Gentiopicroside, a Secoiridoid Glycoside from Gentiana rigescens Franch, Extends the Lifespan of Yeast via Inducing Mitophagy and Antioxidative Stress.

Gentiopicroside (GPS), an antiaging secoiridoid glycoside, was isolated from Gentiana rigescens Franch, a traditional Chinese medicine. It prolonged the replicative and chronological lifespans of yeast. Autophagy, especially mitophagy, and antioxidative stress were examined to clarify the mechanism of action of this compound. The free green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal from the cleavage of GFP-Atg8 and the colocation signal of MitoTracker Red CMXRos and GFP were increased upon the treatment of GPS. The free GFP in the cytoplasm and free GFP and ubiquitin of mitochondria were significantly increased at the protein levels in the GPS-treated group. GPS increased the expression of an essential autophagy gene, ATG32 gene, but failed to extend the replicative and chronological lifespans of ATG32 yeast mutants. GPS increased the survival rate of yeast under oxidative stress condition; enhanced the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase; and decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. The replicative lifespans of Δsod1, Δsod2, Δuth1, and Δskn7 were not affected by GPS. These results indicated that autophagy, especially mitophagy, and antioxidative stress are involved in the antiaging effect of GPS.

Yeast-Derived Formulations Are Differentially Fermented by the Canine and Feline Microbiome As Assessed in a Novel In Vitro Colonic Fermentation Model.

The current study evaluated the effect of five yeast-derived formulations (T1-T5) on microbial metabolism and composition of the canine and feline gut microbiota using a novel in vitro colonic incubation approach. This novel in vitro model allowed for growth of the entire spectrum of dog- and cat-derived bacteria from the inoculum, thus offering an excellent platform to evaluate effects of nutritional interventions on the gut microbiota. Further, yeast-derived ingredients differentially increased production of acetate, propionate, butyrate, ammonium, and branched short-chain fatty acids, with T5 and T1 consistently stimulating propionate and butyrate, respectively. 16S-targeted Illumina sequencing coupled with flow cytometry provided unprecedented high-resolution quantitative insights in canine and feline microbiota modulation by yeast-derived ingredients, revealing that effects on propionate production were related to Prevotellaceae, Tannerellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Veillonellaceae members, while effects on butyrate production were related to Erysipelotrichaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Fusobacteriaceae. Overall, these findings strengthen the health-promoting potential of yeast-derived ingredients.

Biochemical Implications of Biotransformation of Some Toxic Floras Using Natural Local Enzyme Sources.

BACKGROUND: Recently, it has been established that simultaneous saccharification and fermentation is a potent technique for the detoxification of harmful plant materials. OBJECTIVE: Following encouraging simultaneous medicinal applications of snail slime and yeast, we exploited their hydrolytic and fermentation potentials to prevent toxicities of the selected floras; Erythrodontium barteri (EB), bracken fern (BF), and crustose lichens (CL). The applicability of the saccharification process has been described in a patent (WO2005010193A2). METHODS: The plants were bioprocessed using snail digestive juice and yeast slurry and their health effects were evaluated. Seventy rats were divided equally into groups, treated with single doses of aqueous extracts of the plants and their bioprocessed forms, and compared with control rats. RESULTS: The plants showed very high antinutrients levels, which significantly reduced after SSF with enhanced flavonoids, alkaloids and phenols. Potential alterations of WBC differentials, RBC, liver and renal function markers indices were mitigated by bioprocessed extracts. MDA, SOD, GRase, XO and XDH levels in rats administered the bEB and CL were equivalent to the levels found for the control rats. Some bioprocessed plants produced unaltered insulin, ghrelin, and leptin levels. The bioprocessed extracts, when compared to the effects of unprocessed extracts, produced lower TNF-α, Caspase-3, and adiponectin levels and mitigated the potential suppression of Na+/K+-ATPase levels. Potential depletion of inhibin-B, testosterone, estrogen, and prolactin was mitigated after bioprocessing. CONCLUSION: This study, thus, validates the application of bioprocessing using snail digestive juice and yeast as an effective approach to reduce the potential toxicities of harmful plants.

Macrophage activation by edible mushrooms is due to the collaborative interaction of toll-like receptor agonists and dectin-1b activating beta glucans derived from colonizing microorganisms.

Research supports the theory that the microbiome of plants and mushrooms produce potent activators of pathogen recognition receptors which are principal contributors to the stimulation of macrophages. We have previously reported that the in vitro macrophage stimulatory activity of water-soluble extracts from 13 different types of edible mushrooms is predominantly due to bacterial components originating from the naturally occurring bacterial communities within these materials. The purpose of the current study was to further investigate the bacterial-dependent activity of the water-soluble extracts and assess whether these 13 types of mushrooms contain water-insoluble beta glucans that activate the dectin-1b signaling pathway. Activity of the water-soluble extracts was predominantly due to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 agonists. For dectin-1b-dependent activity (indicative of water-insoluble beta glucans), culinary mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus varieties) were essentially inactive, whereas most of the medicinal mushrooms (Lentinula edodes, Grifola frondosa, Hypsizygus marmoreus varieties, Flammulina velutipes) exhibited potent activation. A. bisporus samples with no detectable dectin-1b-dependent activity had yeast colony forming units that were 687 times lower than L. edodes exhibiting high activity, indicating that the active insoluble beta glucans are derived from colonizing yeast. In addition, co-stimulation of macrophages with the TLR agonists and insoluble beta glucan was found to result in a synergistic enhancement of in vitro cytokine production. Taken together, these findings indicate that the in vitro macrophage activating potential of edible mushrooms is due to the collaborative interaction of water-soluble TLR agonists (derived from colonizing bacteria) and water-insoluble beta glucans (derived from colonizing yeast).

Phenolic acid and flavonoid production in agar, agitated and bioreactor-grown microshoot cultures of Schisandra chinensis cv. Sadova No. 1 - a valuable medicinal plant.

In vitro cultures and raw materials (fruits and leaves) of the valuable medicinal plant species - Schisandra chinensis cultivar Sadova No. 1 (SchS) - were evaluated for the production of two groups of phenolic compounds, phenolic acids and flavonoids, and their antioxidant potential. A series of experiments was conducted, aimed at optimizing culture conditions for maximum growth and phenolic production in SchS microshoots. Different concentrations of plant growth regulators (6-benzyladenine - BA and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid - NAA, from 0 to 3 mg/l) in Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium were tested in several cultivation systems (agar, agitated, bioreactor) over various growth periods (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days). Furthermore, an elicitation experiment was conducted in which the bioreactor-grown microshoots were exposed to yeast extract. HPLC-DAD analyses confirmed the presence of eight phenolic acids - chlorogenic, cryptochlorogenic, gallic, neochlorogenic, protocatechuic, salicylic, syringic and vanillic, and two flavonoids: kaempferol and quercitrin, in the in vitro biomasses. The highest total phenolic acid (357.93 mg/100 g DW) and flavonoid (105.07 mg/100 g DW) contents were obtained in agar culture extracts cultivated for 30 days on MS medium containing 2 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l NAA and for 50 days on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l BA and 2 mg/l NAA, respectively. These amounts were 1.59- and 5.95-fold lower than in parent plant leaf extracts (569.66 mg/100 g DW), and 4.30- and 1.25-fold higher than in fruit extracts (83.17 mg/100 g DW), respectively. Microshoots grown in a Plantform bioreactor also proved to be a good source of phenolic compounds, however, the elicitor treatment had no noticeable effect on their accumulation. Antioxidant capacity assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteu, FRAP, DPPH and CUPRAC assays revealed significantly higher potential in extracts from in vitro biomass and leaves of the parent plant, as compared to the parent plant fruit extracts.

Dietary hydrolysed yeast cell wall extract is comparable to antibiotics in the control of subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.

1. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of yeast cell wall (YCW) on performance and physiological responses of broiler chickens under subclinical necrotic enteritis challenge.2. Six treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (non-challenged or challenged plus no supplement, YCW or antibiotics (AB)) was used. Each treatment was replicated eight times with 12 birds per replicate. The treatments included: (1) Positive control (PC; no additive, not challenged); (2) Negative control (NC; no additive, with challenge); (3) YCWN = yeast cell wall (2.0 g/kg diet, not challenged; (4) YCWC = yeast cell wall (2.0 g/kg diet, challenged); (5) ABN = zinc bacitracin 50 ppm + Salinomycin 60 ppm, not challenged); (6) ABC = zinc bacitracin 50 ppm + Salinomycin 60 ppm, challenged).3. Eimeria challenge at 9 d of age did not affect feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), FCR or liveability at 10 d. The BWG and FCR at 10 d were greater (P < 0.05) in birds fed YCW or AB (AB) diets relative to the PC or NC groups. On 24 and 35 d, FI, BWG, FCR and flock uniformity (28 d) were greater (P < 0.05) in the challenged groups fed YCW or AB diets compared to NC group.4. Supplementation with YCW ameliorated the negative effects of NE on liver, spleen and bursa weight of birds.5. Necrotic enteritis challenge decreased (P < 0.05) caecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. counts, and increased ileum lesion score and caecal Clostridium perfirngens counts. This was reversed by the addition of either YCW or AB.6. Supplementation with YCW and AB resulted to a greater (P < 0.05) dressing percentage and meat yield (35 d).7. The results indicated that YCW plays a vital role in improving the physiological response and performance of broiler chickens under subclinical necrotic enteritis challenge.

Influence of autolyzed whole yeast and yeast components on broiler chickens challenged with salmonella lipopolysaccharide.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary yeast products on broiler chickens challenged with salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The chicks were divided into 8 treatments with 6 replicates and 9 birds per replicate. The treatments consisted of a positive control (PC) [without supplementation and not challenged]; negative control (NC) [without supplementation but challenged]; whole yeast and challenged; yeast cell wall and challenged; yeast glucan and challenged; yeast mannan and challenged; zinc bacitracin and challenged; and Salinomycin and challenged. Whole yeast or Yeast cell wall was included at 2.0 g/kg diet. Yeast glucan or mannan was added at 0.20 g/kg diet. Zinc bacitracin (ZNB) and Salinomycin (SAL) was included at 50 and 60 ppm, respectively. Dietary treatments had no effect (P > 0.05) on feed intake (FI) at day 10. Supplementation with yeast and its derivatives improved (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) on day 10. On days 24 and 35, LPS challenge declined FI, BWG, FCR, and flock uniformity (day 28) in the NC group compared to the PC group. Yeast products and antibiotics improved (P < 0.05) FI, BWG, FCR, and flock uniformity in LPS-challenged birds. On day 24, spleen weight increased while bursa weight decreased in the NC group relative to the PC group; this effect was reversed (P < 0.05) by feeding all yeasts and antibiotics. On day 24, application of all the dietary treatments ameliorated the changes observed in white blood cell, lymphocyte and monocyte counts as well as albumin and immunoglobulin G of NC birds. On day 35, all yeasts additives, ZNB and SAL improved (P < 0.05) the meat yield of broilers challenged with LPS. In conclusion, supplementation of diets with yeast and its derivatives can ameliorate the negative effects of salmonella LPS challenge on broiler chicks, thus improving the performance, flock uniformity, and meat yield.

Yeast extract inhibits the proliferation of renal cell carcinoma cells via regulation of iron metabolism.

The microbiome has recently attracted research interest in a variety of subjects, including cancer. In the present study, it was determined that reinforced clostridium media (RCM) for microbiome culture, exerts antitumor effects on renal cell carcinoma cells when compared to the microbiome 'X'. The antitumor effects of RCM were investigated for all ingredients of RCM, and the results revealed that yeast extract could be a candidate for the ingredient driving this phenomenon. Further experiments including MTT assay, cell counting, cell death analysis, cell cycle analysis and western blotting were conducted with yeast extract on renal cell carcinoma cells (Caki­1 and Caki­2) and normal human proximal tubular cells (HK­2). As a result, yeast extract exhibited dose­dependent antitumor effects on Caki­1 and Caki­2, but only slight effects on HK­2. In addition, yeast extract only exhibited slight effects on necrosis, autophagy, or apoptosis of Caki­1 and Caki­2. Yeast extract produced cell cycle arrest with an increased G0/G1 fraction and a decreased S fraction, and this was considered to be related to the decreased cyclin D1. Although yeast extract treatment increased anti­oxidant activities, the antitumor effects of yeast extract were also related to iron metabolism, based on the decreased transferrin receptor and increased ferritin. In addition, decreased GPX4 may be related to iron­dependent cell death, particularly in Caki­2. These results revealed that yeast extract may inhibit proliferation of renal cell carcinoma cells by regulating iron metabolism. Since an increased iron requirement is a classic phenomenon of cancer cells, yeast extract may be a candidate for adjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma.

Occurrence of oleaginous yeast from mangrove forest in Thailand.

A total of 191 yeasts were isolated from 197 samples collected from eight estuarine mangrove forests along four different coastlines of Thailand (Andaman Sea and the East, North and West coasts of the Gulf of Thailand). Of these, 178 isolates were identified as 32 species in 16 genera of Ascomycota, 12 species in nine genera of Basidiomycota, and 13 isolates as potential new species, respectively. Mangroves located along the Andaman Sea coastline had a higher yeast diversity at the species and genera levels than those along the Gulf of Thailand. Kluyveromyces siamensis was the most frequently isolated species, whilst Candida tropicalis was the only species isolated at all eight sites. Screening isolated yeast strains belonging to genera previously reported as oleaginous yeast plus the 13 potential new species, revealed two oleaginous strains, Rhodotorula sphaerocarpa 11-14.4 and Saitozyma podzolica 11-11.3.1. Both of these strains were isolated from the same mangrove forest on the Andaman Sea coastline. They could accumulate lipid when suspended in glucose solution without any supplementation, while the fatty acid composition and oil profile of Rh. sphaerocarpa 11-14.4 and Sait. podzolica 11-11.3.1 were similar to vegetable oil and cocoa butter, respectively.

Multi-strain yeast fraction product supplementation can alleviate weaning stress and improve performance and health of piglets raised under low sanitary conditions.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the health benefits to weaning pigs, raised under low sanitary conditions, of dietary supplementation with a multi-strain yeast fraction product (Cyberlindnera jadinii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In total, 160 weaning pigs (7.21 ± 1.05 kg) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments in a 6-week feeding trial. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet (CON) and CON + 2 g kg-1 multi-strain yeast fraction product (MsYF) during weeks 1-2 and 0.4 g kg-1 MsYF during weeks 3-6. RESULTS: The MsYF supplementation increased (P < 0.05) body weight (BW) at day 42 and average daily gain (ADG) during days 1-14 and days 1-42 (P < 0.05) compared to CON. The total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), fecal Lactobacillus counts, and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration at day 42 were higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed a MsYF supplemented diet. The concentration of serum haptoglobin in pigs receiving a MsYF-supplemented diet was higher (P < 0.05) at days 7, 14, and 42 than those receiving CON. The mRNA expression for INF-γ and TNF-α genes were lower (P < 0.05) at days 14 and 7 respectively and the expression of IL-6 and TLR-2 genes was lower (P < 0.01) at days 7 and 14 in pigs fed an MsFY supplemented diet than those fed CON. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with a multi-strain yeast fraction product had a positive effect on ADG during the early post-weaning period and led to better health in weaning pigs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antimicrobial Activity of Yeast Cell Wall Products Against Clostridium perfringens.

Yeast cell wall (YCW) products are used worldwide as alternatives to antibiotics growth promoters for health and performances improvement in livestock. The success of yeast and YCW products as feed additives in farm animals' nutrition relies on their capacity to bind enteropathogenic bacteria and on their immunomodulatory activity. In vivo studies report their anti-infectious activity on Gram-positive pathogens like clostridia. However, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of YCW products seems to be limited to some Gram-negative enteropathogens, and literature lacks in vitro evidences for antimicrobial effect of YCW products against Clostridium perfringens. This study aims to measure the antimicrobial activity of YCW products on C. perfringens. Five different YCW products were assayed for their capacity to inhibit the growth of C. perfringens, by analyzing the growth kinetics of the pathogen. All YCW products inhibited the growth of the pathogen, by reducing the growth rate and the maximum growth value and extending the lag phase duration. The effect on the growth parameters was product and dosage dependent. The most effective YCW (namely YCW2), at the minimum effective concentration of 1.25 mg/mL, increased the lag phase duration by 3.6 h, reduced the maximum growth rate by >50%, and reduced the final cell count by 102 colony-forming unit per milliliter in 24 h, with respect to the control. YCW products did not show a strain-dependent impact on C. perfringens growth when tested on different strains of the bacterium.

Encapsulation of Mentha pulegium Essential Oil in Yeast Cell Microcarriers: An Approach to Environmentally Friendly Pesticides.

A green approach for the encapsulation of Mentha pulegium essential oil in commercial baker's yeast and its evaluation as a pesticide against the insect pest Myzus persicae are presented. Upon treating aqueous yeast cell dispersion with the essential oil, the formation of essential-oil-loaded microparticles of about 9 µm is observed, with a loading capacity ranging from 29 to 36%, depending upon the encapsulation conditions. The thermal properties of the microparticles were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, confirming the protection of the essential oil from the cells. Encapsulation prolonged the insecticidal activity of the essential oil by 3 days.

Antioxidative and Potentially Anti-inflammatory Activity of Phenolics from Lovage Leaves Levisticum officinale Koch Elicited with Jasmonic Acid and Yeast Extract.

The effect of elicitation with jasmonic acids (JA) and yeast extract (YE) on the production of phenolic compounds as well as the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of phenolic extracts of lovage was evaluated. The analysis of phenolic compounds carried out with the UPLC-MS technique indicated that rutin was the dominant flavonoid, while 5-caffeoylquinic acid was the main component in the phenolic acid fraction in the lovage leaves. The application of 10 µM JA increased the content of most of the identified phenolic compounds. The highest antioxidant activities estimated as free radical scavenging activity against ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and reducing power were determined for the sample elicited with 10 µM JA, while this value determined as iron chelating ability was the highest for the 0.1% YE-elicited lovage. The 0.1% and 1% YE elicitation also caused significant elevation of the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition ability, while all the concentrations of the tested elicitors significantly improved the ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) (best results were detected for the 10 µM JA and 0.1% YE2 sample). Thus, 0.1% yeast extract and 10 µM jasmonic acid proved to be most effective in elevation of the biological activity of lovage.

Effects of high-dose selenium-enriched yeast on laying performance, egg quality, clinical blood parameters, organ development, and selenium deposition in laying hens.

Organic selenium (Se) supplementation from Se-enriched yeast (SY) has been advocated and approved for use in animal feeds by some nutritionists and researchers rather than inorganic Se from sodium selenite. However, there is little available safety data of SY in laying hens. A subchronic study was conducted to determine if high-dose SY affects the safety of hens. A total of 768, 30-wk-old, Hy-Line Brown hens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (192 laying hens per group) with 6 replicates of 32 birds each. After a 2-wk acclimation period, the birds were fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.3, 1.5, or 3.0 mg/kg Se from SY for 12 wk. Throughout the study period, clinical observations and laying performance were measured. The hematological and chemical parameters of blood samples and the Se concentration in eggs were examined after SY supplementation for 4, 8, and 12 wk, and the egg quality was measured after 12 wk. At the end of the study, full post-mortem examinations were conducted: breast Se concentrations were measured, visceral, and reproductive organs were weighed, and specified tissues were collected for subsequent histological examinations. Although the Se concentrations in the eggs and breast meat from hens fed 3.0 mg/kg of Se from SY were 1036.73% and 2127.93% higher (P < 0.001) than those from hens fed a basal diet after 12 wk, no treatment-related changes of toxicological significance were observed. Therefore, up to 3 mg/kg organic Se from SY can be used to supplement the diets for laying hens without adverse effects following 84-d administration.

Dietary supplementation of weaned piglets with a yeast-derived mannan-rich fraction modulates cecal microbial profiles, jejunal morphology and gene expression.

The development of nutritional strategies to improve microbial homeostasis and gut health of piglets post-weaning is required to mitigate the high prevalence of post-weaning diarrhea and subsequent growth checks typically observed during the weaning transition. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing piglet creep and nursery feed with a yeast-derived mannan-rich fraction (MRF) on piglet growth performance, cecal microbial profiles, and jejunal morphology and gene expression. Ten litters of piglets (n=106) were selected on postnatal day (PND) 7 and assigned to diets with or without MRF (800 mg/kg) until weaning (n=5 litters/treatment; initial weight 3.0±0.1 kg). On PND 21, 4 piglets per litter (n=40) were selected and weaned into the nursery where they remained on their respective diets until PND 42. A two-phase feeding program was used to meet nutrient requirements, and pigs were switched from phase 1 to phase 2 on PND 28. Feed intake and piglet weights were recorded on PND 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42. On PND 28 and 42, ten piglets per treatment were euthanized to collect intestinal tissue and digesta. Piglets supplemented with MRF had 21.5% greater (P<0.05) average daily feed intake between PND 14-21. However, MRF supplementation did not affect piglet growth performance compared to control. On PND 28, jejunal villus height was 16.8% greater (P<0.05) in piglets consuming MRF supplemented diets. Overall microbial community structure in cecal digesta on PND 28 tended to differ in pigs supplemented with MRF (P=0.076; analysis of similarities (ANOSIM)) with increased (P<0.05) relative abundance of Paraprevotellaceae genera YRC22 and CF231, and reduced (P<0.05) relative abundance of Sutterella and Prevotella. Campylobacter also tended to reduce (P<0.10) in MRF supplemented piglets. On PND 28 differential gene expression in jejunal tissue signified an overall effect of supplementing MRF to piglets. Downstream analysis of gene expression data revealed piglets supplemented with MRF had enriched biological pathways involved in intestinal development, function and immunity, supporting the observed improvement in jejunal villus architecture on PND 28. On PND 42 there was no effect of MRF supplementation on jejunal morphology or overall cecal microbial community structure. In conclusion, supplementing Actigen™, a MRF, to piglets altered cecal microbial community structure and improved jejunal morphology early post-weaning on PND 28, which is supported by enrichment of intestinal development pathways.

Isotope Labeling-Assisted Evaluation of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry for Metabolomics Profiling.

High throughput untargeted metabolomics usually relies on complementary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods to expand the coverage of diverse metabolites, but the integration of those methods is not fully characterized. We systematically investigated the performance of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-MS and nanoflow reverse-phase liquid chromatography (nRPLC)-MS under 8 LC-MS settings, varying stationary phases (HILIC and C18), mobile phases (acidic and basic pH), and MS ionization modes (positive and negative). Whereas nRPLC-MS optimization was previously reported, we found in HILIC-MS (2.1 mm × 150 mm) that the optimal performance was achieved in a 90 min gradient with 100 µL/min flow rate by loading metabolite extracts from 2 mg of cell/tissue samples. Since peak features were highly compromised by contaminants, we used stable isotope labeled yeast to enhance formula identification for comparing different LC-MS conditions. The 8 LC-MS settings enabled the detection of a total of 1050 formulas, among which 78%, 73%, and 62% formulas were recovered by the best combination of 4, 3, and 2 LC-MS settings, respectively. Moreover, these yeast samples were harvested in the presence or absence of nitrogen starvation, enabling quantitative comparisons of altered formulas and metabolite structures, followed by validation with selected synthetic metabolites. The results revealed that nitrogen starvation downregulated amino acid components but upregulated uridine-related metabolism. In summary, this study introduces a thorough evaluation of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity based LC-MS and provides information for selecting complementary settings to balance throughput and efficiency during metabolomics experiments.

Effects of Culture Media On Naegleria fowleri Growth At Different Temperatures.

Nelson medium and modified PYNFH medium were used for the axenic culture of the Naegleria fowleri clinical strain LDL to compare the effects of different temperatures on the organism's growth. In addition, Nelson medium supplemented with 1% peptone (N + pep) and modified PYNFH medium without peptone (PYNFH - pep), without yeast extract (PYNFH - yext), without folic acid (PYNFH - folac), and without yeast nucleic acid (PYNFH - yna) were used in order to compare the various effects of these medium components. In general, N. fowleri grew best at 37 C. The highest trophozoite densities per 10,000 µm2 were observed when N + pep and PYNFH - yext were used. At 25, 37, and 43 C, the growth density profile values were 50.5 ± 6.36 vs. 58 ± 1.41; 2,550 ± 494.97 vs. 2,100 ± 141.42; and 1,735 ± 21.21 vs. 1,800 ± 14.14, respectively. On the other hand, PYNFH - pep gave the lowest growth with its highest cell densities being 9 ± 1.41 at 25 C, 108 ± 7.07 at 37 C, and 169 ± 15.55 at 43 C. When the various medium components were compared, supplementation with peptone promoted parasite growth. Besides, yeast extract had an inhibitory effect and was able to swamp the growth promoting effect of peptone. Thus N + pep and PYNFH - yext are recommended as the best media for in vitro culture of N. fowleri.

Dietary supplementation with yeast hydrolysate in pregnancy influences colostrum yield and gut microbiota of sows and piglets after birth.

Dietary supplementation with yeast derivatives (YD) contributes to the health and physiology of sows and piglets, but few studies have focused on how it influences gut health and performance of sows and piglets. The goal was therefore to examine whether YD, based on brewer's yeast hydrolysate added to pregnancy diet, would affect colostrum composition, yield (CY) and gut microbiota of sows and piglets. Sows were allocated to either a control diet (n = 19) or a control diet supplemented with 2g YD/kg (n = 18) during the pregnancy. Piglets suckling belonging to the control sows (n = 114) and supplemented sows (n = 108) were also included in the study. Gut microbiota populations of sows at farrowing and piglets at one and four weeks of age were assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Colostrum samples were examined for nutritional composition and immunoglobulin (Ig) content. All piglets were individually weighed at birth and 24 hours later in order to calculate CY, and later at four weeks to calculate average daily gain (ADG). Protein, lactose and dry matter content of colostrum did not significantly differ between the two groups, while sows fed YD had higher levels of fat in their colostrum (P < 0.05). Immunoglobulin A, IgM and IgG levels in colostrum did not differ between the two groups (P >0.05). Colostrum yield was lower in the control than that in YD group (3701g vs. 4581 g; P <0.05). Although the YD supplementation did not change fecal bacteria diversity in sow, more beneficial and fermentative bacteria (Roseburia, Paraprevotella, Eubacterium) were found in the YD fed group (P <0.01) while, some opportunistic pathogens, including Proteobacteria, especially the genera Desulfovibrio, Escherichia/Shigella and Helicobacter, were suppressed. Piglets at one week of age from sows fed YD had more beneficial microbial populations with significant diversity and fewer opportunistic pathogens. Additionally, we established a Pearson's correlations between CY, colostrum components, piglet birth weight and fecal microbiota. Therefore, YD added to the sow diet during pregnancy increases colostrum availability and its energy content for neonate piglets, also promoting beneficial maternal microbial sources for neonate.

Effects of different dietary sources and levels of selenium supplements on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune parameters in Ross 308 broiler chickens.

1. Although different impacts of various sources of selenium (Se) on chicken performance have been largely studied, there is a lack of comparative experiments studying the effects of these sources on the immune system and antioxidant indices of broiler tissues. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of various sources and levels of dietary Se supplements on performance, antioxidant status and immune parameters in Ross 308 broiler chickens. 2. A total of 1200 1-d-old male broilers (Ross × Ross 308) were divided into 8 treatments with 6 replicate pens and 25 birds per pen. This experiment was conducted as a completely randomised design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. Main factors included Se sources as sodium selenite (SS), Se-enriched yeast (SY), DL-selenomethionine (SM) and nano-selenium (NS) and levels at 0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg Se. 3. Dietary supplementation of organic Se sources significantly improved average daily gain (ADG), gain: feed ratio and European production efficiency factor (P < 0.05) compared to birds fed on diets supplemented with inorganic source. In addition, ADG was increased in response to increased level of supplemental Se. Based on contrast comparison, there were significant differences in these parameters between organic versus inorganic sources of Se. However, there was no difference between contrast comparisons of NS versus SM and SY. 4. Total anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) titres and hypersensitivity were enhanced by increasing supplemental concentration of Se and using organic sources of Se rather than SS (P < 0.05). 5. Oxidation resistance assessment of tissues demonstrated that supplementation of organic sources of Se and increase in supplemental concentration of Se ameliorated glutathione peroxidase activity, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde formation (P < 0.05). Mostly, there were significant differences between organic versus inorganic sources of Se in oxidation resistance. 6. Overall, dietary supplementation of 0.4 mg/kg Se from an organic source resulted in better production performance and immune system response. Moreover, minimum formation of malondialdehyde in broiler tissue was observed in birds fed on diets supplemented with SM at 0.4 mg/kg. 7. It can be concluded that SM is more effective than other sources of Se in reducing lipid oxidation.

Effect of Selenium on Ion Profiles and Antioxidant Defense in Mice Livers.

Se entering the mammalian body from diverse sources shows different liver accumulation patterns. However, the effects of Se from diverse sources on the body's I on spectrum and the relationship between the changes in the ion spectrum and antioxidant function are not clear. In this study, 80 3-week-old female mice were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, sodium selenite group, yeast Se group, and seaweed Se group. The estimated Se contents were 0.03, 0.23, 0.23, and 0.23 mg/kg, respectively. The liver was collected from mice on day 60. The results showed that, compared with the control group, sodium selenite significantly reduced Na and Li contents and significantly increased Cr, Ni, Se, and Sb contents (P < 0.05); yeast Se significantly increased Mg, Ca, Si, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Se, Sb, and Al contents, and significantly reduced Tl, As, and Hg contents (P < 0.05); seaweed Se significantly increased B, Si, Cr, Fe, Se, As, and Hg contents, and significantly reduced Zn and Tl contents (P < 0.05). The results of antioxidant parameter analysis showed that Se from three sources increased total superoxide dismutase content and significantly reduced malondialdehyde content (P < 0.05), whereas no clear effect was observed on total antioxidant capacity (P > 0.05). Combined with the ion spectrum and antioxidant test results, yeast Se was found to most effectively promote the accumulation of beneficial elements, enhance antioxidant capacity, and reduce the concentration of toxic elements. The variety of ion spectrum antioxidants followed a similar trend, which indicated that the ion spectrum might be related to antioxidant activity.