RESUMO
Therapeutic antibodies blocking PD-1-/PD-L1 interaction have achieved remarkable clinical success in cancer. In addition to blocking a target molecule, some isotypes of antibodies can activate complement, NK cells or phagocytes, resulting in death of the cell expressing the antibody's target. Human anti-PD-1 therapeutics use antibody isotypes designed to minimize such antibody-dependent lysis. In contrast, anti-PD-1 reagents used in mice are derived from multiple species, with different isotypes, and are not engineered to reduce target cell death: few studies analyze or discuss how antibody species and isotype may impact data interpretation. We demonstrate here that anti-PD-1 therapy to promote activation and proliferation of murine PD-1-expressing CD8 T cells sometimes led instead to a loss of antigen specific cells. This phenomenon was seen in two tumor models and a model of virus infection, and varied with the clone of anti-PD-1 antibody. Additionally, we compared competition among anti-PD-1 clones to find a combination that allows detection of PD-1-expressing cells despite the presence of blocking anti-PD1 antibodies in vivo. These data bring attention to the possibility of unintended target cell depletion with some commonly used anti-mouse PD-1 clones, and should provide a valuable resource for the design and interpretation of anti-PD-1 studies in mice.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/imunologia , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia/métodos , Muromegalovirus/fisiologia , Sarcoma/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Animais , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/transplante , Morte Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cricetinae , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Infecções por Herpesviridae/terapia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Metilcolantreno , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos , Sarcoma/terapia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/terapiaRESUMO
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is established and maintained through complex interactions between tumor cells and host stromal elements. Therefore, therapies that target multiple cellular components of the tumor may be most effective. Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, alters signaling pathways in both tumor cells and host stromal cells. Thus, we explored the potential immune-modulating effects of sorafenib in a murine HER-2-(neu) overexpressing breast tumor model alone and in combination with a HER-2 targeted granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting vaccine (3T3neuGM). In vitro, sorafenib inhibited the growth of HER-2 overexpressing NT2.5 tumor cells, inducing apoptosis. Sorafenib also interfered with ERK MAPK, p38 MAPK, and STAT3 signaling, as well as cyclin D expression, but did not affect HER-2 or AKT signaling. In vivo, single agent sorafenib disrupted the tumor-associated vasculature and induced tumor cell apoptosis, effectively inducing the regression of established NT2.5 tumors in immune competent FVB/N mice. Immune depletion studies demonstrated that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were required for tumor regression. Sorafenib treatment did not impact the rate of tumor clearance induced by vaccination with 3T3neuGM in tumor-bearing FVB/N mice relative to either sorafenib treatment or vaccination alone. In vivo studies further demonstrated that sorafenib enhanced the accumulation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the TME of vaccinated mice. Together, these findings suggest that GM-CSF-secreting cellular immunotherapy may be integrated with sorafenib without impairing vaccine-based immune responses.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/transplante , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/transplante , Vacinas Anticâncer/imunologia , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Compostos de Fenilureia/uso terapêutico , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias da Mama/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Processos de Crescimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Terapia Combinada , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Feminino , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Neoplasias Experimentais , Niacinamida/uso terapêutico , Receptor ErbB-2/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sorafenibe , Carga Tumoral , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Inflammation is a crucial step in the development of allergic contact dermatitis. The primary contact with chemical allergens, called sensitization, and the secondary contact, called elicitation, result in an inflammatory response in the skin. The ability of contact allergens to induce allergic contact dermatitis correlates to a great extent with their inflammatory potential. Therefore, the analysis of the sensitizing potential of a putative contact allergen should include the examination of its ability and potency to cause an inflammation. In this study, we examined the inflammatory potential of different weak contact allergens and of the strong sensitizer 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) in vitro and in vivo using the contact hypersensitivity model, the mouse model for allergic contact dermatitis. Cytokine induction was analysed by PCR and ELISA to determine mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Inflammation-dependent recruitment of skin-homing effector T cells was measured in correlation with the other methods. We show that the sensitizing potential of a contact allergen correlates with the strength of the inflammatory response. The different methods used gave similar results. Quantitative cytokine profiling may be used to determine the sensitizing potential of chemicals for hazard identification and risk assessment.