Adolf Thierry and the first pharmaceutical factory in Southeast Europe.

The paper explores the beginnings of pharmaceutical industry development in Croatia and the establishment of the first pharmaceutical factory in Southeast Europe. Adolf Thierry de Chateauvieux (St. Pölten, 1854 - Pregrada, 1920), a nobleman hailing from France, immigrated to Croatia at the end of the 19 th century. He bought the Angjelu cuvaru ( Guardian Angel ) pharmacy (1892) in the small town of Pregrada and established the first pharmaceutical factory (1894) in this part of Europe. The factory had an equipped laboratory, a production facility, a storage room for raw materials and balsams, a room for packaging and shipping finished products and a commercial office. Production was mainly based on herbal remedies. The most famous were Thierry's Balsam and Thierry's Centifolia Ointment, both registered and patented in London (1900). By virtue of Adolf Thierry's entrepreneurial spirit and skilful product advertisement, his medicinal preparations were distributed across Europe, America, India and Africa, a testament to which is the well-preserved and researched documentation.

The First 75 Years Timeline of United States Army Preventive, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, and Public Health History.

In 2017, the US Army Public Health Center (USAPHC) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, celebrated its 75th Anniversary. The organization began in 1942 at The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, as the US Army Industrial Hygiene Laboratory to provide Occupational Medicine, Industrial Hygiene and other Occupational Health services in support of the World War II military industrial base. In 1945, the organization moved to the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground and underwent organizational changes, mission changes and name changes. In 1960 it was renamed the US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency or AEHA, and under that name was widely recognized for significant accomplishments in Occupational and Environmental Health. In 1994, it became the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) and took on an expanded role in Public Health. A later reorganization brought in Veterinary services. In 2015, it became the USAPHC. This publication provides a timeline of important accomplishments, mission modifications, administrative changes, challenges and threats in the organization's first 75 years. To help readers put these events in perspective, abbreviated timelines of significant events in military and civilian Preventive, Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Public Health history, legal and regulatory actions related to Public Health and US military history are also included.

The U.S. Army Occupational and Environmental Medicine Residency at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: 1960-1996.

BACKGROUND: Reorganization of the Army and critical assessment of Army Graduate Medical Education programs prompted the Occupational and Environmental Medicine (OEM) Consultant to the Army Surgeon General to initiate a review of current Army OEM residency training. Available information indicated the Army OEM residency at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, was the first and longest operating Army OEM residency. Describing this residency was identified as the first step in the review, with the objectives of determining why the residency was started and sustained and its relevance to the needs of the Army. METHODS: Records possibly related to the residency were reviewed, starting with 1954 since certification of physicians as Occupation Medicine specialists began in 1955. Interviews were conducted with selected physicians who had strong affiliations with the Army residency and the practice of Army OEM. FINDINGS: The Army OEM residency began in 1960 and closed in 1996 with the transfer of Army OEM residency training to the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD. Over 36 years, 47 uniformed residency graduates were identified; 44 were from the Army. Forty graduated between 1982 and 1996. The OEM residency was part of a dynamic cycle. Uniformed OEM leaders identified the knowledge and skills required of military OEM physicians and where these people should be stationed in the global Army. Rotations at military sites to acquire the needed knowledge and skills were integrated into the residency. Residency graduates were assigned to positions where they were needed. Having uniformed residents and preceptors facilitated the development of trust with military leaders and access to areas where OEM physician skills and knowledge could have a positive impact. Early reports indicated the residency was important in recruiting and retaining OEM physicians, with emphasis placed on supporting the Army industrial base. The late 1970s into the 1990s was a more dynamic period. There was heightened interest in environmental protection and restoration of military installations, and in the threats posed by nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Additionally, President Reagan initiated a military buildup that brought new health risks to soldiers who would use and maintain modern equipment. Army OEM physicians were required to possess competencies in many areas, to include depots in the Army industrial base, occupational health for the soldier for exposures like carbon monoxide in armored vehicles, military unique exposures like those from chemical threat agents, and environmental medicine to assess health risks on contaminated U.S. military sites and from exposures of deployed forces. These offered interesting OEM training opportunities that challenged residents in the program and helped recruit new residents. DISCUSSION: The strength of the first Army OEM residency was that it was part of a dynamic cycle that consisted of identifying and defining Army OEM needs, training physicians to meet those needs and assigning residency graduates to positions where they would have a positive impact. This paradigm can be used as the basis for contemporary assessments of the Army's need for uniformed OEM physicians and a uniformed OEM residency program.

[Ethical values and virtues of the Diatriba. A tribute to Bernardino Ramazzini on the tercentenary of his death (1714)]. / Virtù e valori etici della Diatriba. Un tributo a Bernardino Ramazzini in occasione del trecentesimo anniversario della morte (1714).

Based on Hyppocratic values of ancient medicine, Ramazzini's way of thinking prefigures the social medicine that was to be an achievement of the Enlightenment. This contribution aims at analyzing the ethical aspects of the Diatriba. The preface already contains elements that constitute the ethical manifesto of Ramazzini. He shows compassion ("...we must admit that the workers in certain arts and crafts sometimes derive from them grave injuries"), expresses gratitude ("we owe this to the wretched condition of the workers from whose manual toil...so many benefits accrue"), demonstrates a sense of justice ("...in our own time also laws have been passed in well-ordered cities to secure good conditions for the workers; so it is only right that the art of medicine should contribute its portion for the benefit and relief of those for whom the law has shown such foresight") and demonstrates his willingness to be helpful to workers ("...I have tried to unearth in the shops of craftsmen...to suggest medical precautions for the prevention and treatment of such diseases as usually affect the workers"). The ethical contribution of Ramazzini, however, goes far beyond these noble and heartfelt words, demonstrating his intellectual and moral depth. In fact, alongside comments and suggestions, quotations and proposals, information and warnings, the Magister offers a framework for his beliefs on the attitude that the physician should adopt. Prudence and moderation inspire his recommendations when he speaks directly and indirectly to workers; irony and sarcasm pervade his thoughts when he talks to his colleagues, fairness and integrity inspire his remarks to authorities. Although current practice is based on ethical rules dating back to more recent times, the ethical vision of the Magister, that is admirable for its honesty, originality and depth, is in some respects still relevant today.

"Phthisiophobia": the difficult recognition of transmission of tuberculosis to health care workers.

BACKGROUND: Even if the contagious nature of tuberculosis was universally accepted during the nineteenth century, its transmission to health care workers (HCWs) was initially denied by the scientific community. Working among TB patients was not considered dangerous for healthy adults, so the potential risks for HCWs were branded as unwarranted "phthisiophobia" (fear of contracting tuberculosis). OBJECTIVES: This study aims at analyzing the problem of tuberculosis transmission among health care workers from an historical perspective, particularly highlighting the contribution made by the Italian Occupational Medicine community. METHODS: Scientific literature and historical sources on different theories regarding tuberculosis transmission were investigated, specially focusing on the period at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. RESULTS: At the beginning of the twentieth century, Luigi Devoto (1864-1936), an Italian pioneer in the field of Occupational Medicine, was one of the first scientists to conduct research on the transmission of tuberculosis among nurses. Since the 1920s several studies, conducted mainly on medical and nursing students, confirmed the risk for HCWs. However an international consensus on this issue was only achieved during the 1950s, when the institution of mandatory chest radiographs on admission for all patients significantly decreased the cases of tuberculosis among HCWs. CONCLUSIONS: Devoto was one of the first scholars who postulated the transmission of tuberculosis to HCWs. He also theorized that hospital personnel with active disease could also be a source of contagion to patients. Nowadays, "third party risk" and latent tuberculosis infection pose a new challenge for occupational physicians in hospitals.

Performing arts medicine-a bibliographic retrospective of the early literature: an historical examination of bibliographic references pre-1975.

Performing arts medicine (PAM) emerged as a medical specialty around 1985. Prior to this time, relatively few publications addressed the identification and concerns of musicians' and dancers' medical problems. To determine what number and types of publications occurred prior to the actual beginnings of PAM as a discipline, and to determine how these original topics compared with present-day publications, a retrospective review of the current bibliographic database of the Performing Arts Medicine Association (PAMA) was undertaken. Out of a total of 12,600 entries to date, 489 references were found published from 1798 through 1974, which represent only 3.9% of the current database listings. One-sixth of the references were originally written in a language other than English. Journal articles were by far the most numerous type of publication. Topics with the highest number of entries included the neurobiology of music (n=77), dental/orofacial matters (71), and biographical accounts of composers or musicians and their illnesses (59). Other frequently published topics included hearing loss, physiology of playing instruments, and instrumental technique and teaching. Early topics with multiple publications included composers' biographies, dystonias, and surgery to improve finger independence for playing piano. Subjects whose publications occurred principally in the last two decades of this review included dermatological disorders, hearing loss, and ballet physiology, teaching, and technique. Those which remain popular to the present day include hearing loss, performance anxiety, focal dystonia, and dental/orofacial problems.

[Neo-'hippocratism' in Bernardino Ramazzini]. / L'ippocratismo di Bernardino Ramazzini. per la costruzione di una medicina sociale.

Neo-hippocratism is a rational and mechanic method to explain pathological phenomena and discover the causes of diseases. Bernardino Ramazzini uses Hippocratic empirical observation to investigate the relations between the alterations of the air - due to mephitic vapours, of organic and inorganic origin - and the development of pathological processes. His notion of corruption of the atmosphere as the origin of epidemics and specific diseases, and that of prevention as the main strategy of modern medicine, is developed in medical literature and in the public medicine projects of the end of the Seventeenth century.