Rational formulation engineering of fraxinellone utilizing 6-O-α-D-maltosyl-ß-cyclodextrin for enhanced oral bioavailability and hepatic fibrosis therapy.

Although Fraxinellone (Frax) isolated from Dictamnus albus L. possessed excellent anti-hepatic fibrosis activity, oral administration of Frax suffered from the inefficient therapeutic outcome in vivo due to negligible oral absorption. At present, the oral formulation of Frax is rarely exploited. For rational formulation design, we evaluated preabsorption risks of Frax and found that Frax was rather stable while poorly dissolved in the gastrointestinal tract (78.88 µg/mL), which predominantly limited its oral absorption. Further solubility test revealed the outstanding capacity of cyclodextrin derivatives (CDs) to solubilize Frax (6.8-12.8 mg/mL). This led us to study the inclusion complexes of Frax with a series of CDs and holistically explore their drug delivery performance. Characterization techniques involving 1H-NMR, FT-IR, DSC, PXRD, and molecular docking confirmed the most stable binding interactions when Frax complexed with 6-O-α-D-maltosyl-ß-cyclodextrin (G2-ß-CD-Frax). Notably, G2-ß-CD-Frax exhibited the highest solubilizing capacity, fast dissolution rate, and superior Caco-2 cell internalization with no obvious toxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated markedly higher oral bioavailability of G2-ß-CD-Frax (5.8-fold that of free drug) than other Frax-CDs. Further, long-term administration of G2-ß-CD-Frax (5 mg/kg) efficiently inhibited CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in the mouse without inducing any toxicity. Our results will inspire the continued advancement of optimal oral Frax formulations for anti-fibrotic therapy.

Three flavanols delay starch digestion by inhibiting α-amylase and binding with starch.

The study aimed to reveal the different mechanisms of delaying starch digestion by ECG, EGCG and Procyanidin based on the perspective of α-amylase-flavanol interaction and starch-flavanol interaction. The interaction characteristics of flavanols with α-amylase were studied from five aspects: enzyme inhibition, kinetics, fluorescence quenching, circular dichroism (CD) and computer simulation. The IC50 of flavanols (ECG, EGCG and Procyanidin) against α-amylase were 172.21 ± 0.22, 732.15 ± 0.13 and 504.45 ± 0.19 µg/mL according to the results of α-amylase inhibition experiment, respectively. ECG and Procyanidin showed mixed inhibition against α-amylase, while EGCG showed non-competition against α-amylase. However, thermodynamic parameters，computer-based docking and dynamic simulation proved that ECG and EGCG-α-amylase complexs were mainly driven by van der Waals and hydrogen bonds, while Procyanidin-α-amylase complexs was driven by hydrophobic interaction. In addition, it was indicated, by means of starch­iodine complex spectroscopy, that flavanols inhibited the digestion of starch not only through bind with α-amylase but also through bind with starch. Thus, flavanols as a starch-based food additive have the potential to be employed as adjuvant therapy for diabetes.

Towards green analysis of curcumin from tea, honey and spices: Extraction by deep eutectic solvent assisted emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction method based on response surface design.

A fast, cheap and green analytical method was developed for the determination and extraction of curcumin in tea, honey, and spices using deep eutectic solvent-assisted emulsification liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DES-ELLME) coupled to UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Quantitative extraction of curcumin from the sample was obtained by the DES, which was prepared by mixing choline chloride and maltose in a 1:3 molar ratio. Response surface design was used for the optimisation of significant experimental parameters including sample pH, amount of extraction solvent, amount of emulsifier solvent and vortex time. The optimum conditions obtained were pH 4.25, 762.5 µL of DES, 107.5 mL of tetrahydrofuran and 3.4 min vortex time, while keeping centrifugation speed fixed at 4000 rpm, 5 min. Under the extraction conditions obtained, analytical features such as calibration equation, limit of detection, enrichment factor, and linearity were Abs = 6.5 × 10-4 [Curcumin, ng mL-1]-1.2 × 10-5, 0.1 ng mL-1, 114 and 0.4-120 ng mL-1, respectively. Moreover, the repeatability and reproducibility of the DES-ELLME method, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSDs%), varied in the ranges of 1.4-3.0% and 2.0-4.3%, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of curcumin from prepared samples. The relative mean recovery ranged from 92.3% to 104.4%.

Impact of maltogenic α-amylase on the structure of potato starch and its retrogradation properties.

Structural modification of starch using efficient α-amylases to improve its properties is an established method in the starch industry. In our previous research, the novel maltogenic α-amylase CoMA that catalyzes multi-molecular reactions has been identified. In this study, the impact of CoMA on the structure and retrogradation properties of potato starch was evaluated. CoMA cleaves internal starch chains to change the proportion of amylose and amylopectin in starch. Following treatment, visible pores and microporous on the surface of starch granules were observed from SEM analysis. CoMA modification led to increased insoluble blue complex formation and hydrolysis to shorten the outer chains, which was found to reduce the development rate of starch according to network interactions from the dynamic rheological analysis. Furthermore, maltose accumulation with water competition was also deduced to be involved in the inhibition of retrogradation. Its activities in the cleavage of internal starch granules, shortening of outer chains of starch, and maltose formation make CoMA a powerful agent for the inhibition of starch retrogradation with a very low effective dose of 0.5 mg/kg, which may find potential applications in the starch processing industry.

Effects of natural copigment sources in combination with sweeteners on the stability of anthocyanins in sour cherry nectars.

Effects of various co-pigment sources [gallic acid (GA), rose leaf extract (RLE), cherry stem extract (CSE), pomegranate rind extract (PRE) and green tea extract (GTE)] on anthocyanin content, colour, and turbidity in sour cherry nectar (SCN), sweetened with sucrose (SCNS), maltose syrup (SCNM) or honey (SCNH), were investigated during storage at 20 °C. Co-pigment sources were associated with increases in λmax (up to 4.1 nm), colour density (up to 22%), and polymeric colour (up to 1.7 times). Among the co-pigment sources, GA and PRE were associated with the greater anthocyanin stabilities in SCNS and SCNH. Moreover, the lowest turbidity, at the beginning of storage, and turbidity formation rate, throughout storage, were observed in SCNS, SCNM and SCNH containing PRE. When the changes in Amax, λmax, polymeric colour, colour density, and turbidity were considered together, PRE was the best co-pigment source, regardless of the sweetener used.

CoQ10 production in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is increased by reduction of glucose levels or deletion of pka1.

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential component of the electron transport system that produces ATP in nearly all living cells. CoQ10 is a popular commercial food supplement around the world, and demand for efficient production of this molecule has increased in recent years. In this study, we explored CoQ10 production in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We found that CoQ10 level was higher in stationary phase than in log phase, and that it increased when the cells were grown in a low concentration of glucose, in maltose, or in glycerol/ethanol medium. Because glucose signaling is mediated by cAMP, we evaluated the involvement of this pathway in CoQ biosynthesis. Loss of Pka1, the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, increased production of CoQ10, whereas loss of the regulatory subunit Cgs1 decreased production. Manipulation of other components of the cAMP-signaling pathway affected CoQ10 production in a consistent manner. We also found that glycerol metabolism was controlled by the cAMP/PKA pathway. CoQ10 production by the S. pombe ∆pka1 reached 0.98 mg/g dry cell weight in medium containing a non-fermentable carbon source [2% glycerol (w/v) and 1% ethanol (w/v) supplemented with 0.5% casamino acids (w/v)], twofold higher than the production in wild-type cells under normal growth conditions. These findings demonstrate that carbon source, growth phase, and the cAMP-signaling pathway are important factors in CoQ10 production in S. pombe.

Kinetic modelling of acrylamide formation during the finish-frying of french fries with variable maltose content.

In light of a recent update in EU regulations governing levels of acrylamide in foodstuffs, further understanding of the role of different precursors is fundamental to extending mitigation strategies into a wider product range. Kinetic modelling was used to investigate the role of maltose in the formation of acrylamide during the finish-frying of french fries. The maltose concentration of raw white potato strips was systematically increased from 0 to 1.4% to observe the effect of this reducing disaccharide on acrylamide formation. A mathematical model, incorporating glucose, fructose and maltose and based on known Maillard reaction pathways, was developed which showed that acrylamide formation from maltose only contributed <10% to the total acrylamide. An additional kinetic model allowed for the formation of acrylamide directly from sugar-asparagine glycoconjugates. This model suggested that under these conditions, it is unlikely that acrylamide is formed directly from the maltose-asparagine conjugate.

Physical Stability of an Amorphous Sugar Matrix Dried From Methanol as an Amorphous Solid Dispersion Carrier and the Influence of Heat Treatment.

An amorphous sugar matrix, after drying from an organic solvent, was investigated for use as a method for dispersing hydrophobic drugs (solid dispersion). However, the amorphous sugar, originally contained in the organic solvent, had a significantly low glass transition temperature (Tg), thus rendering it physically unstable. In this study, we examined the physicochemical properties of a sugar in a dried matrix and in an organic solvent, using α-maltose and methanol as a representative sugar and organic solvent. The apparent molar volume of α-maltose was ∼30% smaller in methanol than in water. The methanol-originated amorphous α-maltose exhibited a much greater degree of hydrogen bonding than the water-originated one. Considering these findings, we conclude that the α-maltose maintained its compact conformation in the dried state and consequently caused the markedly low Tg. Second, it was found that heating under appropriate conditions resulted in an increase in the Tg of the methanol-originated amorphous α-maltose as well as a decrease in the level of hydrogen bonding. The aqueous dissolution of 2 model hydrophobic drugs (indomethacin and ibuprofen) from the solid dispersion was also improved as the result of the heat treatment, whereas, to the contrary, the dissolution of another model drug (curcumin) was lowered.

Electron Transfer Dissociation and Collision-Induced Dissociation of Underivatized Metallated Oligosaccharides.

Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) were used to investigate underivatized, metal-cationized oligosaccharides formed via electrospray ionization (ESI). Reducing and non-reducing sugars were studied including the tetrasaccharides maltotetraose, 3α,4ß,3α-galactotetraose, stachyose, nystose, and a heptasaccharide, maltoheptaose. Univalent alkali, divalent alkaline earth, divalent and trivalent transition metal ions, and a boron group trivalent metal ion were adducted to the non-permethylated oligosaccharides. ESI generated [M + Met]+, [M + 2Met]2+, [M + Met]2+, [M + Met - H]+, and [M + Met - 2H]+ most intensely along with low intensity nitrate adducts, depending on the metal and sugar ionized. The ability of these metal ions to produce oligosaccharide adduct ions by ESI had the general trend: Ca(II) > Mg(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II) > Cu(II) > Na(I) > K(I) > Al(III) ≈ Fe(III) ≈ Cr(III). Although trivalent metals were utilized, no triply charged ions were formed. Metal cations allowed for high ESI signal intensity without permethylation. ETD and CID on [M + Met]2+ produced various glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages, with ETD producing more cross-ring and internal ions, which are useful for structural analysis. Product ion intensities varied based on glycosidic-bond linkage and identity of monosaccharide sub-unit, and metal adducts. ETD and CID showed high fragmentation efficiency, often with complete precursor dissociation, depending on the identity of the adducted metal ion. Loss of water was occasionally observed, but elimination of small neutral molecules was not prevalent. For both ETD and CID, [M + Co]2+ produced the most uniform structurally informative dissociation with all oligosaccharides studied. The ETD and CID spectra were complementary. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

Robust hybrid enzyme nanoreactor mediated plasmonic sensing strategy for ultrasensitive screening of anti-diabetic drug.

Enzyme inhibition based drug screening strategy has been widely employed for new drug discovery. But this strategy faces some challenges in practical application especially for the trace active compound screening from natural products such as the stability of enzyme and the sensitivity of screening approach. Inspired by the above, we for the first time demonstrate the self-assembly of α-glucosidase (GAA) and glucose oxidase (GOx) into one multi-enzymes-inorganic nanoreactor with hierarchical structure (flower shape). The hybrid enzyme nanoreactor enjoys the merits including the character of assembly line, the enhanced enzymatic activity and robust stability. The flower shape of enzyme nanoreactor possessed a bigger specific surface area, facilitating the trace GAA inhibitor detection. Based on the above, we proposed an enzyme nanoreactor mediated plasmonic sensing strategy for anti-diabetic drug screening. First, maltose was chosen as the substrate for GAA and the generated glucose were immediately utilized by GOx to generate H2O2, and finally, H2O2 etched the Ag nanoprism to round nanodiscs, resulting in the blue shift of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band. With the aid of hybrid enzyme nanoreactor guided SPR, the ultrasensitive screening of GAA inhibitor (i.e. anti-diabetic drug) can be realized with the detection limit of 5nM for acarbose. The proposed approach was successfully utilized for GAA inhibitor screening from natural products. We anticipate that the proposed sensing method may provide new insights and inspirations in the enzyme inhibition based drug discovery and clinical diagnosis.

Synthesis and evaluation of a maltose-bonded silica gel stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography and its application in Ginkgo Biloba extract separation in two-dimensional systems.

Maltose covalently bonded to silica was prepared by using carbonyl diimidazole as a cross-linker and employed as a stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. The column efficiency and the effect of water content, buffer concentration, and pH value influenced on retention were investigated. The separation or enrichment selectivity was also studied with nucleosides, saccharides, amino acids, peptides, and glycopeptides. The results indicated that the stationary phase processed good separation efficiency and separation selectivity in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode. Moreover, a two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography× reversed-phase liquid chromatography method with high orthogonality was developed to analyze the Ginkgo Biloba extract fractions. The development of this two-dimensional chromatographic system would be an effective tool for the separation of complex samples of different polarities and contents.

Crystal structure of Anoxybacillus α-amylase provides insights into maltose binding of a new glycosyl hydrolase subclass.

A new subfamily of glycosyl hydrolase family GH13 was recently proposed for α-amylases from Anoxybacillus species (ASKA and ADTA), Geobacillus thermoleovorans (GTA, Pizzo, and GtamyII), Bacillus aquimaris (BaqA), and 95 other putative protein homologues. To understand this new GH13 subfamily, we report crystal structures of truncated ASKA (TASKA). ASKA is a thermostable enzyme capable of producing high levels of maltose. Unlike GTA, biochemical analysis showed that Ca(2+) ion supplementation enhances the catalytic activities of ASKA and TASKA. The crystal structures reveal the presence of four Ca(2+) ion binding sites, with three of these binding sites are highly conserved among Anoxybacillus α-amylases. This work provides structural insights into this new GH13 subfamily both in the apo form and in complex with maltose. Furthermore, structural comparison of TASKA and GTA provides an overview of the conformational changes accompanying maltose binding at each subsite.

Ferrous iron content of intravenous iron formulations.

The observed biological differences in safety and efficacy of intravenous (IV) iron formulations are attributable to physicochemical differences. In addition to differences in carbohydrate shell, polarographic signatures due to ferric iron [Fe(III)] and ferrous iron [Fe(II)] differ among IV iron formulations. Intravenous iron contains Fe(II) and releases labile iron in the circulation. Fe(II) generates toxic free radicals and reactive oxygen species and binds to bacterial siderophores and other in vivo sequestering agents. To evaluate whether differences in Fe(II) content may account for some observed biological differences between IV iron formulations, samples from multiple lots of various IV iron formulations were dissolved in 12 M concentrated HCl to dissociate and release all iron and then diluted with water to achieve 0.1 M HCl concentration. Fe(II) was then directly measured using ferrozine reagent and ultraviolet spectroscopy at 562 nm. Total iron content was measured by adding an excess of ascorbic acid to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II), and Fe(II) was then measured by ferrozine assay. The Fe(II) concentration as a proportion of total iron content [Fe(III) + Fe(II)] in different lots of IV iron formulations was as follows: iron gluconate, 1.4 and 1.8 %; ferumoxytol, 0.26 %; ferric carboxymaltose, 1.4 %; iron dextran, 0.8 %; and iron sucrose, 10.2, 15.5, and 11.0 % (average, 12.2 %). The average Fe(II) content in iron sucrose was, therefore, ≥7.5-fold higher than in the other IV iron formulations. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between Fe(II) content and increased risk of oxidative stress and infections with iron sucrose.

Characterization of the Supermolecular Structure of Polydatin/6-O-α-Maltosyl-ß-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex.

Polydatin is the main bioactive ingredient in many medicinal plants, such as Hu-zhang (Polygonum cuspidatum), with many bioactivities. However, its poor aqueous solubility restricts its application in functional food. In this work, 6-O-α-Maltosyl-ß-cyclodextrin (Malt-ß-CD), a new kind of ß-CD derivative was used to enhance the aqueous solubility and stability of polydatin by forming the inclusion complex. The phase solubility study showed that polydatin and Malt-ß-CD could form the complex with the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. The supermolecular structure of the polydatin/Malt-ß-CD complex was characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1) H-NMR) spectroscopy. The changes of the characteristic spectral and thermal properties of polydatin suggested that polydatin could entrap inside the cavity of Malt-ß-CD. Furthermore, to reasonably understand the complexation mode, the supermolecular structure of polydatin/Malt-ß-CD inclusion complex was postulated by a molecular docking method based on Autodock 4.2.3. It was clearly observed that the ring B of polydatin oriented toward the narrow rim of Malt-ß-CD with ring A and glucosyl group practically exposed to the wide rim by hydrogen bonding, which was in a good agreement with the spectral data.

Interaction with Mixed Micelles in the Intestine Attenuates the Permeation Enhancing Potential of Alkyl-Maltosides.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the interaction of intestinal permeation enhancers with lipid and surfactant components present in the milieu of the small intestine. Maltosides of different chain lengths (decyl-, dodecyl-, and tetradecyl-maltoside; DM, DDM, TDM, respectively) were used as examples of nonionic, surfactant-like permeation enhancers, and their effect on the permeation of FD4 across Caco-2 monolayers was monitored. To mimic the environment of the small intestine, modified versions of fasted and fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIFmod, FeSSIFmod6.5, respectively) were used in addition to standard transport media (TM). Compared to the buffer control, 0.5 mM DDM led to a 200-fold permeation enhancement of FD4 in TM. However, this was dramatically decreased in FaSSIFmod, where a concentration of 5 mM DDM was necessary in order to elicit a moderate, 4-fold, permeation enhancement. Its capacity to promote permeation was diminished further when FeSSIFmod6.5 was employed. Even when cells were exposed to a concentration of 5 mM, no significant permeation enhancement of FD4 was observed. Analogous effects were observed in the case of DM and TDM, with slight deviations on account of differences in their critical micelle concentration (CMC). This observation was corroborated by calculating the amount of maltoside monomer versus micellar bound maltoside in FaSSIFmod and FeSSIFmod6.5, which demonstrated a reduced amount of free monomer in these fluids. To evaluate the in vivo significance of our findings, DDM solutions in TM, FaSSIFmod, and FeSSIFmod6.5 were used for closed intestinal loop studies in rats. Consistent with the results found in in vitro permeation studies, these investigations illustrated the overwhelming impact of sodium taurocholate/lecithin micelles on the permeation enhancing effect of DDM. While DDM led to a 20-fold increase in FD4 bioavailability when it was applied in TM, no significant permeation enhancement was seen in FaSSIFmod/FeSSIFmod6.5. Collectively, these investigations highlight the importance of using biorelevant media when evaluating the potency of permeation enhancers. In doing so, this ensures improved correlations between in vitro and in vivo studies and thus enables an early and more accurate assessment of promising permeation enhancers.

Maltose-conjugated chitosans induce macroscopic gelation of pectin solutions at neutral pH.

Injectable polymer scaffolds are particularly attractive for guided tissue growth and drug/cell delivery with minimally invasive intervention. In the present work, "all-polymeric" gelling systems based on pectins and water-soluble maltose-conjugated chitosans (CM) have been developed. Maltose-conjugated chitosan has been synthesized at three different molar ratios, as evaluated by FITR analysis and fluorimetric titration. A thorough rheological characterization of the blends and their parent solutions has been performed. Macroscopic gelation has been achieved by mixing the high esterification degree pectins with CM at higher maltose grafted to chitosan contents. Gels form in a few minutes and reach their full strength in less than two hours. These features encourage their further development as scaffold for tissue engineering.

[Multi-component of Cibotium baronetz decoction pieces via 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis].

OBJECTIVE: 1H-NMR technology was carried out to investigate the chemical difference between 30 batches of Cibotium baronetz decoction pieces and look for new method for quality control of C. baronetz decoction pieces. METHOD: Six hundreds MHz H-NMR spectroscopy and principle component analysis (PCA) were used to discriminate between 30 batches of commercially available cibotium samples based on multi-component metabolite profiles. RESULT: Saccharide is the principle component of C. baronetz decoction pieces, and steroid and triterpene were the discriminately chemical component. Protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, cibotiumbaroside A, cibotiumbaroside B and 4-O-caffeoyl-D-glucoside could be used as the marker for controlling the quality of commercial C. baronetz decoction pieces. CONCLUSION: Pattern-recognition techniques applied to proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra of 80% methanol extraction of C. baronetz could correctly discriminate not only the quality, but also the chemical component for batches of commercial C. baronetz decoction pieces.

pH-triggered aggregate shape of different generations lysine-dendronized maleimide copolymers with maltose shell.

Glycopolymers are promising materials in the field of biomedical applications and in the fabrication of supramolecular structures with specific functions. For tunable design of supramolecular structures, glycopolymer architectures with specific properties (e.g., controlled self-assembly) are needed. Using the concept of dendronized polymers, a series of H-bond active giant glycomacromolecules with maleimide backbone and lysine dendrons of different generations were synthesized. They possess different macromolecular size and functionality along the backbone. Their peripheral maltose units lead to solubility under physiological conditions and controlled aggregation behavior. The aggregation behavior was investigated depending on generation number, pH value, and concentration. A portfolio of complementary analytical tools give an insight into the influence of the different parameters in shaping a rod-, coil-, and worm-like molecular structure and their controlled aggregate formation. MD simulation helped us to understand the complex aggregation behavior of the linear polymer chain without dendritic units.

Production of acid-stable and high-maltose-forming α-amylase of Bacillus acidicola by solid-state fermentation and immobilized cells and its applicability in baking.

Among matrices used for immobilizing Bacillus acidicola cells [calcium alginate, chitosan + alginate, scotch brite, and polyurethane foam (PUF)], α-amylase production was highest by PUF-immobilized cells (9.1 U ml(-1)), which is higher than free cells (7.2 U ml(-1)). The PUF-immobilized cells could be reused over seven cycles with sustained α-amylase production. When three variables (moisture, starch, and ammonium sulfate), which significantly affected enzyme production in solid-state fermentation (SSF), were optimized using response surface methodology, 5.6-fold enhancement in enzyme production was attained. The enzyme production in SSF is 3.8-fold higher than that in submerged fermentation. The bread made by supplementing dough with α-amylase of B. acidicola scored better than those with the xylanase of Bacillus halodurans and thermostable α-amylase of Geobacillus thermoleovorans.

Preparation of vesicle drug carrier from palm oil- and palm kernel oil-based glycosides.

A new mixture of alkyl glycosides derived from palm oil (PO) or palm kernel oil (PKO) was synthesised. This mixture contains glycosylated disaccharide of either maltose or lactose with aliphatic chain that varies according to the PO or PKO fatty acids composition. The synthesis method produced no polymerised sugar unlike the production of the commercial glycosides (APG). The mixture only contains various glycosides differing by the alkyl chain and stereoisomers. Three anomeric mixtures can be produced depending on the reaction time and catalyst: α-dominant mixture, ß-dominant mixture and equal mixture. The PO and PKO derived glycosides were able to form a stable vesicle with a small amount of dicetyl phosphate (DCP) and showed high vitamin E encapsulation efficiency. Low packing density of the membrane bilayer enabled more vitamin E to participate in the membrane formation. The anomeric mixtures of the maltosides provide no difference in membrane packing behaviour as it was governed by the hydrophilic region. Significant difference in membrane packing density was observed for lactosides anomeric mixtures because the packing behaviour was influenced by the hydrophobic region. Inclusion of cholesterol led to decrease in vitamin E encapsulation as well as reducing the stability of the vesicle system. The vesicular formulations of the glycosides were stable for 3 months when stored at refrigeration temperature.