[From Chinese Medical Association Medical History Museum to the Shanghai Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine: commemoration of the 130th anniversary of the birthday of modern medical historian Wang Jimin].

The Shanghai Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine, formerly known as the Chinese Medical Association Medical History Museum, is the first professional medical history museum in China. Wang Jimin is the main planner and founder of the Medical History Museum of the Chinese Medical Association and served as the first curator. In 1951, the Chinese Medical Association moved to Beijing, and the Medical History Museum stayed in Shanghai. In 1959, it was merged into Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Wang Jimin has been the curator until his death. For 28 years, he has devoted his life to the maintenance and development of the museum. In 1998, the Museum of Medical History was restored to the Chinese Medical Association, and was named the Chinese Medical Association/The Museum of Medical History of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. In 2003, the Chinese Medical Association/Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Museum of Medical History merged with the Chinese Herbarium and the Party History School Editing Office. It was named "Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Museum" and was opened in Zhangjiang Campus in 2004. At present, the Shanghai Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine has a collection of more than 14, 000 pieces. Many of them are rare treasures. Each year, it services about 100, 000 visitors from domestic and abroad, and has held nearly 100 popular science activities. The Museum has held temporary exhibitions in 11 countries overseas in recent years.

[Almas delirantes (1925) by Luís Cebola: the poetics of the human psyche and the physician as mediator between the universe of mental illness and society]. / Almas delirantes (1925) por Luís Cebola: a poética da psique humana e o médico como mediador entre o universo da doença mental e a sociedade.

Lúis Cebola's 1925 work Almas delirantes [Delusional Souls] presented various psychopathologies through metaphorical and lyrical portraits rather than from a medical/ scientific point of view, showing that he perceived his patients as more than objects of scientific study in a process of identification, empathy, and compassion. Cebola defined psychopathological states according to contrast with normality, but stressed that these diseases could arise in any individual, and the book simultaneously acted as a warning to readers. The text also publicized the Museum of Madness [Museu da Loucura], which he created at the Casa de Saúde do Telhal, and the art produced by his patients, positioning himself as a messenger between the closed universe of the psychiatric hospital and Portuguese society.

Almas delirantes (1925) por Luís Cebola: a poética da psique humana e o médico como mediador entre o universo da doença mental e a sociedade / Almas delirantes (1925) by Luís Cebola: the poetics of the human psyche and the physician as mediator between the universe of mental illness and society

Resumo Luís Cebola publicou em 1925 o volume Almas delirantes, onde apresentava diversas psicopatologias não de um ponto de vista médico-científico, mas elaborando retratos metafóricos e líricos, demonstrando que a perceção que tinha sobre os doentes ultrapassava a de objetos de estudo científico, constituindo um processo de identificação, empatia e compaixão. Cebola definia os estados psicopatológicos por oposição à normalidade, salientando, todavia, que estas doenças poderiam surgir em qualquer indivíduo, funcionando o livro simultaneamente como um aviso aos leitores. O volume permitia-lhe ainda divulgar o Museu da Loucura, que criara na Casa de Saúde do Telhal, e a arte dos seus pacientes, colocando-se assim na posição de mensageiro entre o universo fechado do hospital psiquiátrico e a sociedade portuguesa.

Abstract Lúis Cebola's 1925 work Almas delirantes [Delusional Souls] presented various psychopathologies through metaphorical and lyrical portraits rather than from a medical/ scientific point of view, showing that he perceived his patients as more than objects of scientific study in a process of identification, empathy, and compassion. Cebola defined psychopathological states according to contrast with normality, but stressed that these diseases could arise in any individual, and the book simultaneously acted as a warning to readers. The text also publicized the Museum of Madness [Museu da Loucura], which he created at the Casa de Saúde do Telhal, and the art produced by his patients, positioning himself as a messenger between the closed universe of the psychiatric hospital and Portuguese society.

The History of Japanese Anesthesiology.

Anesthesia in Japan has a 200-year history, beginning when Seishu Hanaoka first conducted surgery successfully under general anesthesia in 1804. Despite common belief, Hanaoka was not secretive about his technique using Mafutsusan, and he spawned a generation of Japanese anesthetists, including Gendai Kamada, author of several influential texts. Japanese anesthetists adopted inhalational techniques as they became available. In 1954, the Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists was established; in 1960, "Anesthesiology" was accredited by Japanese government as an officially approved medical specialty; and in 1963, board examinations were established to be an instructor of anesthesia. In 2011, the Japanese Museum of Anesthesiology opened in Kobe, with the mission to collect and preserve literature and equipment related to the history of Japanese anesthesia (Figure 1).

[Chance meeting of psychiatry and art on the "dissecting table"]. / Pszichiátria és müvészet találkozása a boncasztaton.

This paper shows one of many aspects of the history of the Hungarian psychiatry between the two world wars. The data were collected from the "Hungarian Museum of Mind" opened for the public in 1931. It focuses on the collecting policy and the research topics of Hungarian psychiatrists working in the asylums in those days. In 2007 Lipotmezo (the Hungarian Psychiatric and Neurological Institution the biggest Hungarian asylum since its foundations in 1868) was closed. Its art collection was rescued by the Hungarian Academy of Science. From 2007 this collection has been named The Psychiatric Art Collection of the HAS, maintained by The Research Centre for the Humanities of the Hungarian Academy of Science. The artistic objects and documents are properly stored and available for research. Two art historians are in charge of curating the exhibitions and leading the research on the psychiatric art in the context of history, psychiatric history and contemporary culture. This work follows the well established practice of the eighties and nineties when the art historian Edit Plesznivy expert in this subject listed the pieces of this historical collection, and through the context of outsider art and art therapy she channeled it into the field of art institutions. Leaving the hospital environment and having been introduced to the academic world the research is looking toward the collection has been changed and new perspectives have been opened. Beside the art works of the patients living as inmates in mental hospitals, the collecting work and therapeutic practices of the mental physicians became a significant research topic also. Arpad Selig as an assistant physician at the Mental and Neurological Clinic in Lipotmezo started to collect the patients' works of art in the first decade of twentieth century. During the 1920s he was appointed the director of Angyalfold Asylum found in 1883. Selig died in 1929 and the Museum of Mind named after its enthusiastic founder Selig was registered in the official list of museums in 1932. In the 1930s Istvan Zsako the physician director of Angyalfold Asylum took care of the collection. He enriched it with further historical documents on the institution, bibliographies, press cuts, tableaux and photographic albums referring to the institution and the research practiceses of the physicians. After Zsako was appointed the director of Lipotmezo the collections of Lipotmezo and Angyalfold were joined. The collection suffered during the World War II and this period is can be viewed as a caesura in the practice of collecting. Later, from the late fifties, the physician Fekete Janos, head of the nurse training in Lipotmezo was in charge of the collection. He focused on sorting and installation of the remnants and also collected new works of the inpatients. During the seventies the psychotherapy was inaugurated and in the eighties the art therapy exercises began. However, through the reconstruction of the therapeutical and collecting practices show that these evolving art therapy practices partly rooted in the work of psychiatric treatment in the twenties and thirties. Psychiatrists, who lived in the asylums too, supported the so called "noble entertainments" - including artistic drawing, painting, reading and playing musical instruments - and as a part of the daily routines of these mental institutions they formed a locally particular modus operandi of therapy. The inmates of the asylums, the physicians and patients cooperated to enrich the collection which was a venue to represent the life of the institution and to demonstrate the research of the physicians. Despite of the significant differences between the pre- and postwar periods concerning the sociocultural and political structures there is a well defined connection between "curing and curating".

Ancient pathogens in museal dry bone specimens: analysis of paleocytology and aDNA.

Bone samples investigated in this study derive from the pathologic-anatomical collection of the Natural History Museum of Vienna. In order to explore the survival of treponemes and treponemal ancient DNA in museal dry bone specimens, we analyzed three individuals known to have been infected with Treponema pallidum pallidum. No reproducible evidence of surviving pathogen's ancient DNA (aDNA) was obtained, despite the highly sensitive extraction and amplification techniques (TPP15 and arp). Additionally, decalcification fluid of bone sections was smear stained with May-Gruenwald-Giemsa. The slides were examined using direct light microscope and dark field illumination. Remnants of spirochetal structures were detectable in every smear. Our results demonstrate that aDNA is unlikely to survive, but spirochetal remains are stainable and thus detectable.

Alteración anatómica orbitaria en Retrato de familia. Adriaen Thomasz Key. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid / Orbital anatomical changes in Retrato de familia. Adriaen Thomasz Key. El Prado National Museum, Madrid

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Santa Lucía en el Museo Nacional del Prado (VI). Retablo de la Virgen del Maestro de Torralba. Donación Várez Fisa / Saint Lucy in El Prado Museum (VI). Retablo de la Virgen by the maestro of Torralba. Várez Fisa donation

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The Cunningham Dax Collection: a unique mental health resource.

OBJECTIVES: This paper compares the Cunningham Dax Collection with other, similar collections around the world, of art by people with an experience of mental illness. CONCLUSION: The Cunningham Dax Collection is one of the largest collections of art by people with an experience of mental illness and psychological trauma in the world. Unlike most other collections, which focus on artworks by people with psychosis, mania and depression, the Cunningham Dax Collection covers a broad range of experiences, including anxiety disorders, dementia, autism and psychological trauma, as well as works by children made during their treatment for emotional problems. While most other collections emphasize the artistic qualities of the works, the Cunningham Dax Collection emphasizes both their artistic and psychological dimensions. Its educational program is recognized for its approach against stigma, by simultaneously promoting mental health literacy and highlighting the creativity of people with mental illness through art. It also distinguishes itself from others by its assertive touring program to rural and regional centres, and internationally. This program aims to build capacity for mental health promotion and suicide prevention by encouraging local communities to come together and use the visiting exhibitions to launch local mental health awareness activities.

Extraction of alkaloids for NMR-based profiling: exploratory analysis of an archaic Cinchona bark collection.

A museum collection of Cinchonae cortex samples (n = 117), from the period 1850-1950, was extracted with a mixture of chloroform-d1, methanol-d4, water-d2, and perchloric acid in the ratios 5 : 5 : 1 : 1. The extracts were directly analyzed using 1H NMR spectroscopy (600 MHz) and the spectra evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) and total statistical correlation spectroscopy (STOCSY). A new method called STOCSY-CA, where CA stands for component analysis, is described, and an analysis using this method is presented. It was found that the samples had a rather homogenous content of the well-known cinchona alkaloids quinine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine without any apparent clustering. Signals from analogues were detected but not in substantial amounts. The main variation was related to the absolute amounts of extracted alkaloids, which was attributed to the evolution of the Cinchona tree cultivation during the period in which the samples were collected.

[The construction and significance of the Chinese Museum of War Injuries].

The Chinese Museum of War Injuries is the only military medical museum in China which collects special weapons, conventional weapons, high-tech weapons and pathological specimens, materials and documents of human and animal injuries caused by military environments and military operations, amounting to 4,350 objects. The construction of the Chinese Museum of War Injuries played an important role in the aspects of military medical education and training, popularization of public health knowledge, preservation of military medical historical materials and opening up to the outside world etc, to which should priority attention should be paid to by the Chinese government and relevant military departments.

Magic and artifice in the collection of Athanasius Kircher.

Situated at the center of intellectual life in baroque Rome, the museum administered by the Jesuit naturalist Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680) simultaneously instructed and bemused its audiences with an exuberant mix of exotic animals, classical art and technological marvels. Kircher's playful use of spectacle and his irrepressible fondness for "magic" were derided by contemporaries as frivolous wonder-mongering, but the lavish machines at the heart of his museum were more than mere showpieces. Instead, they presented audiences with a compelling vision of the natural world in which the hidden foundations of the universe could be captured and displayed by artifice. Kircher's collection was in itself a vast instrument of revelation, conceived on a grander scale than the telescope of Galileo but rooted all the same in contemporary scientific culture.

[The textual research on the medical work of Wang tao].

Wang tao began to learn TCM as soon as he grew up, his teachers were proficient and famous doctors. He traveled and learned from them for several times and grasped their medical thoughts and technologies, therefore achieved profound medical accomplishments. Taking advantage of his medical background and occupation, he collected fifty and sixty kinds of medical data in prescription books of Jin and Tang dynasty from treasured books of Hong wen museum in Tianbao fifth to sixth years (746 -747) , when he served as Jishizhong of Ministry of Counseling and Functionary Management and administrated Hongwen museum. He then sorted them and compiled the famous work: Waitai Miyao (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) in Tianbao 11th year (752).

History of Pharmacy Museum of the Faculty of Pharmacy University of Belgrade.

History of Pharmacy Museum at the Faculty of Pharmacy University of Belgrade was founded in Belgrade in 1952, thanks to many pharmacists and historians, but especially to Mr Andrija Mirkovic (Mpharm). His precious private collection of antiquities, which he donated to the Faculty of Pharmacy in Belgrade, subsequently a basic one for the Museum foundation, included apothecary vessels, apparatuses, manuscripts and books dated back to the XVI century. Furthermore, there were included many other antiquities, books and manuscripts from pharmacies on the territory of former Yugoslavia, mostly from Serbia, so the entire Museum collection comprises various apothecary vessels: 700 ceramic, wooden, glass, porcelain and halide glass jars, as well as the XIX century exhibits from Pravitelstvena Apoteka (the first state-owned pharmacy in Serbia, which operated between 1836-1859). The Museum collection of accessories and vessels is completed with a library and precious archive materials. The library itself includes the original manuscripts as well as the colour offprint of some manuscripts, and printed works; mostly scientific books, textbooks, journals and pharmacopoeias with drug tax lists. Some printed books dating back to the Late Middle Ages are very rare and precious, such as Curio's Medicina Salernitana (1612) and the Ruel's version of Dioscorides' De materia medica. This entire collection is considered a unique one in Serbia for its variety and greatness, representing a precious source for studying the History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Ethics (as a subject was included into the Faculty's curriculum since 1952 and cancelled recently in 2008).

Basque Museum of the History of Medicine: conservation of heritage, teaching and research.

The Basque Museum of the History of Medicine was founded in 1982 to preserve the historic memory of medicine in the Basque Country and conserve its scientific heritage. Its permanent exposition comprises approx. 6,000 medical objects of the 19th and 20th centuries arranged, thematically in 24 rooms devoted to different medical specialities: folk medicine, unconventional medicine, pharmacy, weights and measures, asepsis and antisepsis, microscopes, laboratory material, X-rays, obstetrics and gynaecology, surgery, anesthesia, endoscope, odontology, cardiology, ophthalmology, electrotherapy, pathological anatomy and natural sciences. Temporary exhibitions are also held. The Museum is located on the university campus (UPV/EHU) and is important in the training of students in the Faculty of Medicine and the students coming from other faculties. Teaching and research constitute two of the pillars of the Museum that are complemented with publications and the organization of conferences, lectures and other activities.

Education in the attic: an insight into the educational services of the Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret, London Bridge.

Hidden for almost a century in the attic of St Thomas' Church the oldest operating theatre in Britain is now part of a museum. This precious building now houses a collection of pre-anaesthetic tools, items relating to medicine in the home and various Apothecary displays. The museum aims to preserve the theatre and items relating to medicine, in order to contribute to the understanding of the development of medical knowledge, with particular reference to St Thomas' hospital. An independent museum with a long history of educational provision: this article explores some of the education services of The Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret at London Bridge.

[The Museum of the History of Lithuanian Pharmacy and Medicine]. / Il Museo di Storia della Medicina e della Farmacia dell'Universita di Medicina di Kaunas.

The exposition of Kaunas University of Medicine Museum of the History of Lithuanian Pharmacy and Medicine is arranged in a manner that allows the visitor to travel a century back in time as he enters an old pharmacy and physicians' offices. The Museum is a place where students learn the history of their specialty by handling old instruments and being in an authentic environment. By participating in live archeology festivals, the employees of the Museum arouse interest in the ancient medicine even among people who previously were not interested in museums at all. Many of such people will eventually become visitors of the Museum.

Western medicine in a Chinese cultural setting.

Hong Kong's unique medical heritage stems from its development as a city with a predominantly Chinese population and a long history of exposure to the influence of Western cultural and scientific ideas and practices. This heritage is preserved and displayed in the Hong Kong Museum of Medical Sciences, where exhibits of both Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western medicine, particularly those aspects with special relevance to Hong Kong, are featured. This paper also describes the significance of the plague outbreak of 1894 in shaping Hong Kong's medical history, and in bringing about the existence of the building which houses the museum, a 100 year-old protected monument originally named the Bacteriological Institute. The museum's role in society, by providing programmes on health and heritage for the public's education and enjoyment, and the need to preserve and identify both tangible and intangible aspects of our cultural heritage is also briefly explored.