[Factors associated with use of medication during first pregnancies in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil]. / Fatores associados ao uso de medicamentos na gestação em primigestas no Município de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil.

This cross-sectional study in a sample of 887 primigravidae in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil aimed to analyze factors associated with the use of medicines during the first pregnancy. Information was obtained from interviews and prenatal cards. Medicines were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System of the World Health Organization and risk categories according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Mean age was 21 years and mean number of medicines used was 2.42. The most frequently consumed medicines were antianemics (47.5%), supplements and vitamins (18.7%), analgesics (13.8%), and antibiotics (10.5%). In the risk categorization, 69.3% belonged to category A, 22.3% to B, 7.6% to C, and 0.8% to D. The odds of having used risky medicines were higher among primigravidae in unit B (OR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.26-3.50), in the 19 to 24-year age bracket (OR = 2.79; 95%CI: 1.58-4.93), and in the presence of a medical prescription (OR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.18-2.95). Essential drugs were less used by women with higher family income (OR = 0.63; 95%CI: 0.42-0.96) and those who had received private prenatal care (OR = 0.53; 95%CI: 0.38-0.74).

Fatores associados ao uso de medicamentos na gestação em primigestas no Município de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil / Factors associated with use of medication during first pregnancies in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil / Factores asociados con el uso de fármacos en el embarazo de primigestas en Río Branco, Acre, Brasil

Estudo transversal, envolvendo 887 primigestas com o objetivo de analisar os fatores associados ao uso de medicamentos na gestação no Município de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil. As informações tiveram como base uma entrevista e o cartão de pré-natal. Os medicamentos foram classificados de acordo com o Sistema Anatômico Terapêutico Químico (ATC), da Organização Mundial da Saúde, e com a categoria de risco do Food and Drug Administration (Estados Unidos). A média de idade foi 21 anos, a média do uso de medicamentos foi 2,42; os medicamentos mais consumidos foram os antianêmicos (47,5%), suplementos e vitaminas (18,7%), analgésicos (13,8%) e antibióticos (10,5%). Na categorização de risco, 69,3% pertenciam à categoria A; 22,3% à B; 7,6% à C e 0,8% à D. A chance de ter sido exposta à utilização de medicamentos de risco foi maior nas primigestas na unidade B (RC = 2,10; IC95%: 1,26-3,50), na faixa etária de 19 a 24 anos (RC = 2,79; IC95%: 1,58-4,93) e com prescrição médica (RC = 1,86; IC95%: 1,18-2,95). Os medicamentos essenciais foram menos utilizados entre as mulheres com maior renda familiar (RC = 0,63; IC95%: 0,42-0,96), e que realizaram o pré-natal na rede privada (RC = 0,53; IC95%: 0,38-0,74).

This cross-sectional study in a sample of 887 primigravidae in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil aimed to analyze factors associated with the use of medicines during the first pregnancy. Information was obtained from interviews and prenatal cards. Medicines were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System of the World Health Organization and risk categories according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Mean age was 21 years and mean number of medicines used was 2.42. The most frequently consumed medicines were antianemics (47.5%), supplements and vitamins (18.7%), analgesics (13.8%), and antibiotics (10.5%). In the risk categorization, 69.3% belonged to category A, 22.3% to B, 7.6% to C, and 0.8% to D. The odds of having used risky medicines were higher among primigravidae in unit B (OR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.26-3.50), in the 19 to 24-year age bracket (OR = 2.79; 95%CI: 1.58-4.93), and in the presence of a medical prescription (OR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.18-2.95). Essential drugs were less used by women with higher family income (OR = 0.63; 95%CI: 0.42-0.96) and those who had received private prenatal care (OR = 0.53; 95%CI: 0.38-0.74).

Estudio transversal con 887 primigestas para analizar los factores asociados al consumo de medicamentos durante el embarazo en Río Branco, Acre, Brasil. La información se basó en entrevistas y tarjeta prenatal. Los medicamentos se calificaron de acuerdo con el sistema anatómico terapéutico químico (ATC), de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y con la categoría de riesgo del Food and Drug Administration (Estados Unidos). La media de edad fue de 21 años; la media del uso de medicamentos fue de un 2,42; los medicamentos más consumidos fueron los antianémicos (47,5%), los suplementos y vitaminas (18,7%), analgésicos (13,8%) y antibióticos (10,5%). En la clasificación de riesgo, un 69,3% pertenecían a la categoría A; 22,3% a B; 7,6% a C y 0,8% a la D. La posibilidad de haber estado expuestas al riesgo en el consumo de medicamentos fue mayor en primigestas en la unidad B (OR = 2,10, IC95%: 1,26-3,50), con edades entre 19 y 24 años (OR = 2,79, IC95%: 1,58-4,93) y con prescripción (OR = 1,86, IC95%: 1,18-2,95). Los medicamentos esenciales fueron utilizados con menos frecuencia en las mujeres con mayores ingresos de los hogares (OR = 0,63, IC95%: 0,42-0,96) y que realizaron el cuidado prenatal en una red clínica privada (OR = 0,53, IC95%: 0,38- 0,74).

Adverse drug reactions and adverse events of 33 varieties of traditional Chinese medicine injections on National Essential medicines List (2004 edition) of China: an overview on published literatures.

OBJECTIVES: We conducted a literature review on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to 33 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine injections (CMIs) on China's National Essential medicines List (2004 edition). We aimed to retrieve basic ADR information, identify trends related to CMIs, and provide evidence for the research, development, and application of CMIs. METHODS: We electronically searched the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM, January 1978-April 2009), the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI, January 1979-April 2009), the Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (January 1989-April 2009) and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database (January 1984-April 2009). We used the terms of 'adverse drug reaction', 'adverse event', 'side effects', 'side reaction', 'toxicity', and 'Chinese medicine injections', as well as the names of the 33 CMIs to search. We also collected CMI-related ADR reports and regulations from the Chinese Food and Drug Administration's 'Newsletter of Adverse Drug Reactions' (Issue 1 to 22). Then we descriptively analyzed all the articles by year published, periodical, and study design. We also analyzed regulations relevants to ADRs. RESULTS: (1) We found 5405 relevant citations, of which 1010 studies met the eligibility criteria. (2) The rate of publishing of research articles on CMI-linked ADRs has risen over time. (3) The included 1010 articles were scattered among 297 periodicals. Of these, 55 journals on pharmaceutical medicine accounted for 39.5% of the total (399/1010); the 64 journals on traditional Chinese medicine, accounted for only 19.5% (197/1010). Only 22 periodicals with relevant articles were included on the core journals of the Beijing University List (2008 edition); these published 129 articles (12.8% of the included articles). (4) The relevant articles consisted of 348 case reports (34.5%), 254 case series (25.2%), 119 reviews (11.8%), 116 randomized controlled trials (11.5%), 78 cross-sectional studies (7.7%), 61 literature analyses of ADR (6.0%), and 28 non-randomized controlled clinical studies (2.8%). (5) Three journals, Adverse Drug Reactions Journal, China Medical Herald, and Chinese Pharmaceuticals, together published 12.3% of the included literature. (6) The most commonly-reported CMI-related ADRs were to Shuanghuanglian, Qingkailing, and Yuxingcao injections, each of which had ADRs mentioned in more than 200 articles. Four of the five CMIs with the most ADR reports (Shuanghuanglian, Ciwujia, Yuxingcao, and Yinzhihuang injections) had been suspended use or sale in the market. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Articles published on CMI-related ADRs increased over time, but overall the research is of low quality and is scattered through a large number of sources. (2) Four CMIs (Shuanghuanglian, Ciwujia, Yuxingcao, and Yinzhihuang injections) had been suspended for clinical use or sale. (3) There is an urgent need for a clear standard to grade ADRs of CMIs in order to better risk manage. (4) It is necessary to continually re-evaluate the safety of CMIs and to promote rational use of CMIs.

Safer injections following a new national medicine policy in the public sector, Burkina Faso 1995-2000.

BACKGROUND: The common failure of health systems to ensure adequate and sufficient supplies of injection devices may have a negative impact on injection safety. We conducted an assessment in April 2001 to determine to which extent an increase in safe injection practices between 1995 and 2000 was related to the increased access to injection devices because of a new essential medicine policy in Burkina Faso. METHODS: We reviewed outcomes of the new medicine policy implemented in 1995. In April 2001, a retrospective programme review assessed the situation between 1995 and 2000. We visited 52 health care facilities where injections had been observed during a 2000 injection safety assessment and their adjacent operational public pharmaceutical depots. Data collection included structured observations of available injection devices and an estimation of the proportion of prescriptions including at least one injection. We interviewed wholesaler managers at national and regional levels on supply of injection devices to public health facilities. RESULTS: Fifty of 52 (96%) health care facilities were equipped with a pharmaceutical depot selling syringes and needles, 37 (74%) of which had been established between 1995 and 2000. Of 50 pharmaceutical depots, 96% had single-use 5 ml syringes available. At all facilities, patients were buying syringes and needles out of the depot for their injections prescribed at the dispensary. While injection devices were available in greater quantities, the proportion of prescriptions including at least one injection remained stable between 1995 (26.5%) and 2000 (23.8%). CONCLUSION: The implementation of pharmaceutical depots next to public health care facilities increased geographical access to essential medicines and basic supplies, among which syringes and needles, contributing substantially to safer injection practices in the absence of increased use of therapeutic injections.

Medications taken by 26-year-olds.

BACKGROUND: Most descriptive pharmacoepidemiological reports are from studies of older people, and little is known about medication use by younger adults. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of medication usage in the previous 2 weeks among young adults. METHODS: Detailed information was collected on medications taken by 26-year-old participants in the longstanding Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. RESULTS: At age 26, 980 (96.2%) of the surviving cohort participated; medication data were available for 978 individuals, of whom 78.1% had taken one or more prescribed or over-the-counter medications. Medication use was higher among females. The most prevalent drug categories were analgesics (taken by 22.8% of the sample), hormonal contraceptives (21.9%; 44.7% of females), nutrient supplements (17.6%) and anti-asthma drugs (11.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and pattern of medication use among younger adults differ from those reported for older age groups. Asthma appears to be the most prevalent chronic medical condition requiring pharmacological intervention (and for which medical care has been sought) among younger adults. The low rates of use of antidepressants and anxiolytics suggest that common psychiatric disorders may currently go unrecognized or untreated among young adults, and the high prevalence of 'third generation' oral contraceptive use among females is of particular concern.

Manual de medicamentos y acciones esenciales para la atención de la madre y el recien nacido "del problema a la acción" / Manual on drugs and actions essential for care of the mother and the newborn of the problem to the action\"

Este manual"de bolsillo" ha sido, apartir del "estudio" de la Norma de Atención a la Mujer y el Recién Nacido para Puestos, Centros de Salud y Hospitales de Distrito (Norma Boliviana de Salud NBSNS-02-96), con el objeto de dar al personal de salud una rápida llegada al uso del medicamento y la acción, una vez que identifica o diagnostica la causa y/o define el procedimiento a seguir

Lista oficial de medicamentos con registro sanitario vigente / Official list of drugs wit sanitary registry in effect

Los datos que presentamos en este documento han sido sometidos a una exhaustiva revisión, evaluación y análisis. Estamos seguros que este instrumento constituirá una herramienta impresindible para los profesionales de salud, en la ejecución del Seguro Básico de Salud y toda la atención integral en la calidad de la prescripción y la dispensación. Esperamos que este listado constituya un documento de consulta para los profesionales e instituciones de salud

Los medicamentos amigos de la salud: promoviendo escuelas saludables / The friendly medicaments of health: promoting healthy schools (1998)

La medicina científica interviene en el proceso salud-enfermedad con medicamentos para prevenir y curar enfermedades. Estos medicamentos pueden convertirse en una amenaza de muerte, cuando los/las pacientes o población en general los usan y consumen en forma excesiva, de manera inadecuada y sin prescripción médica

Listado básico de medicamentos / Basic list of drugs

En el trabajo se han incluido una serie de medicamentos que permitirán a nuestra institución avanzar junto a los adelantos farmacológicos, buscando como es norma brindar al paciente una medicina de mejor calidad; del mismo modo se han retirado del listado anterior algunos medicamentos de escasa utilización por el cuerpo médico, de utilidad cuestionable o que han sido superados por otros con mayor beneficio terapéutico o con menores afectos adversos