[Pediatric psychosomatic medicine and the medicalization of childhood in Buenos Aires, 1940-1970]. / Pediatría psicosomática y medicalización de la infancia en Buenos Aires, 1940-1970.

This article analyzes how the dominance of pediatric psychosomatic medicine in the Argentine medical field caused a transformation in treatments. It shows how, beginning in the 1950s, psy-experts and interdisciplinary approaches found a space at the Hospital de Niños (Children's Hospital) in Buenos Aires; and how the growth of attachment theory made it possible for mothers to stay with their children in hospital. It explains the construction of certain conditions as "family diseases" in a context of declining birthrates. It focuses on the speeches of a key figure, Florencio Escardó, not only because he was hegemonic in the scientific field but because he also played an important role dispensing advice in the media.

Pediatría psicosomática y medicalización de la infancia en Buenos Aires, 1940-1970 / Pediatric psychosomatic medicine and the medicalization of childhood in Buenos Aires, 1940-1970

Resumen Analiza cómo el predominio de la pediatría psicosomática en el campo médico argentino supuso una transformación en los tratamientos. Estudia cómo, a partir de la década de 1950, los expertos psi y los abordajes interdisciplinarios encontraron espacios en el Hospital de Niños de Buenos Aires; y cómo la difusión de la teoría del apego facilitó la internación conjunta de las madres. Explica la configuración de ciertas dolencias como “enfermedades de familia” en un escenario en el que bajaron las tasas de natalidad. Se focaliza en los discursos de su principal referente, Florencio Escardó, no sólo porque fue hegemónico en el campo científico sino porque también ocupó un rol predominante como consejero en los medios de comunicación.

Abstract This article analyzes how the dominance of pediatric psychosomatic medicine in the Argentine medical field caused a transformation in treatments. It shows how, beginning in the 1950s, psy-experts and interdisciplinary approaches found a space at the Hospital de Niños (Children’s Hospital) in Buenos Aires; and how the growth of attachment theory made it possible for mothers to stay with their children in hospital. It explains the construction of certain conditions as “family diseases” in a context of declining birthrates. It focuses on the speeches of a key figure, Florencio Escardó, not only because he was hegemonic in the scientific field but because he also played an important role dispensing advice in the media.

CHRONICLE OF THE "ANGLO-YUGOSLAV CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL" IN SREMSKA KAMENICA.

As a peacetime work of Katherine S. Macphail (Glasgow, 1887- St.Andrews, 1974) MB ChB (Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery), the Anglo-Serbian Children's Hospital in Belgrade was established after World War I, and the English-Yugoslav Children's Hospital for Treatment of Osteoarticular Tuberculosis was founded in Sremska Kamenica in 1934. Situated on the Fruska Gora slope, the hospital-sanatorium was a well-equipped medical institution with an operating theatre and x-ray machine providing very advanced therapy, comparable to those in Switzerland and England: aero and heliotherapy, good quality nourishment, etc. In addition, school lessons were organized as well as several types of handwork as the work-therapy. It was a privately owned hospital but almost all the children were treated free of cost. The age for admission was up to 14. During the period from 1934 to 1937, around 458 children underwent hospital treatment, most of them with successful results. During the war years the Sanatorium was closed but after the war it was reactivated. In 1948 by the act of final nationalization of all medical institutions in the communist Yugoslavia, the hospital was transformed into a ward of orthopedic surgery under the supervision of the referent departments in Belgrade and Novi Sad. Today, hospital is out of work and deprived of its humanitarian mission. The building is neglected and in ruins although it has been proclaimed the national treasure by the Regional Institute for Protection of Monuments of Culture.

Mineral waters, electricity, and hemlock: devising therapeutics for children in eighteenth-century institutions.

The development of paediatric medicine as a formal field of medical specialisation is usually traced to the mid-nineteenth century at the earliest. While it is true that formal specialisation in children's medicine was not, on the whole, typical for eighteenth-century medical practitioners, many displayed a deep and lasting interest in the diseases of children, and were consequently eager to develop therapeutic practices which could be targeted at infants and children. This led to a variety of attempts at innovation, many of which benefitted from the co-operation of, and opportunities afforded by, institutions. By examining the efforts of several medical practitioners at the London Foundling Hospital and at the Dispensary for the Infant Poor, this article explores how eighteenth-century medical practitioners used their affiliations with institutions to address the problems of devising or adapting therapeutic practices and treatments for children. In tailoring medical practice to suit children and, more specifically, in using institutions to do so, medical practitioners were demonstrating that child patients required special consideration, that children's diseases could be managed medically and with the benefit of new approaches and methods, and that children's health, as a whole, was the province of medical practitioners.

Pediatric hospital medicine: historical perspectives, inspired future.

Pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) is in an accelerated growth phase. Multiple elements have combined to affect the current state of the field. PHM is similar to other geographic specialties such as pediatric emergency medicine and pediatric critical care that deliver general, comprehensive care to patients based on hospital site. Pediatric hospitalists have been molded by changes in medicine, consumer expectations, and training program modifications. The history of PHM dates back for more than 3 decades, when unwitting pediatricians began to focus on delivering care for the hospitalized child. The ensuing years allowed for natural responses to external pressures that resulted in much of the field's initial development. In more recent years, however, pediatric hospitalists have been catalysts for change and driving forces for health care systems' improvements. Simultaneous with this has been the nearly exponential surge of energy focused on targeted initiatives, which have further defined the field and brought attention on a national level. PHM is at a critical but brilliant juncture in development. Further decisions regarding scope and demonstration of competencies are important to make with clarity of purpose. Pediatric hospitalists are advancing child health in the inpatient setting through evidence-based care, research, education, clinical excellence, advocacy, and health care business acumen. With a strong community sense and leadership evident, PHM has a bright future.

Tiny cripples and the sunshine of life: 15 years of children's nursing at Vancouver Island's Queen Alexandra Solarium 1927-1942.

The establishment of children's hospitals became one of the most important legacies of the child-saving movement in the early 20th century. As children's hospitals became more focused on acute and curable illnesses, facilities were developed to provide care and support for "crippled" or "incurable" children. The Queen Alexandra Solarium provided long-term care for crippled children in Western Canada and was developed to augment the acute care services of the British Columbia Children's Hospital. The staff of the solarium provided "healing by nature's method"-rest, fresh air and sunshine, nutritious food, and gentle nursing care-in the calming beachside location of Saanich Inlet on Vancouver Island. Examination of available hospital documentation from the years 1927 through 1942 shows that nurses played a key, yet silent role, in the extended care of chronically ill children.

[The "Lebenswarthische homopathische Kinderspital" in Vienna (1879-1914): notes on the history of the first homeopathic children's hospital]. / Das "Lebenswarthische homoopathische Kinderspital" in Wien (1879-1914) - zur Geschichte des ersten homoopathischen Kinderkrankenhauses im deutschsprachigen Raum.

Homeopathy was brought to Austria in 1817, rapidly spreading throughout the country. In the late 1870s a homeopathic physician started a foundation to build a children's hospital in Vienna. As a result, the first homeopathic children's hospital in the world opened in Vienna in 1879, under the management of the order of the Barmherzige Schwestern. Treatment was free of charge, allowing even the poor children of the city to be admitted. A single homeopathic physician was responsible for all the patients, most of whom suffered from infectious diseases. Apparently the success rate of the homeopathic treatments was comparable to that of "allopathic" hospitals. The children's hospital remained in operation until World War I, when it was converted into a military hospital.

Pediatric oncology in Slovenia.

Slovenia, a new country and formerly a part of Yugoslavia, has had its Childrens Hospital in Ljubljana since 1865. This became a part of the University Hospital in 1945, and in the early 1960s the Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology was established. The Oncological Institute of Slovenia was established in 1938 and has developed into a modern facility for comprehensive cancer care, research, and teaching. In close cooperation, established in the 1960s, a team from these two institutions takes care of the approximately 60 children per year who develop cancer in Slovenia. Consisting of pediatricians, radiation oncologists, pathologists, cytologists, surgeons, and other ad hoc specialists, the team meets at least twice weekly to plan treatment, follow the patients, discuss the results, and teach. All patients are subject to regular follow-up indefinitely. A separate team has been formed to study the late effects of cancer treatment on survivors, who by now are mostly adults.