Clinical features and prognostic factors of patients with COVID-19 in Henan Province, China.

Since December 2019, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (COVID-19) outbroke in Wuhan and spread in China. Here we aimed to investigate the clinical and radiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases. We collected and analyzed the clinical data of 172 hospitalized cases of COVID-19 who were diagnosed via qRT-PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs during January 2020 and February 2020. The chest images were reviewed by radiologists and respirologists. The older patients with COVID-19 in Henan Province had more severe disease and worse prognosis. The male sex, smoking history and Wuhan exposure of patients are not related to the severity or prognosis of COVID-19. Family gatherings were showed among 26.7% of patients. A greater proportion of patients in the severe group suffer from combined chronic diseases. CT results showed that most patients had bilateral lung lesions and multiple lung lobes. The lungs of severe patients are more damaged. Both the infection range and inflammatory factor levels are related to the poor prognosis. Antiviral drugs, immunoglobulin and traditional Chinese medicine are mainly used for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The discharge rate of COVID-19 patients was 93.0%, and the mortality rate was 2.3%. Case type, lymphocyte ratio grade, and respiratory failure at admission are risk factors for poor prognosis, except for the number of infiltrating lung lobes. The results showed that severe disease process, lymphopenia and respiratory failure are risk factors for the COVID-19.

A complementary critical appraisal on systematic reviews regarding the most efficient therapeutic strategies for the current COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.

BACKGROUND: This critical appraisal aims to clarify which systematic reviews on COVID-19 treatment are based on high-value evidence. Hereby, the most profitable medicines can be suggested. METHODS: The mesh terms of "COVID-19 drug treatment" (Supplementary Concept) and "COVID-19 drug treatment" were sequentially utilized as search strategies in Medline and Science direct on October 18, 2020. Searches were confined to systematic reviews/meta-analyses. The Cochrane database was searched on November 1, 2020 with "COVID." With adding up four articles from other resources, 84 systematic reviews were considered for initial screening. Finally, 22 articles fulfilled the criteria and were assessed using PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: Increasing number of clinical trials from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are not only profitable but also deleterious. Lopinavir/ritonavir failed to maintain their initial efficacy in improving clinical symptoms and mortality rate. Steroids and tocilizumab were suggested in patients with intensely severe symptoms. Steroids reduced mechanical ventilation and death in severely ill patients. Plasma or immunoglobulins effects are absolutely controversial. Favorable impressions of remdesivir have been relied on for the early onset of this drug. Hypotension and abnormal liver function tests were realized as its side effects. Favipiravir has resulted in a higher viral clearance than remdesivir. However, this claim needs to be proved with subsequent clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, remdesivir and favipiravir are advantageous drugs that should be administered in the early phases. Their side effects are not well known and need to be found in the following research projects. Steroids and tocilizumab have been considered beneficial in the cytokine storm phase.

Anti-Endotoxin 9-Meric Peptide with Therapeutic Potential for the Treatment of Endotoxemia.

Inflammatory reactions activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria can lead to severe septic shock. With the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and a lack of efficient ways to treat resulting infections, there is a need to develop novel anti-endotoxin agents. Antimicrobial peptides have been noticed as potential therapeutic molecules for bacterial infection and as candidates for new antibiotic drugs. We previously designed the 9-meric antimicrobial peptide Pro9-3 and it showed high antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Here, to further examine its potency as an anti-endotoxin agent, we examined the antiendotoxin activities of Pro9-3 and elucidated its mechanism of action. We performed a dye-leakage experiment and BODIPY-TR cadaverine and limulus amebocyte lysate assays for Pro9-3 as well as its lysine-substituted analogue and their enantiomers. The results confirmed that Pro9-3 targets the bacterial membrane and the arginine residues play key roles in its antimicrobial activity. Pro9-3 showed excellent LPS-neutralizing activity and LPS-binding properties, which were superior to those of other peptides. Saturation transfer difference-nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to explore the interaction between LPS and Pro9-3 revealed that Trp3 and Tlr7 in Pro9-3 are critical for attracting Pro9-3 to the LPS in the gram-negative bacterial membrane. Moreover, the anti-septic effect of Pro9-3 in vivo was investigated using an LPS-induced endotoxemia mouse model, demonstrating its dual activities: antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria and immunosuppressive effect preventing LPS-induced endotoxemia. Collectively, these results confirmed the therapeutic potential of Pro9-3 against infection of gram-negative bacteria.

Orally administered ovine serum immunoglobulins modulate dental plaque in cats.

The effects of orally administered ovine serum immunoglobulin on dental plaque and associated oral immunity in cats were investigated. The two treatment groups consisted of 1) cats that were fed unsupplemented kibble (control diet) and 2) cats that were fed the same kibble but coated with a freeze-dried ovine serum immunoglobulin preparation (ovine Ig) (test diet). The adult cats were randomly allocated to one of the two diets (n = 15) and received their respective kibble for a 28-day experimental period. When compared to the ovine Ig-supplemented kibble, cats consuming the unsupplemented kibble had significantly (p < 0.05) higher dental plaque scores. Cat IgA and IgG concentrations in the saliva and serum were significantly (p < 0.05) higher for cats fed the unsupplemented kibble when compared to cats receiving the ovine Ig supplement. Similarly, myeloperoxidase activity in the saliva was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for cats fed the unsupplemented kibble when compared to cats receiving the Ig-supplement. Orally administered ovine serum Ig positively influenced oral health and oral immunity in cats as evidenced by preventing an increase of dental plaque formation, salivary and serum IgA and IgG concentrations and salivary myeloperoxidase activity.

A systematic literature review of the effects of immunoglobulin replacement therapy on the burden of secondary immunodeficiency diseases associated with hematological malignancies and stem cell transplants.

INTRODUCTION: Secondary immunodeficiency diseases (SID) caused by hematological malignancies (HMs), stem cell transplant (SCT), and associated therapies are mainly characterized by the presence of hypogammaglobulinemia or antibody production deficits. AREAS COVERED: The authors summarized the scientific literature on disease burden of SIDs in patients who had HMs or SCT. Systematic searches were conducted to identify English-language articles from 1994-2020, reporting on clinical, humanistic, and economic burdens of SID due to HMs or SCT. Definitions of SID and serum immunoglobulin G thresholds varied across 24 eligible studies. In most (n = 16) studies, patients received immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IGRT). Several studies found IGRT was associated with significant reductions in rates of infection and antimicrobial use. However, 1 study found no statistically significant difference in antibiotic use with IGRT. Only 3 studies reported on quality of life, and no economic studies were identified. EXPERT OPINION: Overall, the findings show several beneficial effects of IGRT on clinical outcomes and quality of life; however, disparate definitions, infrequent reporting of statistical significance, and scarcity of clinical trial data after the 1990s present areas for further investigation. This paucity indicates an unmet need of current evidence to assess the benefits of IGRT in SID.

Informe diário de evidências COVID-19: busca realizada em 29 de julho de 2020 / COVID-19 daily evidence report: search conducted on July 29, 2020

O Informe Diário de Evidências é uma produção do Ministério da Saúde que tem como objetivo acompanhar diariamente as publicações científicas sobre tratamento farmacológico e vacinas para a COVID-19. Dessa forma, são realizadas buscas estruturadas em bases de dados biomédicas, referentes ao dia anterior desse informe. Não são incluídos estudos pré-clínicos (in vitro, in vivo, in silico). A frequência dos estudos é demonstrada de acordo com a sua classificação metodológica (revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, coortes, entre outros). Para cada estudo é apresentado um resumo com avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Essa avaliação tem por finalidade identificar o grau de certeza/confiança ou o risco de viés de cada estudo. Para tal, são utilizadas ferramentas já validadas e consagradas na literatura científica, na área de saúde baseada em evidências. Cabe ressaltar que o documento tem caráter informativo e não representa uma recomendação oficial do Ministério da Saúde sobre a temática. Foram encontrados 16 artigos e 3 protocolos.

Informe diário de evidências COVID-19: busca realizada em 30 de junho de 2020 / COVID-19 daily evidence report: search conducted on June 30, 2020

O Informe Diário de Evidências é uma produção do Ministério da Saúde que tem como objetivo acompanhar diariamente as publicações científicas sobre tratamento farmacológico e vacinas para a COVID-19. Dessa forma, são realizadas buscas estruturadas em bases de dados biomédicas, referente ao dia anterior desse informe. Não são incluídos estudos pré-clínicos (in vitro, in vivo, in silico). A frequência dos estudos é demonstrada de acordo com a sua classificação metodológica (revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, coortes, entre outros). Para cada estudo é apresentado um resumo com avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Essa avaliação tem por finalidade identificar o grau de certeza/confiança ou o risco de viés de cada estudo. Para tal, são utilizadas ferramentas já validadas e consagradas na literatura científica, na área de saúde baseada em evidências. Cabe ressaltar que o documento tem caráter informativo e não representa uma recomendação oficial do Ministério da Saúde sobre a temática. Foram encontrados 14 artigos e 31 protocolos.

Informe diário de evidências COVID-19: busca realizada entre 6 e 8 de junho de 2020 / COVID-19 daily evidence report: search conducted between 6 and 8 June 2020

O Informe Diário de Evidências é uma produção do Ministério da Saúde que tem como objetivo acompanhar diariamente as publicações científicas sobre tratamento farmacológico e vacinas para a COVID-19. Dessa forma, são realizadas buscas estruturadas em bases de dados biomédicas, referente ao dia anterior desse informe. Não são incluídos estudos pré-clínicos (in vitro, in vivo, in silico). A frequência dos estudos é demonstrada de acordo com a sua classificação metodológica (revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, coortes, entre outros). Para cada estudo é apresentado um resumo com avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Essa avaliação tem por finalidade identificar o grau de certeza/confiança ou o risco de viés de cada estudo. Para tal, são utilizadas ferramentas já validadas e consagradas na literatura científica, na área de saúde baseada em evidências. Cabe ressaltar que o documento tem caráter informativo e não representa uma recomendação oficial do Ministério da Saúde sobre a temática. Foram encontrados 13 artigos.

Current and emerging treatments for neonatal sepsis.

Introduction: Mortality due to sepsis is still prevalent, peaking at extreme ages of life including infancy. Despite many efforts, the peculiarity of the infant immune system has limited further advances in its treatment. Indeed, neonates experience a dramatic physiological transition from immune tolerance to the maternal antigens to functional maturity. Such a transition is extremely dynamic, as is the pathophysiology of infant sepsis, which is dependent on many infant, maternal, and environmental factors.Areas covered: In this review, the authors critically update and summarize the current paradigm of immunomodulation in infant sepsis. They confirm how exogenous stimulation of the immune system through intravenous immunoglobulin, colony stimulating factors, and granulocyte transfusion have failed to impact on the prognosis of infant sepsis. They also strongly support the beneficial effects of supplementation/replacement therapies with products naturally contained within maternal milk as well as antioxidant compounds.Expert opinion: Breastfeeding is beneficial against sepsis. Knowledge of the neonatal immune system is indeed too limited to effectively strengthen immune response by exogenous interventions, especially in preterm and low-birth-weight infants. Awareness of this limitation should pave the way for future studies (e.g. gender- and omics-based) aimed at better characterizing the infant immune system and promoting a more tailored approach.

Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: epidemiology and therapy.

Over the past year many studies and clinical trials have been published in the osteoarthritis (OA) field. This review is based on systematic literature review covering the period May 1st, 2018 to April 19th, 2019; the final selection of articles was subjective. Specifically those articles considered to be presenting novel insights and of potential importance for clinical practice, are discussed. Further evidence has emerged that OA is a serious disease with increasing impact worldwide. Our understanding of development of pain in OA has increased. Detailed studies investigating widely used pharmacological treatments have shown the benefits to be limited, whereas the risks seem higher than expected, suggesting further studies and reconsideration of currently used guidelines. Promising new pharmacological treatments have been developed and published, however subsequent studies are warranted. While waiting for new treatment modalities to appear joint replacement is an effective alternative; new data have become available on how long they might last.

Fármacos utilizados no tratamento do COVID-19 em pediatria: revisão integrativa / Drugs used for COVID ­19 treatment in pediatrics: an integrative review

A pandemia causada pelo novo coronavírus (2019-nCoV) tem causado milhares de mortes, sendo buscadas vacinas ou tratamentos específicos. Crianças não têm apresentado alta gravidade. Pretendeu-se identificar tratamentos disponíveis para a pediatria. Realizou-se revisão bibliográfica integrativa, incluindo estudos publicados entre o período de 1º de Janeiro e 24 de Abril de 2020, utilizando-se as palavras-chave: 2019-nCOV; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 e Pediatrics. Foram pesquisados os bancos de dados PubMed, Periódicos CAPES, Science Direct, Scielo, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Lilacs. Um total de 10 artigos foram considerados elegíveis. Entre as principais classes terapêuticas citadas estavam os antivirais lopinavir/ritonavir, oseltamivir, o uso do interferon e de imunoglobulinas. Quase todos os tratamentos mencionados foram considerados potencialmente eficazes contra o COVID-19, no entanto ensaios clínicos são necessários para tal confirmação visto que há poucos estudos e que o uso dos medicamentos mencionados se encontra baseado no tratamento de outras doenças respiratória.(AU)

The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has been causing thousands of deaths, being searched vaccines or specific treatments. Children havenot shown high severity. The aim of this article was to identify available treatments for children. An integrative review of studies recently published between January 1st and April 24th of 2020 was carried out, using the keywords: 2019-nCOV; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 and pediatrics. The PubMed, Períodicos CAPES, Science Direct, Scielo, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde and Lilacs databases were searched. A total of 10 articles were considered eligible. Among the main therapeutic classes cited were antivirals lopinavir/ritonavir, oseltamivir, the use of interferon and immunoglobulins. Almost all the treatments mentioned were considered to be potentially effective against COVID-19, however clinical trials are necessary for such confirmation since there are few studies and the use of the mentioned drugs is based on the treatment of other respiratory diseases.(AU)

Health-seeking behavior and compliance to post exposure prophylaxis among animal bite victims in India.

BACKGROUND: In rabies endemic countries, where every animal bite is potentially a suspected rabid exposure, the exposed individuals should seek early and proper health care. It is also essential to complete the full course of postexposure vaccination to protect against rabies. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed at determining the health-seeking behavior of animal bite victims; assessing the perceived risk of rabies transmission from different animals and knowledge on its prevention and finding out the compliance to complete course of rabies vaccination and associated factors. METHODS: A multi-centric, health facility-based survey was conducted during May 2017 to January 2018 in six regional-representative states involving 18 health facilities. Study participants were animal bite victims attending the health facilities. The data from all the study participants across the country were compiled and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test to find out the association of factors influencing compliance. RESULTS: Among a total of 529 animal bite victims, 83.6% sought postexposure prophylaxis coming directly to health facility; others visited nonallopathic/traditional healers/veterinarians/Auxiliary Nursing Midwifery before coming to health facility. The perceived risk of disease transmission and knowledge on the prevention of rabies was insufficient among the exposed victims. All participants were started with anti-rabies vaccination; the compliance rate for the full course of intramuscular rabies vaccination was 65.9% and for intra-dermal rabies vaccination, it was 85.1%. Among Category III exposures, only 46.2% received rabies immunoglobulin. CONCLUSIONS: Health-seeking behavior and compliance to complete course of anti-rabies vaccination is unsatisfactory, which has to be improved to prevent rabies.

Sequel and therapeutic modalities of leptospirosis associated severe pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome (SPHS); a Sri Lankan experience.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of leptospirosis-associated severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome (SPHS) with high case fatality has been reported from many countries. Understanding of clinical disease and sequel of SPHS needs larger studies with adequate numbers. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and sequel by different therapeutic approaches for SPHS in Leptospirosis in Sri Lanka. METHODS: This study was conducted at Teaching Hospital-Karapitiya (THK), Galle, Sri Lanka from June 2015 to December 2017. THK is the main tertiary care center for the Southern Province. All confirmed-cases of leptospirosis who presented during this period and were admitted to five medical units of THK were included in this study. SPHS was defined as a patient presenting; haemoptysis, arterial hypoxemia (Acute Lung Injury Score < 2.5), haemoglobin drop (10% from the previous value), or diffused alveolar shadows in the chest radiograph, without alternative explanation other than leptospirosis. RESULTS: Of the 128 MAT confirmed cases of leptospirosis, 111 (86.7%) had acute kidney injury (AKI) whilst SPHS was seen in 80 (62.5%). Patients typically developed SPHS within the first week of illness, mostly on days 4 and 5. The case fatality rate of this study sample was 28.1% (n = 36), while for patients with SPHS, it was 41.5%. Most of the deaths (n = 19) were within the first 3 days of admission (on the same day 8, and within next 48 h 11). Among SPHS patients, 59 received therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). The survival rate was higher (n = 35, 74.5%) when the TPE was performed within the first 48 h of detecting SPHS compared to patients in whom the procedure was done after 48 h (n = 5, 54.5%). Of the 19 leptosprosis patients with SPHS who did not receive TPE, 17 died (89.5%). However, the group of patients who received TPE was primarily the patients survived beyond day 3. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that during the study period, SPHS was common and the mortality rate was higher in the study area. The treatment modalities tested need further evaluation and confirmation.

Effect of IgY on Periodontitis and Halitosis Induced by Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a morbific agent in periodontitis and halitosis. Egg yolk antibody (IgY) was obtained from egg yolks from chickens stimulated with F. nucleatum. This study was to assess the effectiveness of IgY on periodontitis and halitosis caused by F. nucleatum in vitro and in vivo. The growth of F. nucleatum was inhibited (p <0. 05) by different concentrations of IgY in vitro and the results of a Halimeter show volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) were reduced to 904 ± 57 ppb at a concentration 40 mg/ml of IgY. The changes of fatty acids of F. nucleatum were determined using GC-MS. The scores for odor index of rat saliva were decreased. The major constituent of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including short-chain acids decreased 46.2% in 10 mg/ml IgY, ammonia decreased 70% in 40 mg/ml IgY, while aldehydes and olefine ketones were almost unchanged. The ELISA assay revealed that IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased after 4 weeks' IgY treatment. Morphometric (X-ray) and histological analyses (HE) showed that IgY reduced alveolar bone loss and collagen fibers became orderly in rat models. As a result, IgY may have the potential to treat periodontitis and halitosis.

Polyvalent immunoglobulins with vitamin D3 and vitamin B12 in the treatment of Sjogren's syndrome in a vegetarian with stomatitis, glossodynia, xerostomia, and elevated antinuclear antibodies: Case report
.

BACKGROUND: Sjogren's syndrome, involving sicca symptoms with xerostomia, stomatitis, and considerable pain is a difficult-to-treat autoimmune disease where the treatment options are limited and, as in the case of methotrexate, have a low therapeutic index. CASE REPORT: This case report concerns a male patient, aged 75 years and vegetarian, with Sjogren's syndrome subsequently confirmed by salivary gland biopsy. Serum antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were elevated (1 : 320). Low serum vitamin B12 and iron levels could be improved after 20 days using vitamin B12 and iron oral supplements. Despite symptomatic treatment, xerostomia, glossitis, and glossodynia were still present, at times marked, after 12 months when the ANA titer was unchanged. Following treatment with an anti-inflammatory polyvalent immunoglobulin formulation (Lactobin®N, 7 g daily), a bovine colostrum concentrate given orally in combination with oral vitamin D3 (2,000 IU daily), sicca symptoms and xerostomia progressively decreased and at day 750 were confined to occasional and minor glossitis of the upper lip. CONCLUSION: This case report demonstrates the satisfactory control of Sjogren's syndrome using oral polyvalent immunoglobulins with vitamin D3. In contrast to treatment options involving antimalarial drugs and methotrexate, there are no safety issues in patients tolerant to milk products.
.

Evaluation and Management of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections.

Despite advances in antibiotic and surgical management and supportive care for necrotizing soft tissue infections, morbidity and mortality remain substantial. Although there are clinical practice guidelines in place, there still remains much variability in choice and duration of antibiotic therapy, time to initial surgical debridement, and use of adjuvant medical therapies. This article offers an overview of necrotizing soft tissue infections with a focus on current diagnostic and treatment modalities.

Emerging Targets to Relieve Fat Stress-Induced Liver Diseases: UDCA, Tocotrienol, ω-3 PUFAs, and IgY Targeted NPC1L1 Cholesterol Transporter.

Fat stress-induced liver disease is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome initiated by excess fat accumulation and encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, a precursor lesion progressing to more aggressive liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the incidence of these fat stress-induced liver diseases is rapidly increasing worldwide in parallel with the growing epidemics of obesity and metabolic diseases, its exact pathogenesis is not well defined. Although obesity, sedentary life-style, altered dietary pattern, insulin resistance, altered intestinal barrier function, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress have been acknowledged as contributing factors because of the indefinite pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, the only reliable treatment is lifestyle intervention composed of restrictive diet and exercise. Additionally, some existing medications such as pioglitazone and antioxidants such as vitamin E were reported to be effective; in this review, several novel agents especifically targeting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis under clinical trial will be introduced. These include an NPC1L1 blocker (ezetimibe), which significantly improved histological and symptomatic scores associated with steatohepatitis and fibrosis; clofibrate, phentoxyfylline, ursodeoxycholic acid, and tocopherol, all of which are prescribed to relieve fat stress; and additional IgY targeted NPC1L1, tocotrienol, ursodeoxycholic acid, and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are actively under investigation to confirm the safety of long-term use.

Bacteriemia por Campylobacter coli asociada a inmunosupresión / Campylobacter coli bacteremia linked immunosuppression

La infección por Campylobacter spp. constituye una de las principales causas de enteritis bacteriana en los seres humanos. Mientras que Campylobacter fetus puede causar infecciones sistémicas tales como celulitis, osteomielitis, artritis, pericarditis y endocarditis, Campylobacter coli y Campylobacter jejuni producen por lo general infecciones gastrointestinales y raramente bacteriemia, excepto en individuos de edad avanzada o inmunodeprimidos. A continuación, exponemos el caso de un varón de 26 años afectado por la inmunodeficiencia XLA, que presentó un cuadro de fiebre de 2 semanas de evolución, con dolor e inflamación en el tobillo izquierdo postintervención quirúrgica y 5-6 deposiciones diarias de heces líquidas. La exploración y la analítica inicial evidenciaron un proceso infeccioso. Se procedió a la realización de coprocultivo y hemocultivo, constatándose bacteriemia por Campylobacter coli (AU)

Campylobacter spp. infection is considered as main bacterial enteritis causes in humans. Among Campylobacter spp., Campylobacter fetus can be a cause of systemic infections such as cellulitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, pericarditis and endocarditis. However, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni predominantly induce gastrointestinal infections and rarely cause bacteremia except in elderly and immunodeficient individuals. The case is presented of a 26 year-old male affected by XLA immunodeficiency, who had a clinical profile of 2 weeks evolution with fever, ankle left postintervention surgical and 5-6 daily liquid bowel movements without pathological products. Initial exploration and analytical showed an infectious process. We proceeded to carry out complementary, stool culture and blood culture tests where it was found Campylobacter coli bacteremia (AU)