RESUMO
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment has become an important therapeutic option for various cancer types. Although the treatment is effective, ICI can overstimulate the patient's immune system, leading to potentially severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including hepatitis, colitis, pneumonitis and myocarditis. The initial mainstay of treatments includes the administration of corticosteroids. There is little evidence how to treat steroid-resistant (sr) irAEs. It is mainly based on small case series or single case reports. This systematic review summarizes available evidence about sr-irAEs. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed. Additionally, we included European Society for Medical Oncology, Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, National Comprehensive Cancer Network and American Society of Clinical Oncology Guidelines for irAEs in our assessment. The study population of all selected publications had to include patients with cancer who developed hepatitis, colitis, pneumonitis or myocarditis during or after an immunotherapy treatment and for whom corticosteroid therapy was not sufficient. Our literature search was not restricted to any specific cancer diagnosis. Case reports were also included. There is limited data regarding life-threatening sr-irAEs of colon/liver/lung/heart and the majority of publications are single case reports. Most publications investigated sr colitis (n=26), followed by hepatitis (n=21), pneumonitis (n=17) and myocarditis (n=15). There is most data for mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to treat sr hepatitis and for infliximab, followed by vedolizumab, to treat sr colitis. Regarding sr pneumonitis there is most data for MMF and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) while data regarding infliximab are conflicting. In sr myocarditis, most evidence is available for the use of abatacept or anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) (both with or without MMF) or ruxolitinib with abatacept. This review highlights the need for prompt recognition and treatment of sr hepatitis, colitis, pneumonitis and myocarditis. Guideline recommendations for sr situations are not defined precisely. Based on our search, we recommend-as first line treatment-(1) MMF for sr hepatitis, (2) infliximab for sr colitis, followed by vedolizumab, (3) MMF and IVIG for sr pneumonitis and (4) abatacept or ATG (both with or without MMF) or ruxolitinib with abatacept for sr myocarditis. These additional immunosuppressive agents should be initiated promptly if there is no sufficient response to corticosteroids within 3 days.
Assuntos
Colite , Hepatite , Miocardite , Neoplasias , Nitrilas , Pneumonia , Pirazóis , Pirimidinas , Humanos , Abatacepte/uso terapêutico , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Infliximab/uso terapêutico , Ácido Micofenólico/uso terapêutico , Miocardite/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/complicações , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a medium vessel vasculitis with a predilection to involve coronary arteries. However, there is a paucity of literature on microvascular changes in patients with KD. METHODS: Children diagnosed with KD based on American Heart Association guidelines 2017 were enrolled prospectively. Demographic details and echocardiographic changes in coronaries were recorded. Nailfold capillaries were assessed using Optilia Video capillaroscopy and data were analysed using Optilia Optiflix Capillaroscopy software at acute (prior to IVIG administration) and subacute/convalescent phase. RESULTS: We enrolled 32 children with KD (17 boys) with a median age of 3 years. Nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) was performed in 32 patients in the acute phase (compared with 32 controls) and in 17 during the subacute/convalescent phase at a median follow-up of 15 (15-90) days after IVIG treatment. The following findings were seen in NFC in the acute phase of KD: reduced capillary density (n = 12, 38.6%), dilated capillaries (n = 3, 9.3%), ramifications (n = 3, 9.3%) and capillary haemorrhages (n = 2, 6.2%). Capillary density was reduced significantly in the acute phase of KD (38.6%) as compared with the subacute/convalescent phase (25.4%) (P-value <0.001) and controls (0%) (P-value = 0.03). We observed no correlation between coronary artery involvement and mean capillary density (P = 0.870). CONCLUSION: Results show that patients with KD have significant nailfold capillary changes in the acute phase. These findings may provide a new diagnostic paradigm for KD and a window to predict coronary artery abnormalities.
Assuntos
Angioscopia Microscópica , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos , Masculino , Criança , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Angioscopia Microscópica/métodos , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/diagnóstico por imagem , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Unhas/diagnóstico por imagem , Unhas/irrigação sanguínea , Capilares/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Teclistamab and other B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeting bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have substantial activity in patients with heavily pretreated multiple myeloma (MM) but are associated with a high rate of infections. BCMA is also expressed on normal plasma cells and mature B cells, which are essential for the generation of a humoral immune response. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of the impact of BCMA-targeting BsAbs on humoral immunity. The impact of teclistamab on polyclonal immunoglobulins and B cell counts was evaluated in patients with MM who received once-weekly teclistamab 1.5 mg/kg subcutaneously. Vaccination responses were assessed in a subset of patients. Teclistamabinduced rapid depletion of peripheral blood B cells in patients with MM and eliminated normal plasma cells in ex vivo assays. In addition, teclistamab reduced the levels of polyclonal immunoglobulins (immunoglobulin G [IgG], IgA, IgE, and IgM), without recovery over time while receiving teclistamab therapy. Furthermore, response to vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was severely impaired in patients treated with teclistamab compared with vaccination responses observed in patients with newly diagnosed MM or relapsed/refractory MM. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) use was associated with a significantly lower risk of serious infections among patients treated with teclistamab (cumulative incidence of infections at 6 months: 5.3% with IVIG vs 54.8% with observation only [P < .001]). In conclusion, our data show severe defects in humoral immunity induced by teclistamab, the impact of which can be mitigated by the use of immunoglobulin supplementation. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT04557098.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Biespecíficos , Antineoplásicos , Mieloma Múltiplo , Humanos , Mieloma Múltiplo/tratamento farmacológico , Imunidade Humoral , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Biespecíficos/uso terapêutico , Antígeno de Maturação de Linfócitos B/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NHb) results from increased total serum bilirubin and is a common reason for admission and readmission amongst newborn infants born in North America. The use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy for treating NHb has been widely debated, and the current incidence of NHb and its therapies remain unknown. METHODS: Using national and provincial databases, a population-based retrospective cohort study of infants born in Ontario from April 2014 to March 2018 was conducted. RESULTS: Of the 533,084 infants born in Ontario at ≥35 weeks gestation, 29,756 (5.6%) presented with NHb. Among these infants, 80.1-88.2% received phototherapy, 1.1-2.0% received IVIG therapy and 0.1-0.2% received exchange transfusion (ET) over the study period. Although phototherapy was administered (83.0%) for NHb, its use decreased from 2014 to 2018 (88.2-80.1%) (P < 0.01). Similarly, the incidence of IVIG therapy increased from 71 to 156 infants (1.1-2.0%) (P < 0.01) and a small change in the incidence of ET (0.2-0.1%) was noted. CONCLUSION: IVIG therapy is increasingly being used in Ontario despite limited studies evaluating its use. The results of this study could inform treatment and management protocols for NHb. IMPACTS: Clinically significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia still occurs in Ontario, with an increasing number of infants receiving Intravenous Immunoglobulin G (IVIG) therapy. IVIG continues to be used at increasing rates despite inconclusive evidence to recommend its use. This study highlights the necessity of a future prospective study to better determine the effectiveness of IVIG use in treating neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, especially given the recent shortage in IVIG supply in Ontario. The results of this study could inform treatment and management protocols for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
Assuntos
Hiperbilirrubinemia Neonatal , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hiperbilirrubinemia Neonatal/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoglobulina G , Fototerapia , Hiperbilirrubinemia/complicaçõesRESUMO
Background: Confusion and hallucinations in geriatric patients are frequent symptoms and typically associated with delirium, late-life psychosis or dementia syndromes. A far rarer but well-established differential in patients with rapid cognitive deterioration, acute psychosis, abnormal movements and seizures is autoimmune encephalitis. Exemplified by our case we highlight clinical and economic problems arising in management of geriatric patients with cognitive decline and psychotic symptoms. Case Presentation: A 77-year-old female caucasian patient with an unremarkable medical history was hospitalized after a fall in association with diarrhea and hyponatremia. Upon adequate therapy, disorientation and troubled short-term memory persisted. Within a week the patient developed visual hallucinations. Basic blood and urine samples and imaging (cranial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) were unremarkable. With progressive cognitive decline, amnestic impairment, word finding difficulty and general apathy, psychiatric and neurologic expertise was introduced. Advanced diagnostics did not resolve a final diagnosis; an electroencephalogram showed unspecific generalized slowing. Extended clinical observation revealed visual hallucinations and faciobrachial dystonic seizures. A treatment with anticonvulsants was initiated. Cerebrospinal fluid ultimately tested positive for voltage-gated potassium channel LGl1 (leucine-rich-inactivated-1) antibodies confirming diagnosis of autoimmune anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Immediate immunotherapy (high-dose glucocorticoids and administration of intravenous immunoglobulin G) led to a rapid improvement of the patient's condition. After immunotherapy was tapered, the patient had one relapse and completely recovered with reintroduction of glucocorticoids and initiation of therapy with rituximab. Conclusion: Rapidly progressive dementia in geriatric patients demands a structured and multidisciplinary diagnostic approach. Accurate management and financially supportable care is a major issue in rare diseases such as anti-LGI1-encephalitis. Education and awareness about autoimmune encephalitis of all physicians treating a geriatric population is important in order to involve expertise and establish treatment within reasonable time.
Assuntos
Demência , Encefalite , Encefalite Límbica , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana , Idoso , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Confusão/complicações , Confusão/tratamento farmacológico , Demência/complicações , Encefalite/diagnóstico , Encefalite/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Alucinações/complicações , Alucinações/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Hashimoto , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/uso terapêutico , Leucina/uso terapêutico , Encefalite Límbica/diagnóstico , Encefalite Límbica/tratamento farmacológico , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/uso terapêutico , Rituximab/uso terapêutico , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Convulsões/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To date, there has been little agreement on what drug is the "best" drug for treating severe COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of different medications available at present for severe COVID-19. METHODS: We searched databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to February 28, 2022, with no language restrictions, of medications recommended for patients (aged 16 years or older) with severe COVID-19 infection. We extracted data on trials and patient characteristics, and the following primary outcomes: all-cause mortality (ACM), and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). RESULTS: We identified 4021 abstracts and of these included 48 RCTs comprising 9147 participants through database searches and other sources. For decrease in ACM, we found that ivermectin/doxycycline, C-IVIG (i.e., a hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 intravenous immunoglobulin), methylprednisolone, interferon-beta/standard-of-care (SOC), interferon-beta-1b, convalescent plasma, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, immunoglobulin gamma, high dosage sarilumab (HS), auxora, and imatinib were effective when compared with placebo or SOC group. We found that colchicine and interferon-beta/SOC were only associated with the TEAEs of severe COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that ivermectin/doxycycline, C-IVIG, methylprednisolone, interferon-beta/SOC, interferon-beta-1b, convalescent plasma (CP), remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, immunoglobulin gamma, HS, auxora, and imatinib were efficacious for treating severe COVID-19 patients. We found that most medications were safe in treating severe COVID-19. More large-scale RCTs are still needed to confirm the results of this study.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus , Pneumonia Viral , COVID-19/terapia , Colchicina/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Mesilato de Imatinib/uso terapêutico , Imunização Passiva , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Interferon beta-1b/uso terapêutico , Ivermectina/efeitos adversos , Lopinavir/uso terapêutico , Metilprednisolona/uso terapêutico , Metanálise em Rede , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Ritonavir/uso terapêutico , Soroterapia para COVID-19RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an increasingly well-recognized condition encountered in clinical practice. Diagnosis and treatment remain extremely challenging. The limited success of currently available therapies has laid the foundation for a number of experimental therapies. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we will briefly outline the pathophysiology and clinical features of this syndrome, before moving on to its management, with a specific focus on experimental pharmacological therapies. Finally, we briefly discuss POTS related to the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. EXPERT OPINION: Despite tremendous advances, the diagnosis and management of POTS remains extremely challenging. The multitude of contributory mechanisms, which predominate to varying degrees in different patients further complicates management. Improved characterization of pathophysiological phenotypes is essential to individualize management. Lifestyle measures form the first line of therapy, followed by beta-blockers, ivabradine, fludrocortisone, and midodrine. Supplemental therapies such as iron, vitamin D and α lipoic acid are quite safe and a trial of their use is reasonable. The use of erythropoietin, IVIG, desmopressin, etc., are more specialized and nuanced alternatives. In recent years, interest has grown in the use of cardiac neuromodulation. Though preliminary, some of these therapies are quite promising.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Eritropoetina , Midodrina , Síndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortostática , Ácido Tióctico , Desamino Arginina Vasopressina/uso terapêutico , Fludrocortisona/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Ferro/uso terapêutico , Ivabradina/uso terapêutico , Midodrina/uso terapêutico , Síndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortostática/diagnóstico , Síndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortostática/tratamento farmacológico , Terapias em Estudo , Ácido Tióctico/uso terapêutico , Vitamina D/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Background: Alloimmune hemolytic disease of the newborn (AIHDN) results in hemolysis, anemia, hyperbilirubinemia with the potential for brain damage. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been investigated as an alternative low-risk procedure for the treatment of AIHDN in addition to traditional treatment methods such as phototherapy and exchange transfusion (ET). Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of IVIG therapy in decreasing ET needs based on risk factors and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Charts of neonates born >30 weeks of gestation who underwent phototherapy and were administered IVIG therapy due to AIHDN between January 2013 and July 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Sixty-three neonates were included in our study. Forty-three of them (68.3) % were full-term infants. ABO incompatibility (n = 33, 52.4%) was the major cause of AIHDN (n = 63). Additional risk factors for jaundice were found to coexist in 95.2% (n = 60) of the infants. Fifteen infants (23.8%) required ET, mostly due to Rh incompatibility (n = 11, 73.3%). Mortality was observed in 3.2% (n = 2) of the patients, 1.6% (n = 1) of whom were related to ET. Serum albumin value was found to be negatively correlated with the requirement for ET (r = 0.713, P < 0.001), whereas serum bilirubin albumin ratio was positively correlated (r = 0.489, _P < 0.001). Nine (14.3%) infants needed a simple transfusion during the hospitalization period, whereas five (7.9%) infants had readmission for simple transfusion after discharge. Apnea was the only complication seen in one (1.6%) patient. Conclusion: IVIG treatment should be considered due to its relative benefits when compared to exchange transfusion. In addition to its safety, it is a less complicated treatment modality with low side effect rates. It may be justified for elective use in neonates suffering from AIHDN, who will require ET with a risk of mortality by decreasing the peak of total serum bilirubin levels.
Assuntos
Eritroblastose Fetal , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas , Bilirrubina , Eritroblastose Fetal/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Hemólise , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Asian scores developed to predict unresponsiveness to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or development of coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) are not appropriate in Western populations. The purpose of this study is to develop 2 scores, to predict unresponsiveness to IVIG and development of CAA, appropriate for Spanish population. METHOD: Data of 625 Spanish children with KD collected retrospectively (2011-2016) were used to identify variables to develop the 2 scores of interest: unresponsiveness to IVIG and development of CAA. A statistical model selected best variables to create the scores, and scores were validated with data from 98 patients collected prospectively. RESULTS: From 625 patients of the retrospective cohort, final analysis was performed in 439 subjects: 37 developed CAA, and 212 were unresponsive to IVIG. For the score to predict CAA, a cutoff ≥ 8 was considered for high risk, considering a score system with a different weight for each of the eight variables. External validation showed a sensitivity of 22% and a specificity of 75%. The score to predict unresponsiveness to IVIG established a cutoff ≥ 8 for high risk, considering a score system with a different weight for each of the nine variables. External validation showed a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Two risk scores for KD were developed from Spanish population, to predict development of CAA and unresponsiveness to IVIG; validation in other cohorts could help to implement these tools in the management of KD in other Western populations.
Assuntos
Aneurisma Coronário , Kava , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos , Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/complicações , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Aneurisma Coronário/etiologia , Aneurisma Coronário/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can be associated with significant morbidity. Prompt treatment with intensive phototherapy (PT) and exchange transfusions (ETs) can dramatically improve outcomes. ET is invasive and associated with risks. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be an alternative therapy to prevent use of ET. An international panel of experts was convened to develop evidence-based recommendations regarding the effectiveness and safety of IVIG to reduce the need for ETs, improve neurocognitive outcomes, reduce bilirubin level, reduce the frequency of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and severity of anaemia, and/or reduce duration of hospitalization for neonates with Rh or ABO-mediated HDN. We used a systematic approach to search and review the literature and then develop recommendations from published data. These recommendations conclude that IVIG should not be routinely used to treat Rh or ABO antibody-mediated HDN. In situations where hyperbilirubinaemia is severe (and ET is imminent), or when ET is not readily available, the role of IVIG is unclear. High-quality studies are urgently needed to assess the optimal use of IVIG in patients with HDN.
Assuntos
Eritroblastose Fetal , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas , Incompatibilidade de Grupos Sanguíneos , Eritroblastose Fetal/tratamento farmacológico , Transfusão Total , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Recém-Nascido , FototerapiaRESUMO
RATIONALE: Sleep disturbance is commonly noted after Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and is often caused by persistent discomfort after disease survival. Intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) has been shown to be effective in pain modulation owing to the influence of nociceptive signals in the peripheral nervous system. We investigated the application of ILIB on post-Oxford -AstraZeneca vaccination GBS and evaluated its effect on sleep quality. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 48-year-old woman was subsequently diagnosed with GBS after Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccination. The patient was discharged after a 5-day course of intravenous immunoglobulin administration. However, 1 week after discharge, the previously relieved symptoms flared with accompanying sleep disturbance. DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS: The patient was diagnosed with post-vaccination GBS, and persistent pain and sleep disturbances persisted after disease survival. ILIB was performed. OUTCOMES: We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index before and after intravascular laser irradiation. There was a marked improvement in the sleep duration, efficiency, and overall sleep quality. The initial score was 12 out of 21 and the final score was 7 out of 21. LESSONS: We found that ILIB was effective in pain modulation in post-vaccination GBS and significantly improved sleep quality.
Assuntos
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/efeitos adversos , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/induzido quimicamente , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/terapia , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/complicações , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/administração & dosagem , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor , Sono , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/etiologia , Vacinação/efeitos adversosRESUMO
SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, is the agent responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic and is a major public health concern nowadays. The rapid and global spread of this coronavirus leads to an increase in hospitalizations and thousands of deaths in many countries. To date, great efforts have been made worldwide for the efficient management of this crisis, but there is still no effective and specific treatment for COVID-19. The primary therapies to treat the disease are antivirals, anti-inflammatories and respiratory therapy. In addition, antibody therapies currently have been a many active and essential part of SARS-CoV-2 infection treatment. Ongoing trials are proposed different therapeutic options including various drugs, convalescent plasma therapy, monoclonal antibodies, immunoglobulin therapy, and cell therapy. The present study summarized current evidence of these therapeutic approaches to assess their efficacy and safety for COVID-19 treatment. We tried to provide comprehensive information about the available potential therapeutic approaches against COVID-19 to support researchers and physicians in any current and future progress in treating COVID-19 patients.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , COVID-19/terapia , Imunização Passiva , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Suplementos Nutricionais , Humanos , Imunização Passiva/métodos , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Resultado do Tratamento , Soroterapia para COVID-19RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hyperbilirubinemia is one of the most common diagnosis in newborn nurseries in United States. Universal pre-discharge bilirubin screening decreased the incidence of extreme hyperbilirubinemia and risk of kernicterus. OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess temporal population trends of hyperbilirubinemia, kernicterus and usage of phototherapy, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and exchange transfusion. DESIGN/METHODS: Data from Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)-the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) obtained for years 1997-2012. All neonatal discharges with ICD-9 codes for neonatal jaundice (774.2, 774.6), kernicterus (773.4, 774.7) and procedure codes for phototherapy (99.83), IVIG infusion (99.14), exchange transfusion (99.01) were extracted. We compared the trends of diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia, kernicterus, use of phototherapy, IVIG, and exchange transfusion. RESULTS: During the study period, the proportion of infants diagnosed with hyperbilirubinemia increased by 65% (9.4% vs. 15.5%; p<.001) in term infants and 34.5% (33.5% vs. 45%; p<.001) in preterm infants, respectively. Rate of kernicterus discharges significantly reduced from 7 to 1.9 per 100,000 newborns. Overall, the number of exchange transfusions has decreased by 67% during study period while phototherapy and IVIG use increased by 83% and 170%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In last two decades, there was a significant decrease in neonatal discharges with a history of exchange transfusion or with a diagnosis of kernicterus. However, there was a significant increase in number of neonates discharged home with a history of phototherapy during birth hospitalization and decreased number of exchange transfusions were observed during the study period. Incremental implementation of universal predischarge bilirubin screening and treatments based on 2004 AAP recommended risk-based strategies might have contributed to timely interventions in infants with significant hyperbilirubinemia.
Assuntos
Hiperbilirrubinemia Neonatal , Kernicterus , Recém-Nascido , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Humanos , Kernicterus/epidemiologia , Kernicterus/terapia , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Hiperbilirrubinemia/epidemiologia , Hiperbilirrubinemia/terapia , Hiperbilirrubinemia/complicações , Transfusão Total/efeitos adversos , Bilirrubina , Hospitalização , Fototerapia/efeitos adversos , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Hiperbilirrubinemia Neonatal/epidemiologia , Hiperbilirrubinemia Neonatal/terapiaRESUMO
Scleromyxedema is a rare idiopathic fibromucinous disorder characterized by a generalized papular and sclerodermoid cutaneous eruption. Patients often have praraproteinemia and extracutaneous, even lethal, manifestations. Yet the prognostic and therapeutic features of scleromyxedema are poorly documented. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), used either alone or in conjunction with systemic steroids and/or thalidomide, has been suggested as a first-line treatment. We report the case of a 45-year-old woman diagnosed with scleromyxedema with paraproteinemia that initially did not respond to systemic steroids, retinoids, and thalidomide but greatly improvement in terms of systemic and cutaneous symptoms after treatment with IVIG.
Assuntos
Exantema , Paraproteinemias , Escleromixedema , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escleromixedema/diagnóstico , Escleromixedema/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Talidomida/uso terapêutico , Doenças Raras , Paraproteinemias/complicações , Paraproteinemias/diagnóstico , Paraproteinemias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, a known causal pathogen of human bacterial gastroenteritis, causes various symptoms and complications. A previously healthy 7-year-old girl was admitted because of fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. She was initially diagnosed with intussusception by abdominal ultrasonography. Although the patient was successfully treated by air enema, the fever persisted. The patient was then diagnosed with incomplete Kawasaki disease based on the presence of four principal clinical features. Intravenous immunoglobulin and oral aspirin were initiated. The patient defervesced and the other symptoms subsided after the treatment. Cardiac ultrasound results showed normal coronary arteries. Because of the gastrointestinal symptoms, stool samples were cultured repeatedly, only to yield normal flora. However, serum levels of anti-Y. pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen antibody were elevated between the 7th and 18th days of the disease, thereby confirming Y. pseudotuberculosis infection. Because Y. pseudotuberculosis infection results in various clinical manifestations, we must be aware of each symptom and address them systematically.
Assuntos
Intussuscepção , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos , Infecções por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , Criança , Feminino , Febre , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Intussuscepção/complicações , Intussuscepção/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/diagnóstico por imagem , Infecções por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/diagnóstico , Infecções por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile vasculitis that often occurs in children under 5 years. Ptosis and muscle weakness associated with KD are rarely documented. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of KD with eyelid ptosis and muscle weakness in a 3-year-old boy. At admission, grade IV and grade III muscle strength were recorded for upper and lower limbs, respectively. Diminished patellar tendon reflex was noted. Laboratory evaluation showed hypokalemia with the serum potassium concentration of 2.62 mmol/L. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin were initiated immediately accompanied with methylprednisolone for adjunctive therapy. Potassium supplement was administered at the same time, which resulted in the correction of hypokalemia on the 2nd day of admission but no improvement in ptosis and muscle weakness. Neostigmine testing, lumber puncture, electromyography, and cerebral and full spine MRI were performed, which, however, did not find evidence for neural and muscle diseases. On the 5th day, the fever was resolved. On the 6th day, eyelid ptosis disappeared. And on the 14th day, the muscle strength and muscle tension returned to normal, patellar tendon reflex could be drawn out normally, and the boy regained full ambulatory ability. CONCLUSIONS: KD might affect the neural and muscular systems, and KD complicated with eyelid ptosis and muscle weakness is responsive to the standard anti-inflammatory treatment plus adjunctive corticosteroid therapy.
Assuntos
Blefaroptose , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Blefaroptose/etiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/complicações , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/tratamento farmacológico , Debilidade Muscular/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Because of the lack of vaccination, it is urgent to find effective antiviral agents for COVID-19 treatment. METHOD: Online databases were searched for articles published before or on 22 June 2020. Studies reporting the effectiveness and safety of antiviral agents for COVID-19 were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 42 studies were included in this analysis. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was not associated with the incidence of death (risk ratio (RR)=1.08; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.44) and severe cases (RR=1.05; 95% CI 0.61 to 1.81). Patients treated with HCQ obtained few benefits with respect to the clearance of viral RNA and were more likely to have adverse reactions. HCQ treatment could shorten the body temperature recovery time (weighted mean difference = -1.04; 95% CI -1.64 to -0.45). Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) (RR=0.90; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.07) and Arbidol (RR=1.09; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.29) were not associated with the negative conversion rate. Integrative Chinese-Western medicine alleviated clinical symptoms and decreased the incidence of severe cases (RR=0.38; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.59). Remdesivir treatment reduced the 14-day mortality rate of patients with severe COVID-19 (RR=0.64; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.94). Convalescent plasma (CP) tended to increase the negative conversion rate (RR=2.47; 95% CI 1.70 to 3.57). CONCLUSION: HCQ, LPV/r and Arbidol bring little benefit in COVID-19 treatment. Integrative Chinese-Western medicine improved the clinical symptoms of patients with COVID-19. Remdesivir and CP might be the potential treatments for patients with severe COVID-19. However, large-scale clinical randomised trials are needed to validate our conclusions.
Assuntos
Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , COVID-19/terapia , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Monofosfato de Adenosina/uso terapêutico , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/uso terapêutico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapêutico , Imunização Passiva , Imunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapêutico , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Lopinavir/uso terapêutico , Ritonavir/uso terapêutico , SARS-CoV-2 , Resultado do Tratamento , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Soroterapia para COVID-19RESUMO
RATIONALE: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a postinfectious autoimmune peripheral neuropathy characterized by acute paralysis of the limbs. Clinically, extrahepatic manifestations of neurologic involvement in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are uncommon. Little attention has been paid to the relationship between GBS and CHB viral infection. PATIENT CONCERNS: We presented a severe case of a 34-year-old man with general fatigue, anorexia, jaundice, numbness, and even muscle atrophy in the limbs, and respiratory failure during an acute exacerbation of CHB. DIAGNOSES: Serological liver enzymes test confirmed an acute exacerbation of CHB. Nerve conduction studies revealed the features of acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy combined with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed albuminocytologic dissociation. Clinical manifestations and the test results were consistent with a diagnosis of severe CHB-related GBS. INTERVENTIONS: He was treated with mechanical ventilation, 2 courses of intravenous immunoglobulin, antichronic hepatitis B drugs therapy supplemented by hepatoprotection, acupuncture and rehabilitation. OUTCOMES: After 29âdays of hospitalization, his neurological condition improved. At a 6-month follow-up visit, he was able to walk with the support of another person. LESSONS: The acute exacerbation of CHB may be a potential predisposing factor for the onset of GBS. This case is a reminder to clinicians that during the acute exacerbation of CHB, patients with neurological symptoms in the limbs should be considered for potential CHB-related GBS.