS (LRMS and HRMS) are used. In this work, we present a completely different and innovative approach for the determination of CPs by applying the planar solid phase extraction (pSPE) concept for a rapid and selective screening. pSPE offers the concentration of the analytes in a single target zone followed by the densitometric determination of the total CP content. After sulfuric acid treatment and liquid-liquid partition into n-hexane, pSPE was performed on silica gel plates employing a twofold development with cyclohexane/toluene (94:6, v/v) and methylene chloride/n-hexane (9:1, v/v) as mobile phases. CPs were quantified via the visual (VIS) absorption of the target zone after derivatization with o-tolidine, and amounts were calculated as the sum by means of a reference CP. Limits of detection and quantitation for the reference CP were 0.2 and 0.7â¯mg/kg oil, respectively, and recoveries from different vegetable oils were near 100%. The analysis of total CPs in dietary supplement samples by pSPE-VIS compared to GC/ECNI-HRMS proved the method as a reliable and suitable screening tool providing an appropriate alternative to existing time-consuming and complex methods.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Halogenação , Parafina/análise , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Limite de DetecçãoRESUMO
This paper aimed to clarify the oil absorption behavior and microstructural changes of fresh and pre-frozen potato strips during frying, and to discuss the effects of freeze pretreatment on the oil absorption behavior of potato strips. We investigated the oil distribution; the microstructure changes in the crust, core, and potato strip surface; and the crystal pattern changes in the potato starch during frying by using magnetic resonance imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. We monitored the profile histories of the moisture, oil and potato strip temperature, and oil uptake during frying and cooling. Results showed that during frying, the diversification of oil content in potato and oil infiltration path was closely related to the microstructure, moisture content, and temperature changes of potato strips and the interaction between starch and oil components. Moreover, freeze pretreatment significantly decreased the moisture content (Pâ¯<â¯.05) and increased oil content (Pâ¯<â¯.05) of potato strips and affected oil infiltration, microstructural changes, and starch crystallinity (Pâ¯<â¯.05) during frying. This paper may help in the further understanding of the oil absorption behavior of potato strips during frying and cooling, and may provide ideas for effective oil control measures.
Assuntos
Culinária , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta , Solanum tuberosum , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/metabolismo , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Óleo de Palmeira/análise , Óleo de Palmeira/química , Óleo de Palmeira/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/química , Solanum tuberosum/metabolismo , Amido , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with alternative sources of α-linolenic acid on growth, the composition of rumen microbiota, and the interactions between rumen microbiota and long-chain fatty acid (FA) concentrations, in goat kids. Sixty 4-month-old castrated male Albas white cashmere kids (average BW 18.6 ± 0.1 kg) were randomly allocated among three dietary treatments: (i) basal diet without supplementation (Control), (ii) basal diet supplemented with linseed oil (LSO), (iii) basal diet supplemented with heated linseed grain (HLS). The concentrate:forage ratio was 5:5 and the LSO and HLS treatments provided the kids with similar dietary FA profiles. The diets were fed for 104 d, consisting of 14 d for adaptation followed by 90 d of experimental observation. Treatment did not significantly influence BW, DMI, or bacterial richness or diversity. On the other hand, the relative abundance of bacteria participating in hydrogenation differed significantly among the three groups: the Veillonellaceae and Christensenellaceae were more abundant in LSO kids, Prevotellaceae were more abundant in HLS kids, and the Fibrobacteriaceae were more abundant in Control kids (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis indicated that Ruminobacter, Selenomonas_1, Fretibacterium, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Succinimonas, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group were the genera that participated in hydrogenation of long-chain FAs. HLS-fed kids had a lower relative abundance of Ruminobacter, but a higher abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 and Fretibacterium than LSO-fed kids. These changes were associated with greater rumen concentrations of C18:3n3 and n-3 PUFA, but lower concentrations of n-6 PUFA and lower n-6/n-3 ratios, in HLS than in LSO-fed kids. In conclusion, feeding kids with HLS increased rumen concentrations of C18:3n3 and n-3 PUFA, but decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio by decreasing the abundance of bacteria that hydrogenate C18:3n3 and increasing the abundance of bacteria that hydrogenate C18:2n6.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Linho/química , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cabras/fisiologia , Óleo de Semente do Linho/farmacologia , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Ingestão de Alimentos , Grão Comestível/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Hidrogenação , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , Rúmen/microbiologiaRESUMO
The growing interest in potential health effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) makes it important to evaluate the method used to assess the fatty acid intake in nutrition research studies. We aimed to validate the questionnaire-based dietary intake of selected PUFAs: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), and arachidonic acid (AA) within the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC), by comparing 345 women's reported intake with concentration of plasma biomarkers. The applied questionnaire- and biomarker data reflect dietary intake from around the same time point in mid-pregnancy and relationships were investigated by use of Pearson and Spearman correlation and linear regression statistics. We demonstrated moderate but consistent adjusted correlations between dietary intake estimates and the corresponding plasma biomarker concentrations (differences in plasma concentration per 100 mg/day greater intake of 0.05 (95% CI: 0.02; 0.08)) and 0.05 (95% CI: 0.01; 0.08) percentage of total plasma fatty acids for EPA and DHA, respectively). The associations strengthened when restricting the analyses to women with ALA intake below the median intake. We found a weak correlation between the dietary intake of ALA and its plasma biomarker with a difference in plasma concentration of 0.07 (95% CI: 0.03; 0.10) percent of total plasma fatty acids per 1 g/day greater intake, while the dietary intake of LA and AA did not correlate with their corresponding biomarkers.
Assuntos
Inquéritos sobre Dietas/normas , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/sangue , Testes para Triagem do Soro Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Dinamarca , Inquéritos sobre Dietas/métodos , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/sangue , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Ácido Linoleico/sangue , Gravidez , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/sangueRESUMO
High fatty acid (FA) levels are deleterious to pancreatic ß-cells, largely due to the accumulation of biosynthetic lipid intermediates, such as ceramides and diglycerides, which induce ER stress and apoptosis. Toxicity of palmitate (16:0) and oleate (18:1 cis-Δ9) has been widely investigated, while very little data is available on the cell damages caused by elaidate (18:1 trans-Δ9) and vaccenate (18:1 trans-Δ11), although the potential health effects of these dietary trans fatty acids (TFAs) received great publicity. We compared the effects of these four FAs on cell viability, apoptosis, ER stress, JNK phosphorylation and autophagy as well as on ceramide and diglyceride contents in RINm5F insulinoma cells. Similarly to oleate and unlike palmitate, TFAs reduced cell viability only at higher concentration, and they had mild effects on ER stress, apoptosis and autophagy. Palmitate increased ceramide and diglyceride levels far more than any of the unsaturated fatty acids; however, incorporation of TFAs in ceramides and diglycerides was strikingly more pronounced than that of oleate. This indicates a correlation between the accumulation of lipid intermediates and the severity of cell damage. Our findings reveal important metabolic characteristics of TFAs that might underlie a long term toxicity and hence deserve further investigation.
Assuntos
Ceramidas/metabolismo , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/toxicidade , Diglicerídeos/metabolismo , Ácido Oleico/toxicidade , Ácidos Oleicos/toxicidade , Ácidos Graxos trans/toxicidade , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/patologia , MAP Quinase Quinase 4/metabolismo , Necrose/induzido quimicamente , Ácido Oleico/análise , Ácidos Oleicos/análise , Ácidos Palmíticos/análise , Ácidos Palmíticos/toxicidade , Fosforilação , Ratos , Ácidos Graxos trans/análiseRESUMO
The nutritional value of fish fillet can be largely affected by dietary oils. However, little is known about how dietary oils modify lipid molecules in fish fillets. Through biochemical and lipidomics assays, this study demonstrated the molecular characteristics of fillet lipids in Nile tilapia fed with different oils for six weeks. High 18:2n-6 and low 18:3n-3 deposition in phosphoglycerides resulted high 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio in tilapia. Dietary n-3 VLCUFAs intake increased its deposition at sn-1/3 of triglycerides and at sn-2 of phosphatidylcholines. Irrespective of dietary oil, 16:0 was distributed preferentially at the outer positions of glycerol backbone. High 18:2n-6 accumulated at sn-2 position for fish fed with n-3 PUFA-enriched oils. High 18:3n-3 deposited at sn-1/3 in TG, sn-1 in phosphatidylethanolamines, while at sn-2 in phosphatidylcholines. Together, dietary oils change the composition and positional distribution of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone, and change nutritional value of fish for human health.