RESUMO
All-oral, direct-acting antivirals can cure hepatitis C virus (HCV) in almost all infected individuals; yet, many individuals with chronic HCV are not treated, and the incidence of acute HCV is increasing in some countries, including the United States. Strains on healthcare resources during the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the progress toward the World Health Organization goal to eliminate HCV by 2030, especially among persons who inject drugs (PWID). Here, we present a holistic conceptual framework termed LOTUS (Leveraging Opportunities for Treatment/User Simplicity), designed to integrate the current HCV practice landscape and invigorate HCV treatment programs in the setting of endemic COVID-19: (A) treatment as prevention (especially among PWID), (B) recognition that HCV cure may be achieved with variable adherence with evidence supporting some forgiveness for missed doses, (C) treatment of all persons with active HCV infection (viremic), regardless of acuity, (D) minimal monitoring (MinMon) during treatment, and (E) rapid test and treat (TnT). The objective of this article is to review the current literature supporting each LOTUS petal; identify remaining gaps in knowledge or data; define the remaining barriers facing healthcare providers; and review evidence-based strategies for overcoming key barriers.
Assuntos
Antivirais , COVID-19 , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa , Humanos , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/complicações , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2 , Erradicação de Doenças/métodos , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Terminalia chebula Retz. forms a key component of traditional folk medicine and is also reported to possess antihepatitis C virus (HCV) and immunomodulatory activities. However, information on the intermolecular interactions of phytochemicals from this plant with HCV and human proteins are yet to be established. Thus, by this current study, we investigated the HCV NS3/4A inhibitory and host immune-modulatory activity of phytocompounds from T. chebula through in silico strategies involving network pharmacology and structural bioinformatics techniques. To start with, the phytochemical dataset of T. chebula was curated from biological databases and the published literature. Further, the target ability of the phytocompounds was predicted using BindingDB for both HCV NS3/4A and other probable host targets involved in the immune system. Further, the identified targets were docked to the phytochemical dataset using AutoDock Vina executed through the POAP pipeline. The resultant docked complexes with significant binding energy were subjected to 50 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in order to infer the stability of complex formation. During network pharmacology analysis, the gene set pathway enrichment of host targets was performed using the STRING and Reactome pathway databases. Further, the biological network among compounds, proteins, and pathways was constructed using Cytoscape 3.6.1. Furthermore, the druglikeness, side effects, and toxicity of the phytocompounds were also predicted using the MolSoft, ADVERpred, and PreADMET methods, respectively. Out of 41 selected compounds, 10 were predicted to target HCV NS3/4A and also to possess druglike and nontoxic properties. Among these 10 molecules, Chebulagic acid and 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose exhibited potent HCV NS3/4A inhibitory activity, as these scored a lowest binding energy (BE) of -8.6 kcal/mol and -7.7 kcal/mol with 11 and 20 intermolecular interactions with active site residues, respectively. These findings are highly comparable with Asunaprevir (known inhibitor of HCV NS3/4A), which scored a BE of -7.4 kcal/mol with 20 key intermolecular interactions. MD studies also strongly suggest that chebulagic acid and 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose as promising leads, as these molecules showed stable binding during 50 ns of production run. Further, the gene set enrichment and network analysis of 18 protein targets prioritized 10 compounds and were predicted to potentially modulate the host immune system, hemostasis, cytokine levels, interleukins signaling pathways, and platelet aggregation. On overall analysis, this present study predicts that tannins from T. chebula have a potential HCV NS3/4A inhibitory and host immune-modulatory activity. However, further experimental studies are required to confirm the efficacies.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , Serina Proteases/química , Serina Proteases/metabolismo , Taninos/farmacologia , Terminalia/química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismo , Antivirais/efeitos adversos , Antivirais/química , Benzopiranos/farmacologia , Domínio Catalítico , Simulação por Computador , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/farmacologia , Modelos Moleculares , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Farmacologia em Rede , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Taninos/efeitos adversos , Taninos/química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Natural product-derived crude drugs are expected to yield an abundance of new drugs to treat infectious diseases. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an oncogenic virus that significantly impacts public health. In this study, we sought to identify anti-HCV compounds in extracts of natural products. A total of 110 natural compounds extracted from several herbal medicine plants were examined for antiviral activity against HCV. Using a Huh7-mCherry-NLS-IPS reporter system for HCV infection, we first performed a rapid screening for anti-HCV compounds extracted from crude drugs. The compounds threo-2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-butoxypropan-1-ol (#106) and medioresinol (#110), which were extracted from Crataegus cuneate, exhibited anti-HCV activity and significantly inhibited HCV production in a dose-dependent manner. Analyses using HCV pseudoparticle and subgenomic replicon systems indicated that compounds #106 and #110 specifically inhibit HCV RNA replication but not viral entry or translation. Interestingly, compound #106 also inhibited the replication and production of hepatitis A virus. Our findings suggest that C. cuneate is a new source for novel anti-hepatitis virus drug development.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antivirais/química , Produtos Biológicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Crataegus/química , Hepacivirus/fisiologia , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Hepatitis C is affecting millions of people around the globe annually, which leads to death in very high numbers. After many years of research, hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a serious threat to the human population and needs proper management. The in silico approach in the drug discovery process is an efficient method in identifying inhibitors for various diseases. In our study, the interaction between Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a component of green tea, and envelope glycoprotein E2 of HCV is evaluated. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is the most promising polyphenol approved through cell culture analysis that can inhibit the entry of HCV. Therefore, various in silico techniques have been employed to find out other potential inhibitors that can behave as EGCG. Thus, the homology modelling of E2 protein was performed. The potential lead molecules were predicted using ligand-based as well as structure-based virtual screening methods. The compounds obtained were then screened through PyRx. The drugs obtained were ranked based on their binding affinities. Furthermore, the docking of the topmost drugs was performed by AutoDock Vina, while its 2D interactions were plotted in LigPlot+. The lead compound mms02387687 (2-[[5-[(4-ethylphenoxy) methyl]-4-prop-2-enyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] sulfanyl]-N-[3(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] acetamide) was ranked on top, and we believe it can serve as a drug against HCV in the future, owing to experimental validation.
Assuntos
Catequina/análogos & derivados , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Catequina/química , Catequina/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepacivirus/patogenicidade , Hepatite C/virologia , Humanos , Ligantes , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Polifenóis/química , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Chá/química , Envelope Viral/química , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/antagonistas & inibidores , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Effective SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs are desperately needed. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) appears as an attractive target for drug development. We show that the existing pharmacopeia contains many drugs with potential for therapeutic repurposing as selective and potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. We screened a collection of ~6,070 drugs with a previous history of use in humans for compounds that inhibit the activity of Mpro in vitro and found ~50 compounds with activity against Mpro. Subsequent dose validation studies demonstrated 8 dose responsive hits with an IC50 ≤ 50 µM. Hits from our screen are enriched with hepatitis C NS3/4A protease targeting drugs including boceprevir, ciluprevir. narlaprevir, and telaprevir. This work suggests previous large-scale commercial drug development initiatives targeting hepatitis C NS3/4A viral protease should be revisited because some previous lead compounds may be more potent against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro than boceprevir and suitable for rapid repurposing.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Bioensaio , Fluorescência , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: New agents for developing alternative or complementary medicine to treat the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are still needed due to high rates of HCV infection globally and the current limitations of available treatments. Treatment of HCV with a combination of direct acting antivirals have been shown to be approximately 90% effective but will be limited in the future due to the emergence of drug resistance and high cost. The leaves of Melicope latifolia have previously been reported to have anti-HCV activity and are a potential source of bioactive compounds for future novel drug development. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the extract of M. latifolia fruit to treat HCV and to isolate its active compounds. METHOD: M. latifolia fruit was extracted using methanol and purified using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and Radial Chromatography. The anti-HCV activity was analyzed using cell culture lines Huh7it-1 and JFH1 (genotype 2a). Time-of-addition and immunoblotting studies were performed to identify the mode of action of the isolated active compounds. The structures of the active compounds were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, UV, IR, and Mass Spectra. RESULTS: Six known compounds were isolated from M. latifolia fruit: O-methyloktadrenolon, alloevodionol, isopimpinellin, alloxanthoxyletin, methylevodionol, and N-methylflindersine. N-methylflidersine was the most active compound with IC50 value of 3.8 µg/ml while methylevodionol, isopimpinellin, and alloevodionol were less active. O-methyloktadrenolon and alloxanthoxyletin were moderately active with IC50 values of 10.9 and 21.72 µg/ml, respectively. N-methylflidersine decreased level of HCV NS3 protein expression in the cells. CONCLUSION: The alkaloid compound, N-methylflindersine which was isolated from M. latifolia possesses anti-HCV activity through post-entry inhibition and suppressed NS3 protein expression.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Benzopiranos/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Rutaceae/química , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/toxicidade , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/toxicidade , Benzopiranos/química , Benzopiranos/toxicidade , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/química , Hepatite C/virologia , Humanos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/toxicidadeRESUMO
Many successful anti-viral and anti-cancer drugs are nucleoside analogs, which disrupt RNA and/or DNA synthesis. Here, we present liver-specific prodrugs of the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. The prodrugs were synthesized by introducing aromatic functional moieties to the cytosine 4-NH2 group of gemcitabine via amide bonds. The chemical modification was designed to i) enable passive diffusion across cellular membrane, ii) protect the prodrugs from inactivating deamination by cellular enzymes, and iii) allow release of active gemcitabine after amide hydrolysis by high levels of carboxylesterases in the liver. We found that many of our prodrugs exhibited similar toxicity as gemcitabine toward liver- and kidney-derived cancer cell lines but were 24- to 620-fold less cytotoxic than gemcitabine in breast- and pancreas-derived cancer cells, respectively. The prodrugs also inhibited an HCV replicon with IC50 values ranging from 10 nM-1.7 µM. Moreover, many of the prodrugs had therapeutic index values of >10,000 and have synergetic effects when combined with other Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-HCV small molecule drugs. These characteristics support the development of gemcitabine prodrugs as liver-specific therapeutics.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/química , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Desoxicitidina/síntese química , Desoxicitidina/química , Desoxicitidina/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Desenho de Fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Pró-Fármacos/síntese química , Pró-Fármacos/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , GencitabinaRESUMO
The genus Foeniculum is known for its wide ethnobotanical use in the Mediterranean region. Herein, we explored the compositional differences of volatile oils and headspace aroma of Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum (Mill.) Thell.) based on its different organs and various geographical origins via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sixty-seven volatile components were detected with phenylpropenes and monoterpenes, including trans-anethole, limonene, α-pinene, trans-ß-ocimene, fenchyl acetate, and fenchone, as major constituents. Phenylpropenes were dominant in fennel hydro-distilled oils, whereas monoterpenes were dominant in most of the headspace aroma. The infraspecific variability was assessed using the unsupervised multivariate data analysis tools PCA and HCA, resulting in segregate clustering of accessions from different organs and locations with trans-anethole, limonene, trans-ß-ocimene, fenchone, myristicin, and apiole as major phytomarkers contributing to this segregation. The antiviral activities of samples against hepatitis A and C viruses were investigated using the plaque reduction assay, HAV 3C proteinase and HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitory assays with a percentage inhibition between 66% and 85% and IC50 values from 1.8 to 26.7 µg mL-1. In silico molecular docking scores in latter enzyme binding pockets revealed key allosteric interactions with trans-ß-ocimene and ß-fenchyl acetate showing the best Gibb's free energy. Florence fennel exhibited interesting new perspectives for medicinal and industrial applications.
Assuntos
Antivirais , Foeniculum/química , Óleos Voláteis , Óleos de Plantas , Antivirais/análise , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Hepatite A/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Schisandronic acid (SA), a triterpenoid from fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera, inhibited pan-genotypic HCV entry into human hepatocytes by interfering with virion-cell membrane fusion. It was a promising lead compound for the development of novel HCV entry inhibition agents. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to search for compounds with more potent anti-HCV and antitumor activities and explore SARs. A series of novel derivatives of SA were designed and synthesized and evaluated for in vitro, their anti-HCV and antitumor activities. METHODS: SA derivatives were synthesized by reduction, condensation, esterification or amidation. The anti-HCV activity of title compounds was tested by inhibition on HCVcc infection of Huh7 cells, and a preliminary MOA study was conducted by determining inhibition on HCVpp entry into Huh7 cells. The antitumor activity in vitro was determined by MTT methods. RESULTS: In total, 24 novel derivatives were synthesized. Most of the compounds inhibited HCVcc infection. Compounds 5h and 6 showed the most potent anti-HCVcc activities and inhibition of HCVpp entry into Huh7 cells without obvious cytotoxicity. Most of the title compounds showed potent in vitro antitumor activities against Bel7404 and SMMC7721 tumor cell lines. Compounds 5j and 6 exhibited more potent antitumor activity than positive control SA and DOX. CONCLUSION: Structural modification of SA could lead to the discovery of potent anti-HCV or antitumor agents. Compounds 5h, 5j and 6 were promising lead compounds for development of novel HCV entry inhibition or antitumor agents.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Triterpenos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antivirais/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Hepacivirus/patogenicidade , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C/virologia , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatócitos/virologia , Humanos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to threaten patients, societies and healthcare systems around the world. There is an urgent need to search for possible medications. OBJECTIVE: This article intends to use virtual screening and molecular docking methods to find potential inhibitors from existing drugs that can respond to COVID-19. METHODS: To take part in the current research investigation and to define a potential target drug that may protect the world from the pandemic of corona disease, a virtual screening study of 129 approved drugs was carried out which showed that their metabolic characteristics, dosages used, potential efficacy and side effects are clear as they have been approved for treating existing infections. Especially 12 drugs against chronic hepatitis B virus, 37 against chronic hepatitis C virus, 37 against human immunodeficiency virus, 14 anti-herpesvirus, 11 anti-influenza, and 18 other drugs currently on the market were considered for this study. These drugs were then evaluated using virtual screening and molecular docking studies on the active site of the (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (6lu7). Once the efficacy of the drug is determined, it can be approved for its in vitro and in vivo activity against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can be beneficial for the rapid clinical treatment of patients. These drugs were considered potentially effective against SARS-CoV-2 and those with high molecular docking scores were proposed as novel candidates for repurposing. The N3 inhibitor cocrystallized with protease (6lu7) and the anti-HIV protease inhibitor Lopinavir were used as standards for comparison. RESULTS: The results suggest the effectiveness of Beclabuvir, Nilotinib, Tirilazad, Trametinib and Glecaprevir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its main protease. CONCLUSION: These promising drugs can inhibit the replication of the virus; hence, the repurposing of these compounds is suggested for the treatment of COVID-19. No toxicity measurements are required for these drugs since they were previously tested prior to their approval by the FDA. However, the assessment of these potential inhibitors as clinical drugs requires further in vivo tests of these drugs.
Assuntos
Antivirais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Proteases 3C de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Antivirais/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Proteases 3C de Coronavírus/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteases 3C de Coronavírus/química , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A/efeitos dos fármacos , Lopinavir/química , Lopinavir/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Piridonas/química , Piridonas/farmacologia , Pirimidinonas/química , Pirimidinonas/farmacologiaRESUMO
The emergence of drug-resistant strains among the variety of pathogens worsens the situation in today's scenario. In such a situation, a very heavy demand for developing the new antibiotics has arisen, but unfortunately, very limited success has been achieved in this arena till now. Infectious diseases usually make their impression in the form of severe pathology. Intracellular pathogens use the host's cell machinery for their survival. They alter the gene expression of several host's pathways and endorse to shut down the cell's innate defense pathway like apoptosis and autophagy. Intracellular pathogens are co-evolved with hosts and have a striking ability to manipulate the host's factors. They also mimic the host molecules and secrete them to prevent the host's proper immune response against them for their survival. Intracellular pathogens in chronic diseases create excessive inflammation. This excessive inflammation manifests in pathology. Host directed therapy could be alternative medicine in this situation; it targets the host factors, and abrogates the replication and persistence of pathogens inside the cell. It also provokes the anti-microbial immune response against the pathogen and reduces the exacerbation by enhancing the healing process to the site of pathology. HDT targets the host's factor involved in a certain pathway that ultimately targets the pathogen life cycle and helps in eradication of the pathogen. In such a scenario, HDT could also play a significant role in the treatment of drugsensitive as well with drug resistance strains because it targets the host's factors, which favors the pathogen survival inside the cell.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/química , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Interações entre Hospedeiro e Microrganismos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
In recent decades, much attention has been given to cyclopropyl scaffolds, which commonly exist in natural products and synthetic organic molecules. Clinical drug molecules with cyclopropyl rings are an area of focus in therapeutic research due to their interesting chemical properties and unique pharmacology activity. These molecular drugs against different targets are applicable in some therapeutic treatment fields including cancer, infection, respiratory disorder, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, dysphrenia, nervous system disorders, endocrine and metabolic disorders, skin disease, digestive disorders, urogenital diseases, otolaryngological and dental diseases, and eye diseases. This review is a guide for pharmacologists who are in search of valid preclinical/clinical drug compounds where the progress, from 1961 to the present day, of approved marketed drugs containing cyclopropyl scaffold is examined.
Assuntos
Ciclopropanos/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Ciprofloxacina/química , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Ciclopropanos/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Oligopeptídeos/química , Oligopeptídeos/metabolismo , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
Structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) has served as a popular strategy for rational drug discovery. In this study, we aimed to discover novel benzopyran-based inhibitors that targeted the NS3 enzymes (NS3/4A protease and NS3 helicase) of HCV G3 using a combination of in silico and in vitro approaches. With the aid of SBVS, six novel compounds were discovered to inhibit HCV G3 NS3/4A protease and two phytochemicals (ellagic acid and myricetin) were identified as dual-target inhibitors that inhibited both NS3/4A protease and NS3 helicase in vitro (IC50 = 40.37 ± 5.47 nm and 6.58 ± 0.99 µm, respectively). Inhibitory activities against the replication of HCV G3 replicons were further assessed in a cell-based system with four compounds showed dose-dependent inhibition. Compound P8 was determined to be the most potent compound from the cell-based assay with an EC50 of 19.05 µm. The dual-target inhibitor, ellagic acid, was determined as the second most potent (EC50 = 32.37 µm) and the most selective in its inhibitory activity against the replication of HCV replicons, without severely affecting the viability of the host cells (selectivity index > 6.18).
Assuntos
Ácido Elágico/química , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Benzopiranos/química , Benzopiranos/metabolismo , Benzopiranos/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Ácido Elágico/metabolismo , Ácido Elágico/farmacologia , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepacivirus/genética , Humanos , Cinética , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Inibidores de Proteases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismo , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The discovery of a pan-genotypic hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor based on a P1-P3 macrocyclic tripeptide motif is described. The all-carbon tether linking the P1-P3 subsites of 21 is functionalized with alkyl substituents, which are shown to effectively modulate both potency and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. The CF3Boc-group that caps the P3 amino moiety was discovered to be an essential contributor to metabolic stability, while positioning a methyl group at the C1 position of the P1' cyclopropyl ring enhanced plasma trough values following oral administration to rats. The C7-fluoro, C6-CD3O substitution pattern of the P2* isoquinoline heterocycle of 21 was essential to securing the targeted potency, pharmacokinetic (PK), and toxicological profiles. The C6-CD3O redirected metabolism away from a problematic pathway, thereby circumventing the time-dependent cytochrome P (CYP) 450 inhibition observed with the C6-CH3O prototype.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/metabolismo , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Células CHO , Cricetulus , Descoberta de Drogas , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Peptídeos Cíclicos/síntese química , Peptídeos Cíclicos/metabolismo , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacocinética , Ratos , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/síntese química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/metabolismo , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacocinética , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a validated target for nucleoside antiviral drug therapy. We endeavored to synthesize and test a series of 4'-thionucleosides with a monophosphate prodrug moiety for their antiviral activity against HCV and other related viruses in the Flaviviridae family. Nucleoside analogs were prepared via the stereoselective Vorbrüggen glycosylation of various nucleobases with per-acetylated 2-C-methyl-4-thio-d-ribose built in a 10-step synthetic sequence from the corresponding ribonolactone. Conjugation of the thionucleoside to a ProTide phosphoramidate allowed for evaluation of the prodrugs in the cellular HCV replicon assay with anti-HCV activities ranging from single-digit micromolar (µM) to >200 µM. The diminished anti-HCV potency of our best compound compared to its 4'-oxo congener is the subject of ongoing research in our lab and is proposed to stem from changes in sugar geometry imparted by the larger sulfur atom.
Assuntos
Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Pró-Fármacos/síntese química , Tionucleosídeos/química , Amidas/química , Linhagem Celular , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Nucleosídeos/síntese química , Fosfatos/química , Ácidos Fosfóricos/química , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Viral infections and associated diseases are responsible for a substantial number of mortality and public health problems around the world. Each year, infectious diseases kill 3.5 million people worldwide. The current pandemic caused by COVID-19 has become the greatest health hazard to people in their lifetime. There are many antiviral drugs and vaccines available against viruses, but they have many disadvantages, too. There are numerous side effects for conventional drugs, and active mutation also creates drug resistance against various viruses. This has led scientists to search herbs as a source for the discovery of more efficient new antivirals. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 65% of the world population is in the practice of using plants and herbs as part of treatment modality. Additionally, plants have an advantage in drug discovery based on their long-term use by humans, and a reduced toxicity and abundance of bioactive compounds can be expected as a result. In this review, we have highlighted the important viruses, their drug targets, and their replication cycle. We provide in-depth and insightful information about the most favorable plant extracts and their derived phytochemicals against viral targets. Our major conclusion is that plant extracts and their isolated pure compounds are essential sources for the current viral infections and useful for future challenges.
Assuntos
Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Herpes Simples/tratamento farmacológico , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Fitoquímicos/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/classificação , Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Descoberta de Drogas , HIV/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV/patogenicidade , HIV/fisiologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepacivirus/patogenicidade , Hepacivirus/fisiologia , Hepatite C Crônica/patologia , Hepatite C Crônica/virologia , Herpes Simples/patologia , Herpes Simples/virologia , Humanos , Influenza Humana/patologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Orthomyxoviridae/efeitos dos fármacos , Orthomyxoviridae/patogenicidade , Orthomyxoviridae/fisiologia , Pandemias , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/classificação , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Simplexvirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Simplexvirus/patogenicidade , Simplexvirus/fisiologia , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that is becoming a serious global threat, owing to its rising incidence in inter-tropical regions that yield over 50 million annual infections. There are currently no approved antiviral agents for the management of dengue, and recent shortcomings in its immunization called for immediate action to develop effective drugs with prophylactic ability to better manage its infection. In an attempt to discover novel antiviral sources, we identified the medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum (PC) as a bioactive botanical material against DENV infectivity. Specifically, the methanolic extract from PC rhizomes (PCME) potently inhibited DENV infection without causing significant cytotoxicity. Further examination on the viral life cycle demonstrated that PCME particularly targeted the initial stages of DENV infection, while pre- and post-infection treatments had no effect. More importantly, the PCME could efficiently inactivate DENV free virus particles and block the viral attachment and entry/fusion events without apparently influencing viral replication, egress, and cell-to-cell spread. The antiviral effect of PCME was also recapitulated in infection analysis using DENV pseudoparticles displaying viral structural proteins that mediate DENV particle entry. Besides, PCME treatment also inhibited direct DENV entry into several cell types relevant to its infection and reduced viral infectivity of other members of the Flaviviridae family, including the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Due to its potency against DENV entry, we suggest that the phytobioactive extract from PC is an excellent starting point as an antiviral source material for further development of therapeutic strategies in the prophylactic management of DENV infection.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Vírus da Dengue/efeitos dos fármacos , Dengue/tratamento farmacológico , Fallopia japonica/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Chlorocebus aethiops , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Células Vero , Ligação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Induction of broad Th1 cellular immune responses and cytokines is crucial characteristics for vaccines against intracellular infections such as hepatitis C virus (HCV). Plants (especially oilseed tissues) and plant-immunomodulators (like oil bodies) offer cost-effective and scalable possibilities for the production of immunologically relevant and safe vaccine antigens and adjuvants, respectively. Herein, we provide data of the murine immunization by transgenic canola oilseed-derived HCV core protein (HCVcp) soluble extract (TSE) and Escherichia coli- derived rHCVcp in combination with Canola oil bodies (oil) compared to that of the Freund's (FA) adjuvant. Mice immunized by TSE+ oil developed both strong humeral (IgG) and Th1-biased cellular responses, manifested by high levels of IFN-γ and lower IgG1/IgG2a ratio and IL-4 secretion. Results of the intracellular cytokine staining indicated that TSE+ oil immunization in mice triggered both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to release IFN-γ, while CD4+ cells were mostly triggered when FA was used. Analyses by qRT-PCR indicated that a combination of rHCVcp/TSE with oil body induced high levels of IL-10 cytokines compared to that of the FA adjuvant. These characteristics are important properties for the design of an HCV vaccine candidate and indicate the potential of Canola-derived antigen and oil bodies in addressing these concerns.
Assuntos
Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatite C Crônica/prevenção & controle , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Células Th1/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas do Core Viral/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Hepatite Viral/administração & dosagem , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/virologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Feminino , Hepacivirus/imunologia , Hepacivirus/patogenicidade , Hepatite C Crônica/imunologia , Hepatite C Crônica/patologia , Hepatite C Crônica/virologia , Imunidade Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-10/biossíntese , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Óleo de Brassica napus/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Brassica napus/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th1/virologia , Proteínas do Core Viral/biossíntese , Proteínas do Core Viral/imunologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite Viral/biossínteseRESUMO
On June 8, 2018, an NS3/4A protease inhibitor called danoprevir was approved in China to treat the infections of HCV genotype (GT) 1b - the most common HCV genotype worldwide. Based on phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, the 12-week regimen of ritonavir-boosted danoprevir (danoprevir/r) plus peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin offered 97.1% (200/206) of sustained virologic response at post-treatment week 12 (SVR12) in treatment-naïve non-cirrhotic patients infected with HCV genotype 1b. Adverse events such as anemia, fatigue, fever, and headache were associated with the inclusion of peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in the danoprevir-based regimen. Moreover, drug resistance to danoprevir could be traced to amino acid substitutions (Q80K/R, R155K, D168A/E/H/N/T/V) near the drug-binding pocket of HCV NS3 protease. Despite its approval, the clinical use of danoprevir is currently limited to its combination with peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin, thereby driving its development towards interferon-free, ribavirin-free regimens with improved tolerability and adherence. In the foreseeable future, pan-genotypic direct-acting antivirals with better clinical efficacy and less adverse events will be available to treat HCV infections worldwide.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Ciclopropanos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Isoindóis/farmacologia , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/farmacologia , Prolina/análogos & derivados , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/química , Ciclopropanos/síntese química , Ciclopropanos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/genética , Humanos , Isoindóis/síntese química , Isoindóis/química , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/síntese química , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Prolina/síntese química , Prolina/química , Prolina/farmacologia , Serina Proteases/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
Evidence indicates that hepatitis C virus (HCV) utilizes cellular cyclophilin proteins in its replication, and cyclophilin inhibitors represent a new class of anti-HCV agents. We have established an efficient synthetic methodology to generate FR901459 derivatives via N, O-acyl migration reaction while avoiding total synthesis. Through a detailed structure-activity relationship study, we improved anti-HCV activity while decreasing immunosuppressive activity. Additionally, we discovered the importance of substitution at the 3 position for not only improving anti-HCV activity but also pharmacokinetic profile. Finally, by striking an appropriate balance between potency, solubility, and permeability, we discovered ASP5286 (13) as a potential clinical candidate for anti-HCV therapy.