El término kinesiología, sus implicancias en la forma profesional y en el fondo disciplinar. Primera parte: un recorrido hacia su origen / Implications of the term kinesiology in the professional form and background of this discipline. First part: a journey towards its origin

RESUMEN: El término Kinesiología y sus implicancias, tanto en la formación como en la delimitación de su objeto de estudio, exhibe una consistencia interna derivada de su raíz etimológica y de su precisión lingüística. En su trayectoria histórica ha derivado a una polisemia interpretativa que no está exenta de errores e incongruencias. Lo anterior, se evidencia al analizar el término Kinesiología cuando se considera: la región geográfica, la aplicación en contextos de reflexión o de acción, las organizaciones que lo adoptan y si las palabras que la componen efectivamente describen la acción profesional o disciplinar que la justifica. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el término Kinesiología en su aspecto histórico, para recomponer sus implicancias en la formación profesional y la pertinencia que determina los lineamientos del fenómeno del cual se hace cargo. Kinesiología proviene del griego, kլvησiολογլα y significa estudio del movimiento. Desde el punto de vista histórico, la relación entre movimiento y cuerpo humano se tardó más de mil años, originándose con Aristóteles y finalizando con Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. Posteriormente, el desarrollo de la disciplina está ligado a tres grandes movimientos, el sueco, el francés y el norteamericano. La Escuela Sueca que lideró Per Henrik Ling en el Real Instituto Central de Gimnasia (RICG), materializada por Branting y Georgii entre 1828 y 1854, a través del término Kinesiologi primero y kiné-sithérapie después, declaran como una nueva ciencia del movimiento que abarcaba los principios de un desarrollo preciso y armonioso del cuerpo humano. Paralelamente, en Francia Nicolás Dally, publicó en 1857 su magnun opus "Cinesiologie ou science du movement" declarando la ilegitimidad de la fisioterapia y la kinesiterapia para dosificar el ejercicio. Finalmente, Nils Posse acuñó por primera vez el término "Kinesiología" en Norteamérica en su publicación de 1886 titulada: "Modification of the Swedish system of gymnastics to meet American conditions". En Chile, la evolución de estos conceptos fue interiorizada desde 1920 por Joaquín Cabezas García, quien fuera el impulsor del cultivo de la Kinesiología en el Instituto de Educación Física, dotando desde su génesis a los profesionales que se formaban en docencia, con un claro concepto epistemológico de la ciencia del movimiento humano, a través de la inclusión de esta disciplina en sus planes de estudio.

SUMMARY: An internal consistency is derived from the term Kinesiology's etymological root and its linguistic precision, when taking into consideration the implications of the term, both in education as well as its definition. Historically, this has led to an interpretative polysemy fraught with errors and inconsistencies. This becomes evident more so, when the term Kinesiology is analyzed, taking into consideration geographical regions, its application in reflection or action contexts, organizations that make use of it, and whether words used actually describe the professional or the discipline action that justifies the term. In this context, the objective of this research was to analyze the term Kinesiology in its historical aspect, to reconstruct its implications in professional training and the relevance that determines the guidelines of the phenomenon for which it is responsible. The term Kinesiology originates from Greek kլvησiολογլα meaning the study of movement. From the historical point of view, the relationship concept between movement and the human body has taken more than a thousand years, beginning with Aristotle and ending with Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. Subsequently, the development of this discipline is linked to three major movements: The Swedish, the French and the American. The Swedish School led by Per Henrik Ling at the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RICG), materialized by Branting and Georgii between 1828 and 1854, through the term Kinesiologi first and kinésithérapie later, was declared as a new science of movement that encompassed the principles of a precise and harmonious development of the human body. At the same time, in France, Nicolas Dally, published in 1857 his magnum opus "Cinesiologie ou science du movement" declaring the irregularity of physiotherapy and kinesitherapy to dose exercise. Finally, Nils Posse conceived the term "Kinesiology" for the first time in North America in his 1886 publication entitled: "Modification of the Swedish system of gymnastics to meet American conditions". In Chile, evolution of these concepts was assimilated by Joaquín Cabezas García in 1920, the driving force behind the cultivation of Kinesiology at the Institute of Physical Education, providing the professionals who were trained in teaching, with a clear epistemological concept of the science of human movement, by including this discipline in their study plans.

The history of light therapy in hospital physiotherapy and medicine with emphasis on Australia: Evolution into novel areas of practice.

Objective: The objective of this narrative review was to investigate the history of light therapy in hospital settings, with reference to physiotherapy and particularly in an Australian context.Types of articles and search method:a review of available literature was conducted on PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar using keywords light therapy, photobiomodulation, physiotherapy, low-level laser, heliotherapy. Physiotherapy textbooks from Sydney University Library were searched. Historical records were accessed from the San Hospital library. Interviews were conducted with the San Hospital Chief Librarian and a retired former Head Physiotherapist from Royal Prince Alfred Hospital.Summary: Historically, light treatment has been used in both medical and physiotherapy practice. From its roots in ancient Egypt, India, and Greece, through to medieval times, the modern renaissance in 'light as therapy ' was begun by Florence Nightingale who, in the 1850s, advocated the use of clean air and an abundance of sunlight to restore health. Modern light therapy (phototherapy) had a marked uptake in use in medicine in Scandinavia, America, and Australia from 1903, following the pioneering work of Niels Finsen in the late 19th century, which culminated in Dr Finsen receiving the Nobel Prize for Medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis scarring with ultraviolet (UV) light, and treatment of smallpox scarring with red light. Treatment with light, especially UVB light, has been widely applied by physiotherapists in hospitals for dermatological conditions since the 1950s, particularly in Australia, Scandinavia, USA, England and Canada. In parallel, light treatment in hospitals for hyperbilirubinemia was used for neonatal jaundice. Since the 1980s light was also used in the medical specialties of ophthalmology, dermatology, and cardiology. In more recent years in physiotherapy, light was mostly used as an adjunct to the management of orthopedic/rheumatological conditions. Since the 1990s, there has been global use of light, in the form of photobiomodulation for the management of lymphedema, including in supportive cancer care. Photobiomodulation in the form of low-level laser has been used by physiotherapists and pain doctors since the 1990s in the management of chronic pain. The use of light as therapy is exemplified by its use in the San Hospital in Sydney, where light therapy was introduced in 1903 (after Dr. John Harvey Kellogg visited Niels Finsen in Denmark) and is practiced by nurses, physiotherapists and doctors until the present day. The use of light has expanded into new and exciting practices including supportive cancer care, and treatment of depression, oral mucositis, retinopathy of prematurity, and cardiac surgery complications. Light is also being used in the treatment of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. The innovative uses of light in physiotherapy treatment would not be possible without the previous experience of successful application of light treatment.Conclusion: Light therapy has had a long tradition in medicine and physiotherapy. Although it has fallen somewhat out of favour over the past decades, there has been a renewed interest using modern techniques in recent times. There has been continuous use of light as a therapy in hospitals in Australia, most particularly the San Hospital in Sydney where it has been in use for almost 120 years.

The role of neurasthenia in the formation of the physiotherapy profession.

Background: Neurasthenia was one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders in the later years of the 19th century. Its most widely used treatment, known as the Rest Cure, relied heavily on physical therapies, but little is known about the practitioners who administered the treatment. In this paper, I argue that the nurse-masseuses who delivered the massage and electricity so vital to the success of the Rest Cure, used the opportunity to develop approaches to treatment that would form the backbone of the physiotherapy profession in England after 1894. Methods: Extensive primary and secondary texts were drawn from a wide range of sources and critically reviewed. Findings: This study argues that the management of neurasthenic cases in the 1880s and 90s created the conditions necessary for the development of the profession's relationship with medicine and the establishment of new practice roles for women, and that these would play an important role in shaping the physiotherapy profession in Britain after 1894. Read through the critical sociological writings of Magali Sarfatti Larson and Anne Witz, I argue that the work of the nurse-masseuses can be seen as a complex gendered negotiation between the need to be deferential to the dominant male medical profession; distinct from emerging notions of the angelic, motherly nurse; obedient, technically competent and safe. The creation of a space in the clinic room for a third practitioner who could deliver a different form of care to the doctor or the nurse, established an approach to practice that physiotherapists would later adopt almost without amendment. Discussion: I argue that this approach owes much to the work done by nurse-massueses who established and tested its principles in treating cases of neurasthenia.

[History of conservative spinal therapy]. / Geschichte der konservativen Wirbelsäulentherapie.

Hippocrates was the first to intensively describe and document the principles for the treatment of injuries and diseases of the spine. His principles for abrupt treatment of the "hunchback" were followed by physicians even up to the end of the nineteenth century. The non-operative treatment of scoliosis was improved in the beginning of the sixteenth century by the introduction of mechanical devices that started the development of corsets which are still in use in modern scoliosis treatment. Stretching beds were only in temporary use. With the beginning of the nineteenth century gymnastics and physiotherapy became more and more important. Manual therapy was exercised by physicians until the late Middle Ages. After a long period of time in which bonesetters and other laymen performed manual therapy it was professionalized at the end of the nineteenth century again by the introduction of osteopathy and chiropractic. In Germany the development and introduction of manual treatment started relatively late in the twentieth century, predominantly as manual medicine.

Richard's back: death, scoliosis and myth making.

The body of a mediaeval monarch was always under scrutiny, and Richard III's was no exception. In death, however, his body became subject to new forms of examination and interpretation: stripped naked after the battle of Bosworth, his corpse was carried to Leicester and exhibited before being buried. In 2012, it was rediscovered. The revelation that Richard suffered from scoliosis prompts this article to re-evaluate the historical sources about Richard's physique and his posthumous reputation. This article argues that Richard's death and his myth as 'crookback' are inextricably linked and traces attitudes to spinal curvature in the early modern period. It also considers how Shakespeare represented Richard as deformed, and aspects of performance history which suggest physical vulnerability. It then considers Richard's scoliosis from the perspective of medical history, reviewing classical accounts of scoliosis and arguing that Richard was probably treated with a mixture of axial traction and pressure. It demonstrates from the evidence of Richard's medical household that he was well placed to receive hands-on therapies and considers in particular the role of his physician and surgeon, William Hobbes. Finally, it shows how the case of Richard III demonstrates the close relationship between politics and medicine in the period and the contorted process of historical myth making.

[Vojta's method as the early neurodevelopmental diagnosis and therapy concept]. / Metoda Vojty jako wczesna diagnostyka neurorozwojowa i koncepcja terapeutyczna.

Vaclav Vojta (1917-2000) developed an early diagnostic method of the neurodevelopmental disorder of infants and came up with therapeutic concept consisting in releasing of global motor complexes by means of the stimulation of proper areas on patients body. In the diagnostics apart from very careful observation of the spontaneous movement of the infant and examination of the reflexes that are characteristic for the first weeks of human's life, Vojta applied the examination of the 7 postural reactions. Presence of the trouble in patterns and dynamics of the postural reactions Vojta called Central Nervous Coordination Disorder--CNCD and regarded as work diagnosis or alarm signal indicating necessity of application of the therapy, especially when asymmetry of the muscle tone and primitive reflexes beyond their physiological appearance period are observed or the number of the abnormal reactions exceeds 5. Global motor complexes as reflex locomotion--crawling and rotation--consist of all the partial motion patterns, which are gradually used by healthy infant in the process of postural and motor ontogenesis. Providing the central nervous system with proper external stimulation allows to, using neuronal plasticity, recreate an access to the human's postural development program and gradually replace pathological motor patterns by those more regular. Exercises repeated several times a day rebuilt support, erectile and vertical mechanisms, improve automatic postural control and phase lower limb movement. Affecting especially on autochtonic muscles of the spine exercises balance synergic cooperation of muscle groups in the trunk and those surrounding key body joints. This way they correct body's posture and peripheral motion and pathology of the outlasted primitive reflexes gradually withdraws.

[A short history of anti-rheumatic therapy. I. An introduction on traditional and drug treatments]. / Piccola storia della terapia antireumatica. I. Una premessa sulle terapie tradizionali e farmacologiche.

The origins of anti-rheumatic therapy are very old and mainly related to the use of traditional, sometimes extravagant, treatments, as a part of folk medicine. Spa therapy has long been used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, as well as, in later times, physical treatments, including electrotherapy. Drug treatment has developed beginning from substances of vegetable origin, such as willow and colchicum extracts. Then it has been spread out through the chemical synthesis of compounds with specific action and therefore more effective, owing to the great development of pharmaceutical industry.

[Application of innovative technologies in development of Yangan-Tau health resort complex].

The author reviews geophysical, geological, medical and biophysical studies of therapeutic factors of a unique health resort and sanatorium Yangan-Tau conducted with participation of geological and medical research institutes. Continuous monitoring of biophysical therapeutic factors, experimental and clinical basis of novel rehabilitation techniques allow development of the sanatorium complex Yangan-Tau.

Russian electrical stimulation: the early experiments.

Russian forms of electrical stimulation became popular to a large extent as a result of the activities of Kots, who claimed force gains of up to 40% in elite athletes as a result of what was then a new form of stimulation. He did not provide details of his published work, nor did he give references. Russian electrical stimulation became popular despite the lack of research in the English-language literature. No studies published in English examined whether the "10/50/10" treatment regimen (10 seconds of stimulation followed by 50 seconds rest, repeated for 10 minutes) advocated by Kots is optimal, and only one study addressed whether maximum muscle torque was produced at an alternating current frequency of 2.5 kHz. The few studies that compared low-frequency monophasic pulsed current and Russian electrical stimulation are inconclusive. This article reviews and provides details of the original studies by Kots and co-workers. The authors contend that these studies laid the foundations for the use of Russian forms of electrical stimulation in physical therapy. The authors conclude that there are data in the Russian-language literature that support the use of Russian electrical stimulation but that some questions remain unanswered.

La Fisioterapia en España durante los siglos XIX y XX hasta la integración en escuelas universitarias de Fisioterapia / Physical therapy in Spain during XIX and XX centuries to make up physical therapy schools

A través de las fuentes documentales y la investigación histórica se refleja cómo en España la realidad vivida por la Fisioterapia durante los siglos XIX y XX discurre por dos vertientes claramente diferenciadas. La del empleo de los agentes físicos con fines terapéuticos (desde el punto de vista conceptual) y la del antecedente del profesional fisioterapeuta institucionalizado. La primera ha estado presente desde el siglo XIX a través de establecimientos, publicaciones y participación de los profesionales en eventos científicos y la segunda como una figura silente, tanto por la falta de identidad de su labor asistencial como la tardía constitución como Fisioterapeuta (AU)

[Physiotherapy as manual therapy]. / Fysioterapi som manuell terapi.

Manual therapy includes methods where the therapist's hands are used to stretch, mobilize or manipulate the spinal column, paravertebral structures or extremity joints. The aims of these methods are to relieve pain and improve function. In Norway only specially qualified physiotherapists and chiropractors are authorized to perform manipulation of joints (high velocity thrust techniques). To become a qualified manual therapist in Norway one must have a minimum of two years of clinical practice as physiotherapist followed by two year full time postgraduate training in manual therapy (a total of six years). Historically the Norwegian manual therapy system was developed in the 1950s by physiotherapists and medical doctors in England (James Cyriax and James Mennell) and Norway. As a result doctors allowed physiotherapists to use manipulation as a treatment method of both spinal and peripheral joints. In 1957 the Norwegian health authorities introduced reimbursement for manual therapy performed by physiotherapists.