Anti-hemostatic, antithrombotic, and chemical profiles of a curly-leaf variety of Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), a food and medicinal aromatic herb.

Thrombosis is currently among the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the World. New prevention and therapy alternatives have been increasingly sought in medicinal plants. In this context, we have been investigating parsley, Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym, an aromatic herb with two leaf varieties. We report here the in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo anti-hemostatic and antithrombotic activities of a parsley curly-leaf variety. Aqueous extracts of aerial parts (PCC-AP), stems (PCC-S), and leaves (PCC-L) showed significant in vitro antiplatelet activity. PCC-AP extract exhibited the highest activity (IC50 2.92 mg/mL) when using ADP and collagen as agonists. All extracts also presented in vitro anticoagulant activity (APTT and PT) and anti-thrombogenic activity. PCC-S was the most active, with more significant interference in the factors of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. The oral administration of PCC-AP extract in rats caused a greater inhibitory activity in the deep vein thrombi (50%; 65 mg/kg) than in arterial thrombi formation (50%; 200 mg/kg), without cumulative effect after consecutive five-day administration. PCC-AP extract was safe in the induced bleeding time test. Its anti-aggregating profile was similar in ex vivo and in vitro conditions but was more effective in the extrinsic pathway when compared to in vitro results. Apiin and coumaric acid derivatives are the main compounds in PCC-AP according to the HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS profile. We demonstrated for the first time that extracts from different parts of curly parsley have significant antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic activity without inducing hemorrhage, proving its potential as a source of antithrombotic compounds.

Antibacterial and self-healing sepiolite-based hybrid hydrogel for hemostasis and wound healing.

The process of wound healing necessitates a specific environment, thus prompting extensive research into the utilization of hydrogels for this purpose. While numerous hydrogel structures have been investigated, the discovery of a self-healing hydrogel possessing favorable biocompatibility, exceptional mechanical properties, and effective hemostatic and antibacterial performance remains uncommon. In this work, a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hybrid hydrogel was meticulously designed through a simple reaction, wherein CuxO anchored sepiolite was incorporated into the hydrogel. The results indicate that introduction of sepiolite greatly improves the toughness, self-healing and adhesion properties of the PVA hydrogels. CuxO nanoparticles endow the hydrogels with excellent antibacterial performance towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The application of hybrid hydrogels for fast hemostasis and wound healing are verified in vitro and in vivo with rat experiments. This work thereby demonstrates an effective strategy for designing biodegradable hemostatic and wound healing materials.

Granular Hemostatic Composite of Alginate, Calcium, and Zinc for Rapid and Effective Management of Post-Traumatic Hemorrhage.

Post-traumatic hemorrhage, which can result from accidents or battlefield injuries, is a significant global concern due to the high prehospital mortality rate. Substantial efforts have been made to develop hemostatic agents that can effectively reduce hemorrhage in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic event. The present study investigated the potential efficacy of Ca2+ and Zn2+ supplemented sodium alginate-based dry hemostatic particles (SA-CZ DHP) to manage excessive blood loss or post-traumatic hemorrhage. SA-CZ DHP were developed, followed by their physical and biochemical characterization, cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility testing, and critical evaluation of the hemostatic potential in vitro and in vivo. The safe SA-CZ DHP showed high absorption and accelerated blood clotting kinetics with reduced coagulation time (≈70%, p < 0.0001) in whole human blood, observed with insignificant hemolysis and uninterrupted RBC morphology. SA-CZ DHP significantly reduced the mean blood loss (≈90% in SD rats tail incision), and bleeding time (≈60% in BALB/c mice tail incision) was at par with commercially available Celox hemostatic granules. In conclusion, the biocompatible SA-CZ DHP exhibited rapid and effective management of excessive blood loss. It is also pertinent to note that the developed formulation could be a cost-effective alternative to its commercial counterparts.

Utilizing epoxy Bletilla striata polysaccharide collagen sponge for hemostatic care and wound healing.

Hemostatic materials that are lightweight and possess good blood absorption performance have been widely considered for use in modern wound care. Natural hemostatic ingredients derived from traditional Chinese medicine have also received extensive attention. Bletilla polysaccharides are valued by researchers for their excellent hemostatic performance and good reactivity. Collagen is favored by researchers due to its high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. In this study, Bletilla striata polysaccharide, the main hemostatic component of Bletilla striata, was activated by epoxy groups, and epoxidized Bletilla striata polysaccharide (EBSP) was prepared. Then, EBSP was crosslinked with collagen under alkaline conditions, and a new hemostatic material that was an epoxidized Bletilla polysaccharide crosslinked collagen hemostatic sponge was prepared. We demonstrated that endowing collagen with better hemostatic performance, cytocompatibility, and blood compatibility does not destroy its original three-stranded helical structure. Compared with the medical gauze, hemostasis time was shorter (26.75 ±â€¯2.38 s), and blood loss was lower (0.088 ±â€¯0.051 g) in the rat liver injury hemostasis model. In the rat model of severed tail hemostasis, hemostasis time was also shorter (47.33 ±â€¯2.05 s), and the amount of blood loss was lower (0.330 ±â€¯0.122 g). The sponge possessed good hemostatic and healing performance.

Screening and verification of hemostatic effective components group of Panax Notoginseng based on spectrum-effect relationships.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Panax Notoginseng (PN) can disperse blood stasis, hemostasis, and detumescence analgesic, which can be used for hemoptysis, hematemesis and another traumatic bleeding, and it is known as "A miracle hemostatic medicine". Studies show that the chemical composition of PN is relatively comprehensive, however, its hemostatic active ingredients have not been fully clarified. AIM OF STUDY: This study aimed to clarify the hemostatic effective components group (HECG) of PN, provide a foundation for the assessment of PN's quality and its comprehensive development, and for further studies on the pharmacodynamic material basis of other Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: UPLC-MS was used to establish the fingerprint and identify the common peaks in 44 batches of PN extracts (PNE). In addition, the plasma recalcification time and in vitro coagulation time were measured. For spectrum-effect analysis, bivariate correlation analysis (BCA) and partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR) were used to screen the hemostasis candidate active monomers of PN. The monomers were prepared by combining several preparative chromatography techniques. The efficacy was verified by plasma recalcification time, in vitro coagulation time, and a rat model of gastric hemorrhage. RESULTS: A total of 30 common peaks and hemostatic efficacy indexes of 44 batches of PNE were obtained. A total of 18 components were positively correlated with the comprehensive coagulation index by two statistical methods. Six and eleven monomers were obtained respectively by chromatographic preparation and procurement, and one monomer was eliminated due to preparation difficulty and other reasons. Seven active monomers with direct hemostatic effect and one active monomer with synergistic hemostatic effect were screened through plasma recalcification time, and their combinations were used as candidate HECG for hemostatic effect verification. The results of in vitro experiments showed that plasma recalcification time and in vitro coagulation time were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the HECG group, compared to the PNE group. The results of in vivo experiment also indicated that the hemostatic effect of HECG was comparable to that of PNE and PN powder. CONCLUSION: The composition and efficacy of the HECG of PN were screened and verified using the spectral correlation method and in vivo and in vitro efficacy verification; the HECG included Dencichine, Ginsenoside Rg1, Ginsenoside Rd, Ginsenoside Rh1, Ginsenoside F1, Notoginsenoside R1, Notoginsenoside Ft1 and Notoginsenoside Fe. These results laid a foundation for the quality evaluation of PN and provided a reference for the basic research of pharmacodynamic material basis of other TCMs.

A Natural Self-Assembled Gel-Sponge with Hierarchical Porous Structure for Rapid Hemostasis and Antibacterial.

Developing hemostatic agents with reliable biosafety and high efficiency has paramount clinical significance for saving lives. Herein, inspired from traditional Chinese medicine, a sponge (BC-S) with hierarchical porous structure is proposed for the treatment of bleeding. The BC-S is prepared by a simple self-assembly method employing Bletilla Striata polysaccharide and quaternary amine alkaloids (QA) from Bletilla Striata and Coptidis Rhizoma. The ideal cation donor encapsulated in the helical structure of BSP enlarges the inter-layer space of sponge by the action of electrostatic repulsion, forming wider channels which can accelerate the diversion speed of absorbed blood. Then, platelets and erythrocytes are trapped tightly in the reticular structure and extruded to deformation, activation. Subsequently, fibrin network forms and reinforces the internal multilayer mesh, blocks the outflow of blood. QA is released from the sponge skeleton mainly driven by a combination of surface erosion and potentially solution diffusion among pore to provide long-term antibacterial activity. Benefiting from the well-designed structure and the effective hemostatic mechanism, the BC-S displays more excellent hemostatic performance in different models in vivo and in vitro compared with typical gelatin hemostatic sponge. This work is expected to boost the development of emerging hemostatic agents.

Physico chemical characterisation of pectin incorporated gelatin sponge and its functional evaluation in modulating contact activation haemostasis.

Even though it is a common occurrence in practice, maintaining haemostasis can sometimes become a challenging issue in case of trauma, perioperative period, coagulation disorders, cancers, etc. Hemostatic materials are extensively used to assist in the cessation of bleeding. However, the definition of efficiency of haemostasis varies between intended procedures. This paper explores the feasibility of incorporating agents to increase the efficiency of local haemostasis. Pectin or ß -D galacto hexopyranuronic acid/ß Gal A, a structural polysaccharide widely present in terrestrial plants having an intrinsic hemostatic potential, is blended with gelatin and is explored in modulating passive haemostasis. The sponges are physico chemically characterized, and their hemostatic efficiency is evaluated in vitro using various assays. Biocompatibility evaluation is done by in vitro cytotoxicity assay. The results suggest that this biopolymer combination is a promising candidate for hemostatic control.

Injectable, Antibacterial, and Hemostatic Tissue Sealant Hydrogels.

Hemorrhage and bacterial infections are major hurdles in the management of life-threatening surgical wounds. Most bioadhesives for wound closure lack sufficient hemostatic and antibacterial properties. Furthermore, they suffer from weak sealing efficacy, particularly for stretchable organs, such as the lung and bladder. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for mechanically robust hemostatic sealants with simultaneous antibacterial effects. Here, an injectable, photocrosslinkable, and stretchable hydrogel sealant based on gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), supplemented with antibacterial zinc ferrite (ZF) nanoparticles and hemostatic silicate nanoplatelets (SNs) for rapid blood coagulation is nanoengineered. The hydrogel reduces the in vitro viability of Staphylococcus aureus by more than 90%. The addition of SNs (2% w/v) and ZF nanoparticles (1.5 mg mL-1 ) to GelMA (20% w/v) improves the burst pressure of perforated ex vivo porcine lungs by more than 40%. Such enhancement translated to ≈250% improvement in the tissue sealing capability compared with a commercial hemostatic sealant, Evicel. Furthermore, the hydrogels reduce bleeding by ≈50% in rat bleeding models. The nanoengineered hydrogel may open new translational opportunities for the effective sealing of complex wounds that require mechanical flexibility, infection management, and hemostasis.

Liver protection and hemostatic effects of medicinal plant Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst extract in a rat model.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst. (AE) is a Chinese medicinal herb that is traditionally used to treat various circulatory diseases. It exhibits certain effects, such as the promotion of blood circulation and cooling, rash clearance, and detoxification. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was designed to explore the hepatoprotective and hemostatic effects of the ethyl acetate extract of AE in rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar rats were treated via oral gavage with different doses of the ethyl acetate extract of AE (3.5, 7, or 14 g kg-1·day-1) for 14 consecutive days, following which hemostatic and liver function tests were conducted. For the hemostatic tests, the platelet count, blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, platelet factor 4 (PF-4) secretion from blood platelets, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen levels were measured at the end of the treatment period. For the liver function tests, 0.25 mL/200 g (1.25 mL kg-1·day-1) of olive oil was injected into the abdominal cavity of the control rats, whereas 15% CCl4 plus olive oil (prescription: 7.5 mL CCl4 + 42.5 olive oil) was injected into that of the treated rats at 1 h after extract administration on day 6, 13, and 20. Additionally, food and water were withheld from all the animals. On the following day, the rats were anesthetized and their albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels among the groups were determined using a one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The platelet count and blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen and PF-4 secretion levels were significantly increased in the (3.5 g kg-1 day-1) AE group as compared to those in the control group (all p < 0.001; for the 7 and 14 g kg-1 day-1 AE groups, all p > 0.05, respectively). Although the PT and aPTT were not affected by the AE extract (all p > 0.05), the TT was reduced and the FIB levels were significantly increased in all AE groups (p < 0.05). Liver function tests showed that CCl4 caused significant liver damage, thereby decreasing the albumin, SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GR, and GPx levels, while increasing the AST, ALT, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, GGT, LDH, ROS, and MDA levels (all p < 0.001). By contrast, treatment with the different doses of AE extract reversed the CCl4 effects on all these parameters. Compared with the levels in the CCl4 group, the GSH and GR levels in the three AE groups (3.5, 7, and 14 g kg-1·day-1) were significantly higher (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas the differences in the other parameters for these three groups were all at the significance levels of p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: AE extracts administered orally exhibited hepatoprotective activity by affecting platelet production and blood coagulation and ameliorating liver function-damaging modifications. Specifically, a dosage of 3.5 g kg-1·day-1 resulted in the most optimal effects.

Hemostatic effects of traditional Inula viscosa and Capsella bursa-pastoris plant mixture extract on rat liver parenchymal bleeding model.

BACKGROUND: Failure to achieve effective bleeding control and problems related to transfusion in liver surgery are the most common causes of post-operative mortality and morbidity. Various methods/drugs including topical hemostatic agents have been em-ployed for bleeding control in liver surgery. This study was aimed to investigate the hemostatic properties of the herb mixture extract of Inula viscosa and Capsella bursa-pastoris (IvCbp) in rat liver laceration model, which have been traditionally used as antiseptic and hemostatic agents public in Hatay/Tukey. METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into three groups equally and blood samples were taken from all rats for preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) measurements. Then, the standard liver resection model was applied to all rats. Sponge for the first rat group, Ankaferd Blood Stopper® Trend-Tech for the second rat group and IvCbp plant extract mixture for the third group were applied to resection areas for 3 minutes. Liver samples of all rats were evaluated in terms of inflammation and necrosis intensity on the 5th post-operative day. RESULTS: Post-operative Hb values were found as 11.0±1.1 g/dL in the sponge group, 11.9±2.0 g/dL in the Ankaferd group, and 14.1±1.2 g/dL in the IvCbp herb mixture group (p<0.001). In the histopathological examination, less necrosis was observed in the herb mixture group compared to the sponge and Ankaferd groups (p=0.001). In addition, no statistically significant necrosis difference was observed between sponge and Ankaferd groups. While less inflammation was observed in the herb mixture group compared to the other groups, Ankaferd group had the highest inflammation score (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: IvCbp herb mixture extract group provide effective hemostatic control, caused less Hb decrease and resulted in less inflammation and necrosis compared to Ankaferd and sponge groups in a rat liver resection model.

Self-healing hydrogel based on polyphosphate-conjugated pectin with hemostatic property for wound healing applications.

Self-healing hydrogels have important application in hemostasis and wound repairing. In this research, pectin based self-healing hydrogel was fabricated with conjugated polyphosphate for hemostatic and wound healing applications. The hydrogel formed without any stimulus and hydrogel kept its biocompatibility; at the same time, the hydrogel degraded completely by enzyme and in vivo. The polyphosphate conjugated hydrogel also showed self-healing property and sustained release performance with strong coagulation characteristic. More importantly, the in vivo experiment revealed that the polyphosphate conjugated hydrogel reduced the blood loss and hemostasis time in hemorrhage model; meanwhile, the hydrogel accelerated the wound repairing rate of the open wound by preventing bacterial invasion. Altogether, the PolyP conjugated hemostatic pectin-based hydrogel is a good candidate as wound dressing material applied in clinic or open wound repairing.

Potential applications of Chinese herbal medicines with hemostatic properties.

Various herbal medicines with hemostatic properties have been applied for centuries to accelerate hemostasis and control bleeding. However, the mechanisms of action and active constituents remain unknown. This report provides an overview of current clinical hemostatic agents and their disadvantages, then focuses on the clinical value of Chinese herbal medicines with unique hemostatic features that modern medicines lack. A comprehensive review of hemostatic agents derived from Chinese herbal medicines and their potential medical applications is also presented.

Evaluation of the effects of different hemostatic agent applications on mental nerve.

PURPOSE: Evaluating the effect of ABS (Ankaferd Blood Stopper®), Tranexamic Acid (Transamin®) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (Floseal®) on the mental nerve of rats by using histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 Wistar Albino rats were used. Rats were randomly selected into 4 groups as Control (G1), ABS (G2), Tranexamic Acid (G3) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (G4). In the control group G1, the left mental nerve was exposed and 0.3 ml of sterile saline was applied for 5 min, then closed with suture. In the other three groups, the left mental nerve was exposed and 0.3 ml ABS, Tranexamic Acid and Floseal was applied to groups, respectively. After 5 min, wounds were closed with suture. Immunohistochemical and histopathologic examinations were performed on mental nerves after 28 days. RESULTS: The total histopathologic and immunohistochemical semiquantitative scores were significantly higher in ABS (G2) compared to Control (G1), Tranexamic Acid (G3) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (G4) (P < 0.05). Myelin thickness were significantly lower in G2 compared to G1, G2 and G3 (P < 0.05). G3 has the most reliable results compared to G2 and G4 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study results suggest that ABS has neurotoxic effects and should not be used close to the nerve, and thrombin-containing hemostatic matrix should be used carefully. Tranexamic acid, on the other hand, was found to be the most reliable hemostatic agent for use in close proximity to neural tissues. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of the hemostatic agents on peripheral nerve degeneration.

A novel hydrogel based on Bletilla striata polysaccharide for rapid hemostasis: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation.

The purpose of this study is to develop a new polysaccharide-based hydrogel. The Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the optimal synthesis conditions of the hydrogel, with the swelling parameters as indicators. The findings of rheologic tests confirm that free radical polymerization and the introduction of linear polymers improved the mechanical strength of the hydrogel. Combined with the characterization results, the gel mechanism of BSP-g-PAA/PVA DN hydrogel was proposed. The intermolecular association and entanglement increase, which effectively dissipates energy, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. In vitro blood compatibility experiments show that DN hydrogel has a low hemolysis rate and a good coagulation effect. The material is non-cytotoxic to L929 cells. The hepatic haemorrhage and mouse-tail amputation models of rats and mice were used to further evaluate the in vivo wound sealing and hemostatic properties of the hydrogel. The blood loss and hemostatic time were significantly lower than those of the control group, indicating that the hydrogel has excellent hemostatic effects. Therefore, the obtained BSP-g-PAA/PVA DN network hydrogel has good comprehensive properties and is expected to be used as a hemostatic material or a precursor of a drug carrier and a tissue engineering scaffold.

Development of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Kaolin Sponges Stimulated by Marjoram as Hemostatic, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Dressings for Wound Healing Promotion.

The predominant impediments to cutaneous wound regeneration are hemorrhage and bacterial infections that lead to extensive inflammation with lethal impact. We thus developed a series of composite sponges based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) inspired by marjoram essential oil and kaolin (PVA/marjoram/kaolin), adopting a freeze-thaw method to treat irregular wounds by thwarting lethal bleeding and microbial infections. Microstructure analyses manifested three-dimensional interconnected porous structures for PVA/marjoram/kaolin. Additionally, upon increasing marjoram and kaolin concentrations, the pore diameters of the sponges significantly increased, recording a maximum of 34 ± 5.8 µm for PVA-M0.5-K0.1. Moreover, the porosity and degradation properties of PVA/marjoram/kaolin sponges were markedly enhanced compared with the PVA sponge with high swelling capacity. Furthermore, the PVA/marjoram/kaolin sponges exerted exceptional antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, along with remarkable antioxidant properties. Moreover, PVA/marjoram/kaolin sponges demonstrated significant thrombogenicity, developing high thrombus mass and hemocompatibility, in addition to their remarkable safety toward fibroblast cells. Notably, this is the first study to our knowledge investigating the effectiveness of marjoram in a polymeric carrier for prospective functioning as a wound dressing. Collectively, the findings suggest the prospective usage of the PVA-M0.5-K0.1 sponge in wound healing for hemorrhage and bacterial infection control.

Antioxidant and hemostatic properties of preparations from Asteraceae family and their chemical composition - Comparative studies.

Asteraceae, known as sunflower family, is one of the largest flowering plants family around the world. Sunflower family contains numerous phytochemical compounds. The aim of this study was to describe phytochemical characteristics and investigate the effect of four sunflower vegetable preparations (extracts): chicory leaves (Cichorium intybus), green lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa), red lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) and sunchoke roots (Helianthus tuberosus) on different biomarkers of oxidative stress in human plasma in in vitro model. The antioxidant potential was also tested using the DPPH method. The phytochemical composition of the tested preparations was determined by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. All the tested extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity in human plasma. We have observed chicory's and sunchoke's extracts had strongest antioxidant properties in the used models with human plasma. None of the tested vegetables changed ORAC and TAC in vitro. The obtained results suggest that sunflower vegetables might help to prevent oxidative stress related with cardiovascular diseases.

The Effect of Application of Combined Bovine-Derived Anorganic Bone Graft and Hemostatic Plant Extract on Bone Regeneration.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of bovine-derived anorganic bone graft (ABB) in combination with hemostatic plant extract (ABS) on bone regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three bone defects were created via an extraoral approach on the mandibles of nine domestic pigs. The first defects were filled with ABS solution (0.3 mL/defect) in a transporting agent of ABB (0.3 cc/defect), whereas the second defects were filled with ABS (0.3 mL/defect) in microcapsules for controlled drug release, combined with ABB (0.3 cc/defect) again. The third defects were left empty. After a 10-week healing period and the sacrification, undecalcified sections were prepared for histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS: The mean total area of hard tissue was 29.54% ± 3.2% in the control group, 59.78% ± 5.4% in the conventional group, and 63.67% ± 4.2% in the microsphere group (P < .001). The mean area of newly formed bone was 29.54% ± 3.2% in the control group, 34.79% ± 3.9% in the conventional group, and 37.95% ± 5.3% in the microsphere group (P = .003). The mean residual graft area was 24.99% ± 2.4% in the conventional group and 25.71% ± 4.4% in the microsphere group (P = .730). CONCLUSION: The combined usage of ABS and ABB in both ways increased bone regeneration statistically. However, there was no significant difference between the two methods for ABS delivery systems in terms of new bone regeneration.

Comparisons of the anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hemostatic activities and chemical profiles of raw and charred Schizonepetae Spica.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: A common view in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory is that "processing can alter the efficacy of crude drugs". The clinical usage of some processed products may have already changed greatly over time during the development of modern scientific analysis. Therefore, the view of "processing can alter the efficacy of crude drugs" should be confirmed by comparative studies. Schizonepetae Spica (SS), a Chinese medicinal herb, is the dried spike of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. It is available in two forms: raw products and charred products (Schizonepetae Spica Carbonisata, SSC; raw SS processed by stir-frying until carbonization). Raw SS is commonly used to treat TCM symptoms that resemble common cold, fever, respiratory tract infection and allergic dermatitis, while SSC has long been used as a remedy for TCM symptoms that resemble bloody stool and metrorrhagia. AIM OF THE STUDY: We aimed to examine whether stir-fry processing alters the anti-inflammatory, antiviral and hemostatic activities of SS and explore the chemical profile behind the potential changes in medicinal properties caused by stir-fry processing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used cell models to examine the anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects of raw SS and SSC. The bleeding time of the tail bleeding model and clotting time of the capillary method in mice were used to compare the hemostasis properties of raw SS and SSC. The chemical profiles of SS and SSC were compared using a method combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/Q-TOF-MS) analysis. RESULTS: The anti-inflammatory effects of SSC were less potent than those of raw SS. Both raw SS and SSC effectively inhibited viral infection in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 96.30 and 9.73 µg/mL and selectivity index (SI) values of >1.56 and 7.78, respectively. Interestingly, SSC showed more potent antiviral activities than raw SS. Intragastric administration of raw SS and SSC to mice demonstrated that the hemostatic effects of SSC were more potent than those of raw SS. By comparing the volatile chemical profiles of SSC, we found that twenty-nine constituents disappeared and that fifty-four new constituents were formed while the relative contents of five other components decreased and three other components increased. Additionally, the nonvolatile chemical profiles of raw SS and SSC differed, with thirty-two lower peaks and seven higher peaks in SSC than in SS. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that raw SS and SSC support traditional practice for the clinical applications of these two products except for raw SS used for the treatment of viral infection. It is a fascinating challenge to form SSCs with both traditional hemostatic activities and antiviral properties after stir-fry processing. In addition, the volatile and nonvolatile chemical constituents of raw SS changed dramatically during processing. Further studies are warranted to explore whether the change in chemical constituents is in accordance with the purpose of processing.

Effect Of Justicia Adhatoda (Malabar Nut) Leaf Extract On Drug-Induced Coagulopathy In Mice And In-Vitro Platelet Aggregation Of Human Blood.

BACKGROUND: Justicia adhatoda is widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of menorrhagia, piles and bleeding disorders. Oral antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs are routinely prescribed to patients with cardiovascular diseases. These drugs have one major adverse effect that they can cause spontaneous haemorrhage, which can be fatal. Development of a haemostatic agent can help in effective management of drug-induced haemorrhages. This study was devised to observe the effect of leaf extract of Justicia adhatoda on coagulation profile in mice and to evaluate its effect on in-vitro platelet aggregation. METHODS: The study was divided into two parts. First part was designed to evaluate the effect of J. adhatoda leaf extract on coagulation parameters. Three drugs were used to induce coagulopathy viz., warfarin, aspirin and dabigatran. Bleeding time, platelet count, PT and APTT were estimated. Second part of this study was devised to observe the effect of J. adhatoda leaf extract on in vitro platelet aggregation of human. Percent aggregation was recorded by light transmission aggregometer for three minutes. RESULTS: Leaf extract of Justicia adhatoda decreased bleeding time from 6.1±2.36 minutes in normal control to 1.9±1.03 minutes in extract treated mice. There was no effect on the coagulation parameters. Platelet count increased significantly only in the aspirin treated group that received the extract to 540±46.8x103 /µl from 436.9±37.9x103 /µl of aspirin treated group. Platelet aggregation in vitro increased in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Justicia adhatoda leaf extract is effective in controlling excessive bleeding in vivo, in mice with acquired platelet defect produced by aspirin. This haemostatic effect is probably due to increased platelet aggregation as indicated by the in vitro results.