RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Selenium possesses numerous advantageous properties in the field of medicine, and a variety of selenium-containing compounds have been documented to exhibit anti-HIV activity. This paper aims to categorize these compounds and conduct SAR analysis to offer guidance for drug design and optimization. AREAS COVERED: The authors present a comprehensive review of the reported SAR analysis conducted on selenium-based compounds against HIV, accompanied by a concise discussion regarding the pivotal role of selenium in drug development. EXPERT OPINION: In addition to the conventional bioisosterism strategy, advanced strategies such as covalent inhibition, fragment-based growth and drug repositioning can also be incorporated into research on selenium-containing anti-HIV drugs. Ebselen, which acts as an HIV capsid inhibitor, serves as a valuable probe compound for the discovery of novel HIV integrase inhibitors. Furthermore, it is crucial not to underestimate the potential toxicity associated with organic selenium compounds despite no reported instances of severe toxicity.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV , Infecções por HIV , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV , Compostos de Selênio , Selênio , Humanos , Selênio/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologiaRESUMO
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is the causal agent of the current global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to an order, Nidovirales, with very large RNA genomes. It is proposed that the fidelity of coronavirus (CoV) genome replication is aided by an RNA nuclease complex, comprising the non-structural proteins 14 and 10 (nsp14-nsp10), an attractive target for antiviral inhibition. Our results validate reports that the SARS-CoV-2 nsp14-nsp10 complex has RNase activity. Detailed functional characterization reveals nsp14-nsp10 is a versatile nuclease capable of digesting a wide variety of RNA structures, including those with a blocked 3'-terminus. Consistent with a role in maintaining viral genome integrity during replication, we find that nsp14-nsp10 activity is enhanced by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex (RdRp) consisting of nsp12-nsp7-nsp8 (nsp12-7-8) and demonstrate that this stimulation is mediated by nsp8. We propose that the role of nsp14-nsp10 in maintaining replication fidelity goes beyond classical proofreading by purging the nascent replicating RNA strand of a range of potentially replication-terminating aberrations. Using our developed assays, we identify drug and drug-like molecules that inhibit nsp14-nsp10, including the known SARS-CoV-2 major protease (Mpro) inhibitor ebselen and the HIV integrase inhibitor raltegravir, revealing the potential for multifunctional inhibitors in COVID-19 treatment.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Exorribonucleases/metabolismo , Genoma Viral/genética , Instabilidade Genômica , SARS-CoV-2/enzimologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais Reguladoras e Acessórias/metabolismo , RNA-Polimerase RNA-Dependente de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Exorribonucleases/antagonistas & inibidores , Genoma Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Instabilidade Genômica/efeitos dos fármacos , Instabilidade Genômica/genética , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Isoindóis/farmacologia , Complexos Multienzimáticos/antagonistas & inibidores , Complexos Multienzimáticos/metabolismo , Compostos Organosselênicos/farmacologia , RNA Viral/biossíntese , RNA Viral/genética , Raltegravir Potássico/farmacologia , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Virais Reguladoras e Acessórias/antagonistas & inibidores , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/genéticaRESUMO
Two targeted sets of novel 1,5-diaryl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acids 10 and carbohydrazides 11 were designed and synthesized from their corresponding ester intermediates 17, which were prepared via cycloaddition of ethyl isocyanoacetate 16 and diarylimidoyl chlorides 15. Evaluation of these new target scaffolds in the AlphaScreenTM HIV-1 IN-LEDGF/p75 inhibition assay identified seventeen compounds exceeding the pre-defined 50% inhibitory threshold at 100 µM concentration. Further evaluation of these compounds in the HIV-1 IN strand transfer assay at 100 µM showed that none of the compounds (with the exception of 10a, 10l, and 11k, with marginal inhibitory percentages) were actively bound to the active site, indicating that they are selectively binding to the LEDGF/p75-binding pocket. In a cell-based HIV-1 antiviral assay, compounds 11a, 11b, 11g, and 11h exhibited moderate antiviral percentage inhibition of 33-45% with cytotoxicity (CC50) values of >200 µM, 158.4 µM, >200 µM, and 50.4 µM, respectively. The antiviral inhibitory activity displayed by 11h was attributed to its toxicity. Upon further validation of their ability to induce multimerization in a Western blot gel assay, compounds 11a, 11b, and 11h appeared to increase higher-order forms of IN.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/síntese química , Integrase de HIV/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Domínio Catalítico , Linhagem Celular , Simulação por Computador , Desenho de Fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Integrase de HIV/química , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Interações entre Hospedeiro e Microrganismos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imidazóis/síntese química , Imidazóis/química , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Multimerização Proteica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: HIV-1 integrase (IN) has been considered as an important target for the development of novel anti-HIV-1 drugs. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to design novel groups of HIV IN inhibitors. METHODS: In this study, we presented a novel series of 4-oxo-4,10-dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives by structural modification of N-arylindole ß-diketoacids as a well-known group of IN inhibitors. RESULTS: Based on in-vitro anti-HIV-1 activity in a cell-based assay, compounds 5, 6a and 6k displayed moderate to good inhibitory activity with EC50 values of 4.14, 1.68 and 0.8 µM, respectively. However, integrase inhibition assay showed that most of the analogues did not have significant effects against integrase enzyme except compound 5 with an IC50 value of 45 µM. Our results indicated that compound 6k was the best one among synthesized compounds with an EC50 of 0.8 µM and SI of 175. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were also performed to provide some insights into the probable mechanism of tested compounds. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that 4-oxo-4,10-dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3- carboxylic acid derivatives may consider as promising lead compounds for the development of new anti-HIV-1 drugs.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Carboxílicos/química , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/síntese química , Células HeLa , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Lens-epithelium-derived growth-factor (LEDGF/p75)-binding site on HIV-1 integrase (IN), is an attractive target for antiviral chemotherapy. Small-molecule compounds binding to this site are referred as LEDGF-IN inhibitors (LEDGINs). In this study, compound libraries were screened to identify new inhibitors of LEDGF/p75-IN interaction. Ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3-one), a reported anti-HIV-1 agent, was identified as a moderate micromolar inhibitor of LEDGF/p75-IN interaction. Ebselen inhibited the interaction by binding to LEDGF/p75 and the ability of ebselen to inhibit the interaction could be reversed by dithiothreitol (DTT). BLI experiment showed that ebselen probably formed selenium-sulphur bonds with reduced thiols in LEDGF/p75. To the best of our knowledge, we showed for the first time that small-molecule compound, ebselen inhibited LEDGF/p75-IN interaction by directly binding to LEDGF/p75. The compound discovered here could be used as probe compounds to design and develop new disrupter of LEDGF/p75-IN interaction.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Azóis/farmacologia , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/metabolismo , Compostos Organosselênicos/farmacologia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Azóis/química , Sítios de Ligação/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Humanos , Isoindóis , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Compostos Organosselênicos/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
According to the 2018 report of the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), remains a significant public health problem. The non-existence of a cure or effective vaccine for the disease and the associated emergence of resistant viral strains imply an urgent need for the discovery of novel anti-HIV drug candidates. The current study aimed to identify potential anti-retroviral compounds from Alchornea cordifolia. Bioactive compounds were identified using several chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques and subsequently evaluated for cytotoxicity and anti-HIV properties. Molecular modelling studies against HIV-1 integrase (HIV-1 IN) were performed to decipher the mode of action of methylgallate, the most potent compound (IC50 = 3.7 nM) and its analogues from ZINC database. Cytotoxicity assays showed that neither the isolated compounds nor the crude methanolic extract displayed cytotoxicity effects on the HeLa cell line. A strong correlation between the in vitro and in silico results was observed and important HIV-1 IN residues interacting with the different compounds were identified. These current results indicate that methylgallate is the main anti-HIV-1 compound in A. cordifolia stem bark, and could be a potential platform for the development of new HIV-1 IN inhibitors.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Euphorbiaceae/química , Ácido Gálico/análogos & derivados , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/virologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Ácido Gálico/química , Ácido Gálico/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Gálico/farmacologia , Ácido Gálico/uso terapêutico , Integrase de HIV/ultraestrutura , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/isolamento & purificação , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/uso terapêutico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/enzimologia , Células HeLa , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Casca de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/química , Domínios Proteicos , Proteínas Recombinantes , Testes de ToxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: HIV-2 is a neglected virus despite estimates of 1-2 million people being infected worldwide. The virus is naturally resistant to some antiretrovirals used to treat HIV-1 and therapeutic options are limited for patients with HIV-2. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, we analysed all HIV-2-infected individuals treated with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) recorded in the Spanish HIV-2 cohort. Demographics, treatment modalities, laboratory values, quantitative HIV-2 RNA and CD4 counts as well as drug resistance were analysed. RESULTS: From a total of 354 HIV-2-infected patients recruited by the Spanish HIV-2 cohort as of December 2017, INSTIs had been given to 44, in 18 as first-line therapy and in 26 after failing other antiretroviral regimens. After a median follow-up of 13 months of INSTI-based therapy, undetectable viraemia for HIV-2 was achieved in 89% of treatment-naive and in 65.4% of treatment-experienced patients. In parallel, CD4 gains were 82 and 126 cells/mm3, respectively. Treatment failure occurred in 15 patients, 2 being treatment-naive and 13 treatment-experienced. INSTI resistance changes were recognized in 12 patients: N155H (5), Q148H/R (3), Y143C/G (3) and R263K (1). CONCLUSIONS: Combinations based on INSTIs are effective and safe treatment options for HIV-2-infected individuals. However, resistance mutations to INSTIs are selected frequently in failing patients, reducing the already limited treatment options.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/uso terapêutico , HIV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Feminino , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , RNA Viral/sangue , Estudos Retrospectivos , Espanha , Falha de TratamentoRESUMO
Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Humanos , Cinética , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
During our search for potential templates of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) dual inhibitors, the methanolic extract obtained from aerial parts of Limonium morisianum was investigated. Repeated bioassay-guided chromatographic purifications led to the isolation of the following secondary metabolites: myricetin, myricetin 3-O-rutinoside, myricetin-3-O-(6â³-O-galloyl)-ß-d-galactopyranoside, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, tryptamine, ferulic and phloretic acids. The isolated compounds were tested on both HIV-1 RT-associated RNase H and IN activities. Interestingly, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and myricetin-3-O-(6â³-O-galloyl)-ß-d-galactopyranoside potently inhibited both enzyme activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.21 to 10.9 µM. Differently, tryptamine and ferulic acid exhibited a significant inhibition only on the IN strand transfer reaction, showing a selectivity for this viral enzyme. Taken together these results strongly support the potential of this plant as a valuable anti HIV-1 drugs source worthy of further investigations.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/antagonistas & inibidores , Plumbaginaceae/química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Galactose/análogos & derivados , Galactose/química , Galactose/farmacologia , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Itália , Componentes Aéreos da Planta/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Ribonuclease H/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Available antiretroviral drugs have demonstrated effectiveness in both pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment of HIV infection. However, some concerns still persist regarding these therapies, mainly related to patient adherence, drug toxicity and dosing convenience. Cabotegravir is a potent integrase strand transfer inhibitor with a chemical structure similar to dolutegravir that is under clinical evaluation both as oral and long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations for both the prevention or treatment of HIV infection. Indeed, preclinical and clinical studies have consistently shown that LAI cabotegravir is readily absorbed following intramuscular and subcutaneous administration, with an elimination half-life of approximately 40 days, permitting infrequent dosing, possibly once every 1 or 2 months (eventually combined with rilpivirine). Here, we reviewed the existing literature on the preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LAI cabotegravir, with emphasis on the actual pharmacokinetic challenges of this novel formulation, as well as its potential to act as a victim or perpetrator of drug-drug interactions.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacocinética , Piridonas/farmacologia , Piridonas/farmacocinética , Animais , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Interações Medicamentosas , Infecções por HIV/enzimologia , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Injeções Intramusculares , Injeções Subcutâneas , Piridonas/uso terapêutico , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
HIV drug resistance genotyping is a critical tool in the clinical management of HIV infections. Although resistance genotyping has traditionally been conducted using Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing (NGS) is emerging as a powerful tool due to its ability to detect low-frequency alleles. However, the clinical value added from NGS approaches to antiviral resistance testing remains to be demonstrated. We compared the variant detection capacity of NGS versus Sanger sequencing methods for resistance genotyping in 144 drug resistance tests (105 protease-reverse transcriptase tests and 39 integrase tests) submitted to our clinical virology laboratory over a four-month period in 2016 for Sanger-based HIV drug resistance testing. NGS detected all true high-frequency drug resistance mutations (>20% frequency) found by Sanger sequencing, with greater accuracy in one instance of a Sanger-detected false positive. Freely available online NGS variant callers HyDRA and PASeq were superior to Sanger methods for interpretations of allele linkage and automated variant calling. NGS additionally detected low-frequency mutations (1 to 20% frequency) associated with higher levels of drug resistance in 30/105 (29%) protease-reverse transcriptase tests and 4/39 (10%) integrase tests. In clinical follow-up of 69 individuals for a median of 674 days, we did not find a difference in rates of virological failure between individuals with and without low-frequency mutations, although rates of virological failure were higher for individuals with drug-relevant low-frequency mutations. However, all 27 individuals who experienced virological failure reported poor adherence to their drug regimen during the preceding follow-up time, and all 19 who subsequently improved their adherence achieved viral suppression at later time points, consistent with a lack of clinical resistance. In conclusion, in a population with low antiviral resistance emergence, NGS methods detected numerous instances of minor alleles that did not result in subsequent bona fide virological failure due to antiviral resistance.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/uso terapêutico , HIV/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Monitoramento de Medicamentos , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/farmacologia , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/uso terapêutico , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/normas , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , RNA Viral/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA/normas , Carga Viral , Adulto JovemRESUMO
HIV-Integrase (IN) has proven to be a viable target for highly specific HIV-1 therapy. We aimed to characterize the HIV-1 IN gene in a South African context and identify resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) against available first and second generation Integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (InSTIs). We performed genetic analyses on 91 treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected patients, as well as 314 treatment-naive South African HIV-1 IN-sequences, downloaded from Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database. Genotypic analyses revealed the absence of major RAMs in the cohort collected before the broad availability of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and INSTI in South Africa, however, occurred at a rate of 2.85% (9/314) in database derived sequences. RAMs were present at IN-positions 66, 92, 143, 147 and 148, all of which may confer resistance to Raltegravir (RAL) and Elvitegravir (EVG), but are unlikely to affect second-generation Dolutegravir (DTG), except mutations in the Q148 pathway. Furthermore, protein modeling showed, naturally occurring polymorphisms impact the stability of the intasome-complex and therefore may contribute to an overall potency against InSTIs. Our data suggest the prevalence of InSTI RAMs, against InSTIs, is low in South Africa, but natural polymorphisms and subtype-specific differences may influence the effect of individual treatment regimens.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Viral , Infecções por HIV/genética , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , HIV-1/genética , Mutação , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Integrase de HIV/química , Integrase de HIV/genética , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/enzimologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Modelos Moleculares , África do Sul/epidemiologia , Replicação ViralRESUMO
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors are a rapidly expanding class of therapeutics. Recent advances in our understanding of PPIs and success of early examples of PPI inhibitors demonstrate the feasibility of targeting PPIs. This review summarizes the techniques used for the discovery and optimization of a diverse set PPI inhibitors, focusing on the development of PPI inhibitors as new antibacterial and antiviral agents. We close with a summary of the advances responsible for making PPI inhibitors realistic targets for therapeutic intervention and brief outlook of the field.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Fusão de HIV/farmacologia , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Proteínas do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/antagonistas & inibidores , Antibacterianos/química , Antivirais/química , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças Transmissíveis/microbiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/virologia , Inibidores da Fusão de HIV/química , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Interações entre Hospedeiro e Microrganismos/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
The integrase and transposase enzymes of retrovirus and transposons, respectively, share the catalytic DDE domain. In vitro assays showed that inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase generally inhibit the mariner Mos1 transposase. Using a Drosophila strain in which the mobilisation of the mariner element can be quantified by mosaic eyes, we showed that flies maintained in medium containing 210 µM to 4 mM of raltegravir, or 1 or 2 mM of dolutegravir, which are HIV-1 integrase inhibitor used in AIDS treatment, have 23-33% less somatic mobilisation in mosaic eyes when treated with raltegravir and 28-32% when treated with dolutegravir. The gene expression of the mariner transposase gene, estimated by qPCR, is similar among treated and control flies. The results suggest that in vivo assays using Drosophila can be used as a primary screening of inhibitory drugs for transposase and retroviral integrase. The advantages of this assay are that it is easy, quick, cheap and is an in vivo test, meaning that the tested substance has to have been taken in by cells and has arrived at the target site, which is not the case when in vitro assays are applied.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , HIV-1 , Transposases/genética , Animais , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Drosophila/anatomia & histologia , Drosophila/genética , Drosophila/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/farmacologia , Oxazinas , Fenótipo , Piperazinas , Piridonas , Raltegravir Potássico/farmacologia , Transposases/metabolismoRESUMO
The failure of the Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) due to the mutations occurring at the catalytic site of HIV integrase (IN) has led to the design of allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs). Lens epithelium derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is the host cellular cofactor which helps chaining IN to the chromatin. The protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were observed at the allosteric site (LEDGF/p75 binding domain) between LEDGF/p75 of the host cell and IN of virus. In recent years, many small molecules such as CX04328, CHIBA-3053 and CHI-104 have been reported as LEDGF/p75-IN interaction inhibitors (LEDGINs). LEDGINs have emerged as promising therapeutics to halt the PPIs by binding at the interface of both the proteins. In the present work, we correlated the docking scores for the reported LEDGINs containing quinoline scaffold with the in vitro biological data. The hierarchal clustering method was used to divide the compounds into test and training set. The robustness of the generated model was validated by q2 and r2 for the predicted set of compounds. The generated model between the docking score and biological data was assessed to predict the activity of the hits (quinoline scaffold) obtained from virtual screening of LEDGINs providing their structureactivity relationships to aim for the generation of potent agents.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/antagonistas & inibidores , Simulação por Computador , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Receptor de Fator de Crescimento Neural/antagonistas & inibidores , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/química , Sítio Alostérico/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Integrase de HIV/química , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinolinas/química , Receptor de Fator de Crescimento Neural/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Fatores de Transcrição/químicaRESUMO
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) remains the only virally encoded enzymatic function yet to be exploited as an antiviral target. One of the possible challenges may be that targeting HIV RNase H is confronted with a steep substrate barrier. We have previously reported a 3-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-dione (HPD) subtype that potently and selectively inhibited RNase H without inhibiting HIV in cell culture. We report herein a critical redesign of the HPD chemotype featuring an additional wing at the C5 position that led to drastically improved RNase H inhibition and significant antiviral activity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) concerning primarily the length and flexibility of the two wings revealed important structural features that dictate the potency and selectivity of RNase H inhibition as well as the observed antiviral activity. Our current medicinal chemistry data also revealed that the RNase H biochemical inhibition largely correlated the antiviral activity.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Ribonuclease H do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/antagonistas & inibidores , Domínio Catalítico , Linhagem Celular , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Humanos , Pirimidinonas/química , Ribonuclease H do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
This manuscript reviews the reasons why Integrase inhibitors should now routinely constitute a part of first line antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV disease. The use of these drugs that are generally well tolerated has resulted in far less drug resistance than was the case with most other categories of antiviral compounds. In addition, the integrase inhibitor family of drugs has been less prone to the problem of transmitted drug resistance which is due to a wide variety of substitutions in the HIV genome that can be sexually transmitted from one person to another. However, the use of integrase inhibitors in first line therapy may unfortunately not soon happen in developing country settings where non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors continue to be a mainstay of initial therapy, primarily for reasons of cost. As long as this situation continues, problems of drug resistance and transmitted drug resistance will be common in such settings. Current evidence also suggests that the use of dolutegravir as a first line integrase inhibitor may limit development of drug resistance to an extent that exceeds the use of other members of this family of drugs. This may be due to particular patterns of resistance involving dolutegravir, whereby the mutations that are associated with resistance against this compound may actually diminish both HIV replication capacity as well as integrase enzymatic activity in a far-reaching and unique manner. This gives potential hope that the use of dolutegravir in first line therapy could actually form part of the long-sought goal of attainment of a functional cure for HIV disease.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Viral , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/uso terapêutico , HIV-1/genética , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/farmacologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tipagem Molecular , Mutação , Oxazinas , Piperazinas , PiridonasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models can be used as a predictive tool for virtual screening of chemical libraries to identify novel drug candidates. The aims of this paper were to report the results of a study performed for descriptor selection, QSAR model development, and virtual screening for identifying novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitor drug candidates. METHODS: First, three evolutionary algorithms were compared for descriptor selection: differential evolution-binary particle swarm optimization (DE-BPSO), binary particle swarm optimization, and genetic algorithms. Next, three QSAR models were developed from an ensemble of multiple linear regression, partial least squares, and extremely randomized trees models. RESULTS: A comparison of the performances of three evolutionary algorithms showed that DE-BPSO has a significant improvement over the other two algorithms. QSAR models developed in this study were used in consensus as a predictive tool for virtual screening of the NCI Open Database containing 265,242 compounds to identify potential novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Six compounds were predicted to be highly active (plC50 > 6) by each of the three models. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a hybrid evolutionary algorithm (DE-BPSO) for descriptor selection and QSAR model development in drug design is a novel approach. Consensus modeling may provide better predictivity by taking into account a broader range of chemical properties within the data set conducive for inhibition that may be missed by an individual model. The six compounds identified provide novel drug candidate leads in the design of next generation HIV- 1 integrase inhibitors targeting drug resistant mutant viruses.
Assuntos
Bases de Dados Factuais , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/análise , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , National Cancer Institute (U.S.) , Relação Quantitativa Estrutura-Atividade , Algoritmos , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) is a new class of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs designed to block the action of the integrase viral enzyme, which is responsible for insertation of the HIV-1 genome into the host DNA. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time INSTI resistance mutations in Turkish patients. METHODS: This study was conducted in Turkey, between April 2013 and April 2015 using 169 HIV-1-infected patients (78 ARV naive patients and 91 ARV-experienced patients). Laboratory and clinical characteristics of ARV naive and ARV-experienced patients were as follows: gender (M/F): 71/7 and 80/11, median age: 38 and 38.4; median CD4(+) T-cell: 236 and 216 cells/mm(3), median HIV-1 RNA: 4.95+E5 and 1.08E+6 copies/ml. Population-based seqeunces of the reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase domains of the HIV-1 pol gene were used to detect HIV-1 drug resistance mutations. RESULT: INSTI resistance mutations were not found in recently diagnosed HIV-1-infected patients. However, ARV-experienced patients had major resistance mutations associated with raltegravir and elvitegravir; the following results were generated:F121Y, Y143R, Q148R and E157Q (6/91 - 6.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of INSTI resistant mutations in ART-experienced patients suggested that resistance testing must be incorporated as an integral part of HIV management with INSTI therapies.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Viral , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/uso terapêutico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/genética , Mutação , Adulto , Idoso , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Códon , Coinfecção , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RNA Viral , Fatores de Risco , Turquia , Carga Viral , Adulto JovemRESUMO
CONTEXT: Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae) has been used in a traditional Thai longevity medicine preparation. Isolation of inhibitors from natural products is a potential source for continuous development of new HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to isolate the compounds and evaluate their anti-HIV-1 IN activity, as well as to predict the potential interactions of the compounds with an IN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ethyl acetate and water fractions (1-100 µg/mL) of Dioscorea bulbifera bulbils were isolated and tested for their anti-HIV-1 IN activity using the multiplate integration assay (MIA). The interactions of the active compounds with IN were investigated using a molecular docking method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: The ethyl acetate and water fractions of Dioscorea bulbifera bulbils afforded seven compounds. Among these, allantoin (1), 2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxybibenzyl (2), and 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-2-styrylchromone (5) were isolated for the first time from this plant. Myricetin (4) exhibited the most potent activity with an IC50 value of 3.15 µM, followed by 2,4,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (3, IC50 value= 14.20 µM), quercetin-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (6, IC50 value = 19.39 µM) and quercetin-3-O-ß-D-galactopyranoside (7, IC50 value = 21.80 µM). Potential interactions of the active compounds (3, 4, 6, and 7) with the IN active site were additionally investigated. Compound 4 showed the best binding affinity to IN and formed strong interactions with various amino acid residues. These compounds interacted with Asp64, Thr66, His67, Glu92, Asp116, Gln148, Glu152, Asn155, and Lys159, which are involved in both the 3'-processing and strand transfer reactions of IN. In particular, galloyl, catechol, and sugar moieties were successful inhibitors for HIV-1 IN.