In-silico modeling and in-vitro studies of 2,1-benzothiazine-2,2-dioxide based hydrazone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by frequent urination, hunger and high blood sugar level. α-glucosidase inhibitors are considered as a frontline treatment for the DM. This research article deals with the identification of benzothiazine derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors through in-silico techniques and then the confirmation through in-vitro analysis. Molecular docking studies were carried out to find out the binding interactions of targeted molecules with receptor molecule i.e., α-glucosidase enzyme. The synthetic compounds 1 (a-n), 2 (a-d) and 3 (a-b) were evaluated for in-vitro alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities that resulted in the discovery of various potent molecules. Majority of the compounds (1c, 1f, 1g, 1k-n, 2a-d and 3a-b) exhibited good inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Compounds 1c, 1g, 1k and 1m appeared as the potent active compounds with the IC50 values 17.44, 27.64, 24.43, 42.59 and 16.90 µM respectively. Compounds 1c & 2c were found almost 3-folds more active than the standard acarbose. The study may lead to discover potent drug candidates with less complication for the treatment of the type II diabetes mellitus.

Synthesis and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity of 2-[3-(Benzoyl/4-bromobenzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl]-N-arylacetamides: An In Silico and Biochemical Approach.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder and has affected a large number of people worldwide. Insufficient insulin production causes an increase in blood glucose level that results in DM. To lower the blood glucose level, various drugs are employed that block the activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme, which is considered responsible for the breakdown of polysaccharides into monosaccharides leading to an increase in the intestinal blood glucose level. We have synthesized novel 2-(3-(benzoyl/4-bromobenzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)-N-arylacetamides and have screened them for their in silico and in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition activity. The derivatives 11c, 12a, 12d, 12e, and 12g emerged as potent inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme. These compounds exhibited good docking scores and excellent binding interactions with the selected residues (Asp203, Asp542, Asp327, His600, Arg526) during in silico screening. Similarly, these compounds also showed good in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitions with IC50 values of 30.65, 18.25, 20.76, 35.14, and 24.24 µM, respectively, which were better than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50 = 58.8 µM). Furthermore, a good agreement was observed between in silico and in vitro modes of study.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of selective hybrid coumarin-thiazolidinedione aldose reductase-II inhibitors as potential antidiabetics.

Thiazolidinediones (TZD), benzopyrans are the proven scaffolds for inhibiting Aldose reductase (ALR2) activity and their structural confluence with the retention of necessary fragments helped in designing a series of hybrid compounds 2-(5-cycloalkylidene-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-N-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)acetamide (10a-n) for better ALR2 inhibition. The compounds were synthesized by treating substituted 3-(N-bromoacetyl amino)coumarins (9a-d) with potassium salt of 5-cyclo alkylidene-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-diones (4a-d). The inhibition activity against ALR2 with IC50 values range from 0.012 ± 0.001 to 0.056 ± 0.007 µM. N-[(6-Bromo-3-coumarinyl)-2-(5-cyclopentylidene-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)] acetamide (10c) with cyclopentylidene group on one end and the 6-bromo group on the other end showed better inhibitory property (IC50 = 0.012 µM) and selectivity index (324.166) against the ALR2, a forty fold superiority over sorbinil, a better molecule over epalrestat and rest of the analogues exhibited a far superior response over sorbinil and slightly better as compared with epalrestat. It was further confirmed by the insilico studies that compound 10c showed best inhibition activity among the synthesized compounds with a high selectivity index against the ALR2. In invivo experiments, supplementation of compound 10c to STZ induced rats delayed the progression of cataract in a dose-dependent manner warranting its further development as a potential agent to treat thediabetic secondary complications especially cataract.

Benzosuberene-sulfone analogues synthesis from Cedrus deodara oil and their therapeutic evaluation by computational analysis to treat type 2 diabetes.

Benzosuberene-sulfone (BSS) analogues have been semi-synthesized following green approaches from himachalenes, which has been extracted from essential oil of Cedrus deodara. In this process, benzosuberene in presence of different aryl or alkyl sodium sulfinates, I2 and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) in acetonitrile-water solvent conditions gave BSS-analogues at room temperature. Under this reaction, a facile endocyclic ß-H elimination has been noticed for BSS-analogues synthesis instead of vinyl sulfones and the reason may be due to its specific structure and electronic environment. The BSS-compounds were obtained with moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions. All the compounds were computationally subjected to drug likeliness and toxicity prediction studies. Further, the synthesized molecules were evaluated under in-silico studies for their binding affinity towards the native Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG), and two PPARG mutants (R357A and V290M). Both the mutant forms of PPARG are deficient in eliciting a response to treatment with full and partial agonists. Our computational studies suggested that the molecule 3q performed better than the standard drug (Rosiglitazone) in all three protein structures. This implies that our suggested molecule could act as a more potent antagonist to native PPARG and could also be developed to treat type-2 diabetes patients with R357A and V290M mutations, which didn't elicit any response to currently available drugs in the market.

Synthesis, Stability, and Antidiabetic Activity Evaluation of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Palmitate Derived from Natural Tea Polyphenols.

This work describes a novel approach for the synthesis of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) palmitate by a chemical-synthesis method, where the elevated stability of the EGCG derivative is achieved. Various parameters affecting the acylation process, such as the base, solvent, as well as the molar ratio of palmitoyl chloride, have been studied to optimize the acylation procedure. The optimized reaction condition was set as follows: EGCG/palmitoyl chloride/sodium acetate was under a molar ratio of 1:2:2, with acetone as the solvent, and the reaction temperature was 40 °C. Under the optimized condition, the yield reached 90.6%. The EGCG palmitate (PEGCG) was isolated and identified as 4'-O-palmitoyl EGCG. Moreover, the stability of PEGCG under different conditions was proved significantly superior to EGCG. Finally, PEGCG showed better inhibition towards α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which was 4.5 and 52 times of EGCG, respectively. Molecular docking simulations confirmed the in vitro assay results. This study set a novel and practical synthetic approach for the derivatization of EGCG, and suggest that PEGCG may act as an antidiabetic agent.

Recent advances on synthesis and biological activities of aurones.

Aurones are naturally occurring structural isomerides of flavones that have diverse bioactivities including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimalarial, antioxidant, neuropharmacological activities and so on. They constitute an important class of pharmacologically active scaffolds that exhibit multiple biological activities via diverse mechanisms. This review article provides an update on the recent advances (2013-2020.4) in the synthesis and biological activities of these derivatives. In the cases where sufficient information is available, some important structure-activity relationships (SAR) of their biological activities were presented, and on the strength of our expertise in medicinal chemistry and careful analysis of the recent literature, for the potential of aurones as medicinal drugs is proposed.

Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles from Leaves of Ficus palmata and Evaluation of Their Anti-inflammatory and Anti-diabetic Activities.

Metal nanoparticles (AgNPs and ZnONPs) were synthesized using a green methodology with the green leaves extract of the Bedu (Ficus palmata) tree as a reducing agent and the support of natural fibers. The synthesized AgNPs and ZnONPs were characterized by several techniques, including ultraviolet-visible spectral analysis, powder X-ray diffraction crystal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, EDAX, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed that the synthesized particles are in the nano range (1-100 nm), i.e., 30 nm for AgNPs with polydispersity and a spherical shape, whereas the average size of synthesized ZnONPs is 34 nm and they seem to exhibit a distorted spherical shape. The results of thermogravimetric analysis confirmed a weight loss of 18.02% for AgNPs under exothermic conditions due to the desorption of water, and ZnONPs show weight loss between 265 and 500 °C. Both synthesized MNPs are highly thermally stable. Anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic studies of metal NPs have been evaluated. The AgNPs and ZnONPs of F. palmata leaves showed remarkably highly potent activity for respective strains. In vitro anti-diabetic activity was found for inhibition of α-amylases and α-glucosidases by synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Synthesis, characterization, antidiabetic and antioxidative evaluation of a novel Zn(II)-gallic acid complex with multi-facet activity.

OBJECTIVES: This study was done to synthesize a novel Zn(II)-gallic acid complex with improved antidiabetic and antioxidative properties. METHODS: The complex was synthesized and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and 1 H NMR. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Chang liver cells and L6 myotubes. Radical scavenging and Fe3+ -reducing, as well as α-glucosidase, α-amylase and glycation inhibitory properties were measured. Glucose uptake was measured in L6 myotubes, while the complex was docked against glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) and protein kinase B (PKB). KEY FINDINGS: Analysis showed that complexation occurred through a Zn(O4 ) coordination; thus, the complex acquired two moieties of gallic acid, which suggests why complexation increased the DPPH (IC50  = 48.2 µm) and ABTS (IC50  = 12.7 µm) scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory (IC50  = 58.5 µm) properties of gallic acid by several folds (5.5, 3.6 and 2.7 folds; IC50  = 8.79, 3.51 and 21.5 µm, respectively). Zn(II) conferred a potent dose-dependent glucose uptake activity (EC50  = 9.17 µm) on gallic acid, without reducing the viability of L6 myotubes and hepatocytes. Docking analysis showed the complex had stronger interaction with insulin signalling proteins (GLUT-4 and PKB) than its precursor. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that complexation of Zn(II) with gallic acid resulted in a complex with improved and multi-facet antioxidative and glycaemic control properties.

Discovery of novel potent GPR40 agonists containing imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine core as antidiabetic agents.

Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1 or GPR40) has been studied for many years as a target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In order to increase potency and reduce hepatotoxicity, a series of novel compounds containing imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffold as GPR40 agonist were synthesized. Compound I-14 was identified as an effective agonist as shown by the conspicuous drop in blood glucose in normal and diabetic mice. It had no risk of hepatotoxicity compared with TAK-875. Moreover, good pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of I-14 were observed (CL = 27.26 ml/h/kg, t1/2 = 5.93 h). The results indicate that I-14 could serve as a possible candidate to treat diabetes.

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Capped with Procyanidins from Leucosidea sericea as Potential Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Agents.

In this study, procyanidins fractions of dimers and trimers (F1-F2) from the Leucosidea sericea total extract (LSTE) were investigated for their chemical constituents. The total extract and the procyanidins were employed in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and fully characterized. Au NPs of 6, 24 and 21 nm were obtained using LSTE, F1 and F2 respectively. Zeta potential and in vitro stability studies confirmed the stability of the particles. The enzymatic activity of LSTE, F1, F2 and their corresponding Au NPs showed strong inhibitory alpha-amylase activity where F1 Au NPs demonstrated the highest with IC50 of 1.88 µg/mL. On the other hand, F2 Au NPs displayed the strongest alpha-glucosidase activity at 4.5 µg/mL. F2 and F2 Au NPs also demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, 1834.0 ± 4.7 µM AAE/g and 1521.9 ± 3.0 µM TE/g respectively. The study revealed not only the ability of procyanidins dimers (F1 and F2) in forming biostable and bioactive Au NPs but also, a significant enhancement of the natural products activities, which could improve the smart delivery in future biomedical applications.

Co-stabilization of pioglitazone HCL nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation.

Pioglitazone (PGZ) is an oral antidiabetic agent that increases cell resistance to insulin, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels. PGZ is a class II drug. Because of its pH-dependent solubility, it precipitates at the intestinal pH, resulting in an erratic and incomplete absorption following oral administration, which causes fluctuations in its plasma concentration. A nanoparticle drug delivery system offers a solution to enhance the dissolution rate of this poorly water-soluble drug. PGZ nanoparticles were formulated by the wet milling technique using a planetary ball mill. The effects of the steric stabilizer (Pluronic F-127, PL F-127), electrostatic stabilizer (sodium deoxycholate, SDC), and number of milling cycles were optimized using a Box-Behnken factorial design. The results showed that the ratio of PL F-127: SDC significantly affected the zeta potential and the dissolution efficiency (DE%) of PGZ. The optimized PGZ nanoparticle formulation enhanced the dissolution to reach 100% after 5 min. The in-vivo results showed significant enhancement in Cmax (1.3-fold) compared to that of the raw powder, and both AUC0-24 and AUC0-∞ were significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced. In conclusion, PGZ nanoparticle formulation had enhanced dissolution rate in the alkaline media, which improved its drug bioavailability relative to that of the untreated drug.

Discovery of LY3325656: A GPR142 agonist suitable for clinical testing in human.

The discovery and optimization of a novel series of GPR142 agonists are described. These led to the identification of compound 21 (LY3325656), which demonstrated anti-diabetic benefits in pre-clinical studies and ADME/PK properties suitable for human dosing. Compound 21 is the first GPR142 agonist molecule advancing to phase 1 clinic trials for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.

Dasymaschalolactams A-E, Aristolactams from a Twig Extract of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum.

Five new aristolactam alkaloids (1-5), dasymaschalolactams A-E, and the first isolation of dasymaschalolactone (17) as a natural product, together with 19 known compounds (6-16 and 18-25) were isolated from the twig extract of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as well as comparisons made from the literature. Compounds 20 and 21 showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 4.5 and 24.7 µM, respectively.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of theophylline containing variant acetylene derivatives as α-amylase inhibitors.

A novel pharmacophore with theophylline and acetylene moieties was constructed by using a fragment-based drug design and a series of twenty theophylline containing acetylene conjugates were designed and synthesized, and all the compounds were evaluated by enzyme-based in vitro α-amylase inhibition activity. The in vitro evaluation revealed that most of the compounds displayed good inhibitory activities, and among them nine analogs 13-15, 20, 21 and 24-27 were exhibited more or nearly as equipotent inhibitory activity with IC50 values 1.11 ±â€¯0.07, 1.14 ±â€¯0.17, 1.07 ±â€¯0.01 and 1.21 ±â€¯0.03, 1.33 ±â€¯0.09, 1.17 ±â€¯0.01, 1.05 ±â€¯0.02, 1.61 ±â€¯0.04, 1.02 ±â€¯0.03 µM respectively, as compared with standard, acarbose 1.37 ±â€¯0.26 µM. Further, molecular docking simulation studies were done to identify the interactions and binding mode of synthesized analogs at binding site of α-amylase enzyme (PBD ID: 4GQR). Among the synthesized analogs, two compounds 25 and 27 were selected on the basis of α-amylase inhibition activity and evaluated for in vivo anti-diabetic activity by High Fat Diet-Streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) model in normal rats. At the dose of 10 mg/kg, bw, po these compounds have significantly reduced Plasma Glucose level in rats as compared to pioglitazone. The anti-diabetic activity results showed that the animal treated with the compounds 25 and 27 could better reverse and control the progression of the disease compared to the standard.

Discovery of potent and orally bioavailable indazole-based glucagon receptor antagonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronically elevated plasma glucose levels. The inhibition of glucagon-induced hepatic glucose output via antagonism of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) using a small-molecule antagonist is a promising mechanism for improving glycemic control in the diabetic state. The present work discloses the discovery of indazole-based ß-alanine derivatives as potent GCGR antagonists through an efficient enantioselective synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration and optimization. Compounds within this class exhibited excellent pharmacokinetic properties in multiple preclinical species. In an acute dog glucagon challenge test, compound 13K significantly inhibited glucagon-mediated blood glucose increase when dosed orally at 10 mg/kg.

Enriched zinc oxide nanoparticles by Nasturtium officinale leaf extract: Joint ultrasound-microwave-facilitated synthesis, characterization, and implementation for diabetes control and bacterial inhibition.

The leaf extract of a medicinally important plant, watercress (Nasturtium officinale), was obtained through an ultrasound-facilitated method and utilized for the preparation of ZnO nanoparticles via a joint ultrasound-microwave assisted procedure. The characteristics of the extract enriched nanoparticles (Ext/ZnO) were determined by SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX, BET, FTIR, TGA, and UV-Vis DRS analyses and compared to that of ZnO prepared in the absence of the extract (ZnO). The presence of carbon and carbonaceous bonds, changes in the morphology, size, band gap energy, and weight-decay percentage were a number of differences between ZnO and Ext/ZnO that confirmed the link of extract over nanoparticles. Ext/ZnO, watercress leaf extract, ZnO, and insulin therapies were administrated to treat alloxan-diabetic Wister rats and their healing effectiveness results were compared to one another. The serum levels of the main diabetic indices such as insulin, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile (total triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were estimated for healthy, diabetic, and the rats rehabilitated with the studied therapeutic agents. The watercress extract-enriched ZnO nanoparticles offered the best performance and suppressed the diabetic status of rats. Moreover, both ZnO samples satisfactory inhibited the activities of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Based on the results, the application of Nasturtium officinale leaf extract can strongly empower ZnO nanoparticles towards superior antidiabetic and enhanced antibacterial activities.

Investigation of antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and cytotoxicity potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the outer peel extract of Ananas comosus (L.).

Currently, green nanotechnology-based approaches using waste materials from food have been accepted as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach with various biomedical applications. In the current study, AgNPs were synthesized using the outer peel extract of the fruit Ananas comosus (AC), which is a food waste material. Characterization was done using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The formation of AgNPs has confirmed through UV-visible spectroscopy (at 485 nm) by the change of color owing to surface Plasmon resonance. Based on the XRD pattern, the crystalline property of AgNPs was established. The functional group existing in AC outer peel extract accountable for the reduction of Ag+ ion and the stabilization of AC-AgNPs was investigated through FT-IR. The morphological structures and elemental composition was determined by SEM and EDX analysis. With the growing application of AgNPs in biomedical perspectives, the biosynthesized AC-AgNPs were evaluated for their antioxidative, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic potential against HepG2 cells along with their antibacterial potential. The results showed that AC-AgNPs are extremely effective with high antidiabetic potential at a very low concentration as well as it exhibited higher cytotoxic activity against the HepG2 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. It also exhibited potential antioxidant activity and moderate antibacterial activity against the four tested foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Overall, the results highlight the effectiveness and potential applications of AC-AgNPs in biomedical fields such as in the treatment of acute illnesses as well as in drug formulation for treating various diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Further, it has applications in wound dressing or in treating bacterial related diseases.

Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological potential of green synthesized copper nanoparticles.

The phenomenal and astonishing properties and their different application in the field of pharmaceutical made copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) to be in the spotlight of the researcher's focus. In the present study, copper nanoparticles were biologically synthesized with the aqueous extract of the flower Millettia pinnata, and their corresponding characteristics were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and SAED analysis. Copper acetate was reduced to copper nanoparticles and is confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis. The maximum absorption occurring at 384 nm at the visible spectrum of UV rays confirms the surface plasmon resonance of the nanoparticles. The result of the FTIR spectroscopy analysis of the nanoparticles complements the involvement of organic mioties of the flower extract in the synthesis. The synthesized particles were extremely durable, spherical with the average particle size in the range of 23 ± 1.10 nm. The Cu-NPs exhibited greater inhibition on DPPH radical and nitric oxide scavenging activities. The biologically synthesized Cu-NPs was receptive to the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well. The Cu-NPs exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity using albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization. The present study is the first effort done to synthesize of Cu-NPs from the extract of M. pinnata flower. Consequently, to authenticate the results and to establish the antioxidant, antibacterial, an anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agent, in vivo studies are made in the molecular level.

Synthesis, biological activity and molecular modeling of a new series of condensed 1,2,4-triazoles.

A ring transformation of 6-methyl-7H[1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-b][1,2,4] triazepine-8(9H)-ones (thiones) in the presence of acetic anhydride give rise to a new series of 17 condensed 1,2,4-triazole derivatives (1-17). Plausible mechanisms are proposed and show the formation of a beta fused ß-lactam moiety. The compounds were tested for their (i) inhibitory potential on digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and (ii) antioxidant activity using radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS radicals) and ferric reducing power assays. The compounds showed interesting and promising antidiabetic activities compared to the reference drug Acarbose. Molecular docking study has been carried out to determine the binding mode interactions between these derivatives and the targeted enzymes. The results showed the strength of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in ligand-receptor complexes as an important descriptor in rationalizing the observed inhibition results. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations are also performed for the best protein-ligand complex to understand the stability of small molecule in a protein environment. To shed light on the antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds and the mechanism involved in DPPH free radical, DFT calculations were performed at the B3P86/6-311++G(d,p) level using the polarizable continuum model. The effect of aprotic solvent on bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) is investigated by calculating and comparing BDEs of 1 in methanol and dimethylsulfoxide as solvents using PCM. The obtained results show that the mechanism of action depends on the basic skeleton and the presence of substituted functional groups in these derivatives. BDEs are found to be slightly influenced by the aprotic solvent of less than 0.01 kcal/mol compared with those obtained in methanol.

Design, screening and biological evaluation of novel fatty acid chain-modified oxyntomodulin-based derivatives with prolonged glucose-lowering ability and potent anti-obesity effects.

Recently, oxyntomodulin (OXM) has emerged as a treatment option for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. In order to develop more promising novel OXM derivatives combining glycemic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and lipolytic properties of glucagon, six 12-mer GLP-1 receptor agonists (PP01-PP06) were screened using a phage display method and then fused to OXM (3-37) to generate hybrid OXM derivatives (PP07-PP12). PP11, as a selected starting point, was further site-specifically modified with three lengths of fatty acid chains to provide long-acting conjugates PP13-PP24, among which PP18 was found not only to retain almost the entire balanced activation potency of PP11 in GLP-1/glucagon receptors but also to enhance plasma stability and prolong hypoglycemic activity. PP18 was further confirmed as an insulin secretagogue and glycemic agent in gene knockout mice. The protracted antidiabetic effects and in vivo half-life of PP18 were further proved by hypoglycemic efficacies in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice and pharmacokinetics tests in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, respectively. Nevertheless, administration of PP18 once per day normalized food intake, body weight, blood biochemical indexes, insulin resistance and islet function of DIO mice. These preclinical results suggested that PP18, as a novel OXM-based dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, may serve as a novel therapeutic approach to treat T2DM and obesity.