A formulation of neem and hypericum oily extract for the treatment of the wound myiasis by Wohlfahrtia magnifica in domestic animals.

Untreated, traumatic, or wound myiases can cause severe consequences to animal health and welfare as well as economic losses to livestock productions. For healing myiasis-caused wounds, disinfectant such as creolin is wrongly but currently used in association with insecticides. Though effective, creolin is highly toxic to the patients, is inadequate with respect to the repellent effect, and may delay the healing of treated wounds. In this uncontrolled study, the efficacy of the patented plant-derived formulation 1 Primary Wound Dressing© (1-PWD), composed of neem oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and the oily extract of Hypericum perforatum (L.) flowers, has been investigated. Forty-four domestic animals of different species suffering from wound myiasis lasting for up to 25 days, at different parts of the body, were enrolled in the study. No systemic or local antibiotic or disinfectants' treatment was administered. Larvae recovered on open wounds and adults reared from mature larvae were identified as Wohlfahrtia magnifica. All the treated wounds healed in a range of 10 to 32 days without further infestation. None of the recruited animals presented bacterial complications. Data herein presented indicate that the tested natural plant-derived formulation is able to manage the infestation caused by W. magnifica larvae and the healing process of traumatic infested wounds in several domestic animal species, without any side effect on the living tissue and without the need to use local or systemic chemical or other products.

Toxicity and oviposition deterrence of essential oils of Clinopodium nubigenum and Lavandula angustifolia against the myiasis-inducing blowfly Lucilia sericata.

Cutaneous myiasis is a severe worldwide medical and veterinary issue. In this trial the essential oil (EO) of the Andean medicinal plant species Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze was evaluated for its bioactivity against the myiasis-inducing blowfly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera Calliphoridae) and compared with that of the well-known medicinal plant species Lavandula angustifolia Mill. The EOs were analysed and tested in laboratory for their oviposition deterrence and toxicity against L. sericata adults. The physiology of EO toxicity was evaluated by enzymatic inhibition tests. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the EOs were tested as well. At 0.8 µL cm-2, both EOs completely deterred L. sericata oviposition up to 3 hours. After 24 h, the oviposition deterrence was still 82.7% for L. angustifolia and the 89.5% for C. nubigenum. The two EOs were also toxic to eggs and adults of L. sericata. By contact/fumigation, the EOs, the LC50 values against the eggs were 0.07 and 0.48 µL cm-2 while, by topical application on the adults, LD50 values were 0.278 and 0.393 µL per individual for C. nubigenum and L. angustifolia EOs, respectively. Inhibition of acetylcholine esterase of L. sericata by EOs (IC50 = 67.450 and 79.495 mg L-1 for C. nubigenum and L. angustifolia, respectively) suggested that the neural sites are targets of the EO toxicity. Finally, the observed antibacterial and antifungal properties of C. nubigenum and L. angustifolia EOs suggest that they could also help prevent secondary infections.

An acetone extract of Clausena anisata may be a potential control agent for flies encountered in cutaneous myiasis.

Clausena anisata is a medicinal plant used traditionally to treat myiasis and as an insect repellent by various communities. We have previously demonstrated the effects of C. anisata extracts on blowfly feeding and development in our laboratory. The impact of C. anisata leaf extracts on populations of different fly species on farms in Mpumalanga, South Africa was investigated in this study under field conditions. Flies were exposed to liver baits treated with acetone leaf extracts of C. anisata (150 mg/mL). Fly numbers and composition on two farms, with and without C. anisata treated liver, were compared during a period of 12 weeks when fly populations were expected to be high. Observations were made on fly behaviour and development, adult sizes and numbers. The flies exposed to liver treated with the leaf extract of C. anisata had a decreased rate of development, prolonged larval period, smaller body sizes and more sluggish behaviour compared to those subjected to the control treatment. No significant differences were, however, found between the numbers and sizes of flies on the treated and on the control farm, which was most likely due to the limited nature of the baiting programme we followed. The effects of C. anisata extracts on blowfly behaviour and development observed in previous laboratory studies were confirmed in this field evaluation. Although the extracts did not have a significant effect on the overall population size in this experiment, we believe that the C. anisata leaf extract could be useful in integrated pest management based on its effect on larval development. In addition, species such as Lucilia cuprina and Chrysomya marginalis seemed to have been repelled by the C. anisata treated liver; as a result, further work should explore this aspect and how it can be used for the protection of animals.

Bioactivities of some essential oils against the camel nasal botfly, Cephalopina titillator.

Nasopharyngeal myiasis of camels is caused by the larvae of Cephalopina titillator. We determined the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of pumpkin, Cucurbita maxima; lupinus, Lupinus luteus; garlic oil, Allium sativum; and peppermint, Mentha piperita, against the third larval stage of C. titillator using larval immersion tests. The positive control group was treated with ivermectin and the negative control one was treated with distilled water and few drops of Tween 80. Larvae were reared until adult emergence. The data indicated that complete larval mortalities were reached 24 h post treatment (PT) with 2 % pumpkin, 7.5 % garlic and peppermint, 30 % lupinus, and 0.15 % ivermectin. The lethal values, LC50s, were 0.20, 0.44, 0.42, 0.47, and 0.03 %, respectively. Pumpkin and ivermectin were 2 and 17 times, respectively, more effective than the other EOs. Ivermectin was seven times more intoxicating than pumpkin oil. Formation of pupae had been stopped after treatment of larvae with 2 % pumpkin, 7.5 % garlic and peppermint, 30 % lupines, and 0.04 % ivermectin. Adult emergence had been completely ceased following treatment of larvae with 0.5 % EOs and 0.04 % ivermectin. Morphological abnormalities were pronounced after treatments, and peppermint oil was the foremost cause of deformation in larvae (44 % PT with 7.5 %) and pupae (40 % PT with 2 %). Pumpkin oil (6 %) was selected to be the drug of choice for controlling C. titillator. Besides their insecticidal effects, EOs are much safer than ivermectin regarding health and environmental issues. Consequently, EOs described herein merit further study as potential nasal drench for C. titillator control.

Social exclusion and myiasis of the upper lip in a Brazilian rural resident.

CONTEXT: People living in rural or remote Brazil, as in other sub-tropical or tropical nations, are vulnerable to infections that would not normally occur in urban areas or wealthier nations. Brazil is a geographically extensive nation, historically marked by vast socioeconomic inequalities. Approximately 16% of the population live in rural areas. ISSUE: This clinical case report demonstrates the vulnerability of rural residents who are underserved by Brazil's 'universal' public healthcare system, despite social and economic challenges that increase their risk for disease. Myiasis (especially oral myiasis) is a rare health condition in humans caused by fly larvae. Oral myiasis usually appears in periodontal pockets and open wounds, such as after dental extractions. It is associated with poverty, lack of access to health care, and very poor overall health status. While myiasis has a worldwide distribution, it is particularly associated with the tropical and sub-tropical regions of North and South America. LESSONS LEARNED: This article describes a rare case of myiasis in the upper lip of a rural male patient. The case report demonstrate that rural and remote residents can be socially excluded from the benefits of technology and biomedicine, making them vulnerable to rare infections.

Primer reporte en Cuba de miasis intestinal por Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) / First report of intestinal myiasis caused by por Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

INTRODUCCIÓN: Hermetia illucens, díptero de la familia Stratiomyidae es una especie reportada para Cuba relativamente frecuente en todo el territorio nacional. Ha sido incriminada como productora de miasis en humanos y animales. OBJETIVO: reportar por primera vez en Cuba una miasis entérica producida por esta especie. MÉTODOS: la paciente, una mujer blanca de 26 años presentó un cuadro de deyecciones líquidas posprandiales con cólicos abdominales. Al ingerir una infusión de plantas medicinales a partir de incienso (Artemisa abrotanum L.), hierba buena (Mentha nemorosa Willd.) y manzanilla (Matricaria chamomilla L.) expulsó 5 larvas (2 grandes y 3 pequeñas). Se decidió su ingreso durante una semana pero no se obtuvieron nuevas larvas, una gastroscopia realizada mostró gastritis antral crónica con focos de agudización; se determinaron otras parasitosis por lo que se le indicó mebendazol. RESULTADOS: de las larvas expulsadas una fue llevada al Departamento de Entomología Médica del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, donde fue determinada taxonómicamente como Hermetia illucens. CONCLUSIONES: este reporte junto a lo conocido en la literatura mundial muestra la posibilidad de que miasis por esta especie ocurran con cierta frecuencia, sobre todo en los meses de verano al ingerir frutas muy maduras y sin lavar; se deberá alertar a los médicos de esta posible miasis a ocurrir, promocionar las medidas higiénicas a ser tomadas al ingerir frutas y valorar el estudio de las propiedades antiparasitarias de la especie Artemisa abrotanum L.

INTRODUCTION: Hermetia illucens from Stratiomyidae family is a relatively frequent species reported in Cuba. It has been accused of causing myiasis in humans and animals. OBJECTIVE: to report for the first time in Cuba, the occurrence of intestinal myiasis caused by this species. METHODS: the patient, a white woman aged 26 years presented with a picture of postprandial fluid discharges accompanied by abdominal pain. When the patient took an infusion of medicinal plants such as incense (Artemisa abrotanum L.), mint (Mentha nemorosa Wild) and camomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), five larvae were ejected (2 large and 3 small). It was decided to admit the patient to the hospital for a week, but not more larvae were ejected. A gastroscopy showed antral chronic gastritis with acute foci and also other types of parasitosis, so Mebendazol was prescribed. RESULTS: one of the ejected larvae was taken to the Medical Entomology Department of Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine where it was taxonomically identified as Hermetia illucens. CONCLUSIONS: this report together with the pieces of knowledge provided by the world literature show the possibility that myasis caused by this species may occur in summer months when ripe unwashed fruits are consumed; physicians should be warned about this possible myiasis, hygienic measures should be applied when taking fruits and the study of antiparasitic properties of Artemisa abrotanum L. must be assessed.

Primer reporte en Cuba de miasis intestinal por Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) / First report of intestinal myiasis caused by por Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

INTRODUCCIÓN: Hermetia illucens, díptero de la familia Stratiomyidae es una especie reportada para Cuba relativamente frecuente en todo el territorio nacional. Ha sido incriminada como productora de miasis en humanos y animales. OBJETIVO: reportar por primera vez en Cuba una miasis entérica producida por esta especie. MÉTODOS: la paciente, una mujer blanca de 26 años presentó un cuadro de deyecciones líquidas posprandiales con cólicos abdominales. Al ingerir una infusión de plantas medicinales a partir de incienso (Artemisa abrotanum L.), hierba buena (Mentha nemorosa Willd.) y manzanilla (Matricaria chamomilla L.) expulsó 5 larvas (2 grandes y 3 pequeñas). Se decidió su ingreso durante una semana pero no se obtuvieron nuevas larvas, una gastroscopia realizada mostró gastritis antral crónica con focos de agudización; se determinaron otras parasitosis por lo que se le indicó mebendazol. RESULTADOS: de las larvas expulsadas una fue llevada al Departamento de Entomología Médica del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, donde fue determinada taxonómicamente como Hermetia illucens. CONCLUSIONES: este reporte junto a lo conocido en la literatura mundial muestra la posibilidad de que miasis por esta especie ocurran con cierta frecuencia, sobre todo en los meses de verano al ingerir frutas muy maduras y sin lavar; se deberá alertar a los médicos de esta posible miasis a ocurrir, promocionar las medidas higiénicas a ser tomadas al ingerir frutas y valorar el estudio de las propiedades antiparasitarias de la especie Artemisa abrotanum L(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Hermetia illucens from Stratiomyidae family is a relatively frequent species reported in Cuba. It has been accused of causing myiasis in humans and animals. OBJECTIVE: to report for the first time in Cuba, the occurrence of intestinal myiasis caused by this species. METHODS: the patient, a white woman aged 26 years presented with a picture of postprandial fluid discharges accompanied by abdominal pain. When the patient took an infusion of medicinal plants such as incense (Artemisa abrotanum L.), mint (Mentha nemorosa Wild) and camomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), five larvae were ejected (2 large and 3 small). It was decided to admit the patient to the hospital for a week, but not more larvae were ejected. A gastroscopy showed antral chronic gastritis with acute foci and also other types of parasitosis, so Mebendazol was prescribed. RESULTS: one of the ejected larvae was taken to the Medical Entomology Department of Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine where it was taxonomically identified as Hermetia illucens. CONCLUSIONS: this report together with the pieces of knowledge provided by the world literature show the possibility that myasis caused by this species may occur in summer months when ripe unwashed fruits are consumed; physicians should be warned about this possible myiasis, hygienic measures should be applied when taking fruits and the study of antiparasitic properties of Artemisa abrotanum L. must be assessed(AU)

The efficacy of the volatile oils of three plants for controlling Lucilia sericata.

Myiasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases, which affects the human welfare. The volatile oils of three plants were tested against adult Lucilia sericata. The LC50 was 80 ppm by Anethum graveolens, 180 ppm by Conyza dioscoridis and 130 ppm by Mentha microphylla. The slope functions were 1.9, 1.79 and 2.2 respectively. The whole results were discussed.

Persistence of human myiasis by Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera: Oestridae) among shepherds of the Etnean area (Sicily) for over 150 years.

From a study carried out in 22 townships of the Etnean area, by interviewing 112 shepherds, it was confirmed that 90 of them (80.3%), once or more in their lives, had contracted myiasis by Oestrus ovis L., habitual agent of estriasis in sheep. The most frequent sites of involvement were the pharynx (77 times), often extending to the larynx, the conjunctiva (56), followed by the nose (32) and rarely the ear (1). Multiple simultaneous sites involvement was also frequent affecting 54.4% of the shepherds. The chief symptom was pain, sometimes accompanied by fever and malaise. The shepherds go rarely to see a doctor (only 7 out of 90), the greater part preferring traditional remedies. It is curious to note that myiasis associated with Oe. ovis was already observed more than 150 years ago by a Sicilian physician, G. A. Galvagni, who had pointed out the high incidence of the myiasis in shepherds in the area. The persistence of human myiasis in the Etnean area appears to be related to the fact that in this region the conditions of sheep farming and the lifestyle of shepherds have not changed so much since then.

Ophthalmomyiasis in Kuwait: first report of infections due to the larvae of Oestrus ovis before and after the Gulf conflict.

We report for the first time four cases of ophthalmomyiasis due to the larvae of Oestrus ovis in Kuwait, before and after Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. The larvae were easily removed under local anaesthetic. The symptom complex of acute foreign body sensation, irritation, redness, lacrimation and photophobia resolved rapidly. Ophthalmic antibiotic and corticosteroid drops were also instilled and recovery was uneventful. The ophthalmomyiasis may not always be associated with contact with sheep-rearing per se. Medical personnel should therefore be aware that in cases of what might appear initially as acute, non-specific catarrhal conjunctivitis, patients with the persistent symptom complex should be re-examined to exclude ophthalmomyiasis due to the larvae of O. ovis in endemic areas.