Involvement of connexin 43 in the acupuncture effect of improving rat blastocyst implantation.

Acupuncture can improve blastocyst implantation in rats. Connexin 43 may be involved in this effect.

Local immune regulatory effects of Bangdeyun on the endometrium of mice with embryo implantation dysfunction during the implantation time.

This study examined the effects of Bangdeyun on the expressions of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the endometrium of mice with embryo implantation dysfunction (EID) during the implantation time (namely on pregnancy day 5, 6, 7 and 8) and explored the local immune regulatory effects of Bangdeyun. The gestational mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group and Bangdeyun-treated group. EID models of mice were established by using indomethacin. The endometrial expression of NF-kappaB was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. IFN-gamma and IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that in the normal group, NF-kappaB and IFN-gamma were weakly expressed and IL-10 was strongly expressed in the endometrium during the whole implantation period. In the model group, the expressions of NF-kappaB and IFN-gamma were increased on pregnancy day 5, 6 and 7, and IL-10 expression decreased during the whole implantation time when compared with those in the normal group (P<0.01 for all). In the Bangdeyun-treated group, little amount of NF-kappaB and IFN-gamma was expressed and IL-10 expression was strong, much the way they were expressed in the normal group (P>0.05). The expressions of NF-kappaB and IFN-gamma were much lower in the Bangdeyun-treated group than those in the model group on pregnancy day 5, 6 and 7 (P<0.01 for all), while the expression of IL-10 was much higher than in the model group during the whole implantation time (P<0.01). It was suggested Bangderun may favor a shift from Th1- to Th2-type immune response, therefore inhibiting the maternal immune rejection, inducing the immune tolerance and improving the fetal implantation.

Local immune regulatory effects of Bangdeyun on the endometrium of mice with embryo implantation dysfunction during the implantation time / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study examined the effects of Bangdeyun on the expressions of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the endometrium of mice with embryo implantation dysfunction (EID) during the implantation time (namely on pregnancy day 5, 6, 7 and 8) and explored the local immune regulatory effects of Bangdeyun. The gestational mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group and Bangdeyun-treated group. EID models of mice were established by using indomethacin. The endometrial expression of NF-kappaB was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. IFN-gamma and IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that in the normal group, NF-kappaB and IFN-gamma were weakly expressed and IL-10 was strongly expressed in the endometrium during the whole implantation period. In the model group, the expressions of NF-kappaB and IFN-gamma were increased on pregnancy day 5, 6 and 7, and IL-10 expression decreased during the whole implantation time when compared with those in the normal group (P0.05). The expressions of NF-kappaB and IFN-gamma were much lower in the Bangdeyun-treated group than those in the model group on pregnancy day 5, 6 and 7 (P<0.01 for all), while the expression of IL-10 was much higher than in the model group during the whole implantation time (P<0.01). It was suggested Bangderun may favor a shift from Th1- to Th2-type immune response, therefore inhibiting the maternal immune rejection, inducing the immune tolerance and improving the fetal implantation.

[Effect of Bushen Antai Recipe on prostaglandin I2 expression and its nuclear receptor at implantation site in mice with blastocyst implantation dysfunction].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Bushen Antai Recipe (BAR) on expression of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and its nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) at implantation site in mice with blastocyst implantation dysfunction. METHODS: Pregnant mice were divided into three groups randomly, the normal group, the model group and the BAR group. The pregnant uterus of all mice was cut off on the 4th (D4), 5th (D5), 6th (D6) and 8th (D8) day of pregnancy for determining the PGI2 expression with radio immunoassay; and the mRNA and protein expression of PPARdelta with RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry at implantation site. RESULTS: PGI2 expression in the model group was obviously lower than that in the normal group (P < 0.01), and also lower than that in the BAR group (P < 0.01), while the index was insignificantly different between the normal and the BAR group. Compared with the normal group, the expression of PPARdelta in the model group was delayed temporally and spatially (P < 0.05), while that in the BAR group was not significantly different. CONCLUSION: BAR can improve the implantation in mice with blastocyst implantation dysfunction through promoting the PGI2 expression and its nuclear receptor PPARdelta at implantation site.

Effect of Bushen Antai Recipe on prostaglandin I2 expression and its nuclear receptor at implantation site in mice with blastocyst implantation dysfunction / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of Bushen Antai Recipe (BAR) on expression of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and its nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) at implantation site in mice with blastocyst implantation dysfunction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pregnant mice were divided into three groups randomly, the normal group, the model group and the BAR group. The pregnant uterus of all mice was cut off on the 4th (D4), 5th (D5), 6th (D6) and 8th (D8) day of pregnancy for determining the PGI2 expression with radio immunoassay; and the mRNA and protein expression of PPARdelta with RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry at implantation site.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>PGI2 expression in the model group was obviously lower than that in the normal group (P < 0.01), and also lower than that in the BAR group (P < 0.01), while the index was insignificantly different between the normal and the BAR group. Compared with the normal group, the expression of PPARdelta in the model group was delayed temporally and spatially (P < 0.05), while that in the BAR group was not significantly different.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BAR can improve the implantation in mice with blastocyst implantation dysfunction through promoting the PGI2 expression and its nuclear receptor PPARdelta at implantation site.</p>

[Study on regulatory effect of Bushen Antai Recipe on levels of estrogen and progesterone in blastocyst implantation dysfunction mice].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and explore the mechanism of Bushen Antai Recipe (BAR) on pregnancy rate and number of implantation site in blastocyst implantation dysfunction (BID) mice induced by indomethacin. METHODS: Pregnant mice were divided into 3 groups randomly: the normal group, the model group and the BAR group. Tap water was given orally to the rats in the normal and model groups, and BAR to the rats in the BAR group from the first day of pregnancy for 5 or 8 days; on the 3rd and 4th day dissolvent was injected subcutaneously twice per day in the normal group, while indomethacin (4.33 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously twice per day in the other two groups to establish implantation dysfunction model; serum estrogen (E) and progesterone (P4) levels were detected on the 5th and 8th day; the pregnancy rate and number of implanted site was observed and the receptors of E and P4 in endometrium of uterus were examined by immunohistochemistry on the 8th day. RESULTS: The pregnancy rate and number of implanted site was 27.3% and 5.3 +/- 0.7 respectively in the model group, significantly lower than those in the normal group (90.9%, 13.3 +/- 2.8), and the BAR group (72.7%, 10.7 +/- 2.2, P < 0.05). Serum E level was higher in the BAR group than that in the model group on the 5th and 8th day, and even higher than that in the normal group on the 8th day; serum P4 level was lower in the model and BAR groups than that in the normal group on the 5th day (P < 0.01), but higher in the BAR group than that in the model group on the 8th day. Immunohistochemical observation showed that expressions of E and P4 receptor increased remarkably in the BAR group than those in the model group. CONCLUSION: BAR increases the pregnancy rate and number of implanted site of indomethacrne induced BID mice through regulating E and P4 levels and enhancing the expressions of their receptors in the endometrium.

Study on regulatory effect of Bushen Antai Recipe on levels of estrogen and progesterone in blastocyst implantation dysfunction mice / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect and explore the mechanism of Bushen Antai Recipe (BAR) on pregnancy rate and number of implantation site in blastocyst implantation dysfunction (BID) mice induced by indomethacin.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pregnant mice were divided into 3 groups randomly: the normal group, the model group and the BAR group. Tap water was given orally to the rats in the normal and model groups, and BAR to the rats in the BAR group from the first day of pregnancy for 5 or 8 days; on the 3rd and 4th day dissolvent was injected subcutaneously twice per day in the normal group, while indomethacin (4.33 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously twice per day in the other two groups to establish implantation dysfunction model; serum estrogen (E) and progesterone (P4) levels were detected on the 5th and 8th day; the pregnancy rate and number of implanted site was observed and the receptors of E and P4 in endometrium of uterus were examined by immunohistochemistry on the 8th day.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The pregnancy rate and number of implanted site was 27.3% and 5.3 +/- 0.7 respectively in the model group, significantly lower than those in the normal group (90.9%, 13.3 +/- 2.8), and the BAR group (72.7%, 10.7 +/- 2.2, P < 0.05). Serum E level was higher in the BAR group than that in the model group on the 5th and 8th day, and even higher than that in the normal group on the 8th day; serum P4 level was lower in the model and BAR groups than that in the normal group on the 5th day (P < 0.01), but higher in the BAR group than that in the model group on the 8th day. Immunohistochemical observation showed that expressions of E and P4 receptor increased remarkably in the BAR group than those in the model group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BAR increases the pregnancy rate and number of implanted site of indomethacrne induced BID mice through regulating E and P4 levels and enhancing the expressions of their receptors in the endometrium.</p>

[Effects of jiantai liquid on the expression of estrogen/progesterone receptors in embryo implantation dysfunction mice endometrium].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of Jiantai liquid on the endometrium development of embryo implantation dysfunction mice. METHOD: The model of embryo implantation dysfunction mice was induced by mifepristone and treated by Jiantai liquid. All animals were sacrificed on day 8 of pregnancy. Estradiol and progesterone concentrations in serum and endometrium tissue homogenates were measured by radioimmunoassay method, the endometial expressions of estrogen receptor (ER)and progesterone receptor (PR)assessed by immunohistochemical SP method. RESULT: There were no significantly differences in the estradiol and progesterone concentrations in serum and uterus tissue homogenates among three groups( P > 0.05). Absorbency and area rate of ER, PR in model group' s gland and stroma were higher than those in model group(P < 0.05), which was similar with the control group( P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Jiantai liquid increase the implantation rate and improve the endometrial development by increasing the expressions of ER, PR in endometrium of embryo implantation dysfunction

Effects of jiantai liquid on the expression of estrogen/progesterone receptors in embryo implantation dysfunction mice endometrium / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the mechanism of Jiantai liquid on the endometrium development of embryo implantation dysfunction mice.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The model of embryo implantation dysfunction mice was induced by mifepristone and treated by Jiantai liquid. All animals were sacrificed on day 8 of pregnancy. Estradiol and progesterone concentrations in serum and endometrium tissue homogenates were measured by radioimmunoassay method, the endometial expressions of estrogen receptor (ER)and progesterone receptor (PR)assessed by immunohistochemical SP method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There were no significantly differences in the estradiol and progesterone concentrations in serum and uterus tissue homogenates among three groups( P > 0.05). Absorbency and area rate of ER, PR in model group' s gland and stroma were higher than those in model group(P < 0.05), which was similar with the control group( P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Jiantai liquid increase the implantation rate and improve the endometrial development by increasing the expressions of ER, PR in endometrium of embryo implantation dysfunction</p>

Activation of 'delayed implanting' mouse embryos in vitro.

Blastocysts were recovered from mice with experimentally produced delay of implantation. The dormant embryos were incubated in vitro for up to 24 h in medium containing [3H]uridine and supplemented with mouse serum or bovine serum albumin. Outgrowth of the trophoblast cells occurred in the presence of serum but not with bovine serum albumin. In contrast, the rate of incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA by the embryos increased steadily throughout the period of incubation and was not influenced by the presence of serum. The change in incorporation of [3H]uridine was due to an increase in the overall rate of RNA synthesis and serum therefore has not effect on this aspect of embryo activation. The observation that a stimulatory serum factor is necessary for outgrowth of dormant embryos in vitro, but is not required for increased metabolic activity, indicates that these two aspects of embryo activation are regulated differently in vivo. With the assumption that trophoblast outgrowth and the changes in metabolic activity in vitro are analogous to the events that occur when embryonic diapause is terminated in vivo, it is suggested that the process of embryo activation after delayed implantation proceeds in a stepwise fashion with each phase being controlled in different ways.

Endocrine control of implantation and delayed implantation in rats and mice.

Progesterone and oestrogen are required for implantation in the mouse and rat. In both animals prolactin and LH stimulate ovarian progesterone production oestrogen is stimulated by FSH in the mouse but both LH and FSH appear to be required in the rat. There is no evidence that preimplantation embryonic gonadotrophins, if they exist in these species, are involved in the initiation of implantation. The delay of implantation in suckling mice and rats is due to a lack of oestrogenic stimulus. This is caused by an inhibition of FSH release from the pituitary gland. The inhibition of FSH release appears to be caused by lack of a competent hypothalamic releasing factor. High circulating levels of prolactin and/or LH and/or progesterone do not seem to be responsible for the FSH inhibition during suckling-induced delayed implantation. Increased or decreased prolactin release does not affect FSH release during early pregnancy in the mouse.

Delayed implantation caused by administration of sheep immunogamma globulin against LHRH in the rat.

The effect of the administration of sheep anti-LHRH gamma globulin (anti-LHRH-G) on implantation of fertilized ova was investigated in rats. Daily injections of 1 ml of anti-LHRH-G from Days 1 through 7 of pregnancy uniformly inhibited implantation of fertilized ova on Day 8, but viable sites, though considerably smaller in size than in control rats, became distinguishable on Day 14 in most rats. In some of these rats resorption of fetuses occurred, and others delivered pups 7-8 days after term. When the rats were given anti-LHRH-G from Days 3 through 5, the implantation was delayed by 5 days, but the gestation was not terminated. A single injection of 1 ml of anti-LHRH-G on Day 4 inhibited implantation on Day 8, but injection on Day 3 or 5 did not. The delayed implantation by anti-LHRH-G injected on Day 4 was nullified by concomitant administration of 2 sc injections of 1 mug of LHRH, or a single dose of 1 mug of estradiol. The data indicate that the hypothalamic LHRH is essentail on Day 4 of pregnancy for timely implantation of fertilized ova, probably by maintaining LH and, consequently, estrogen secretion.