Dynamic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Penile Cancer: Accuracy is in the Technique.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate an operative standard for dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy (DSLNB). Long-term survival in men with penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) depends on accurately staging lymph node metastases. European Association of Urology (EAU) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recognize DSLNB as a standard for staging men with intermediate to high-risk tumors and clinically absent inguinal lymphadenopathy. DSLNB accuracy has been linked with pre-operative planning and surgical technique, yet no peer-reviewed video exists to establish an operative standard. Here we present a narrated video of our technique and discuss the accuracy of this approach using retrospective patient data. METHODS: Ethics approval and patient consent was obtained. Retrospective analysis was performed on patients undergoing DSLNB for inguinal lymph node staging of histologically proven penile SCC. Data was included from 2 experienced uro-oncologists with subspecialty training in penile cancer working in Victoria, Australia between January 2015 and July 2021. Variables collected included Primary tumour histology, DSLNB pathology, progression to radical inguinal lymph node dissection (RILND) and recurrence patterns. DSLNB sensitivity and proportion of groins spared RILND is calculated. RESULTS: DSLNB was performed on 127 groins (64 patients) during the study period. Within the cohort, 44% (n = 28) of patients had a pre-operative lymphoscintigraphy with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT). Analysis of primary tumor intervention demonstrates that 82.8% (n = 53) of men underwent penile sparing surgery. Tumor histology in 88% of patients (n = 56) demonstrated pT1-pT2 disease. Overall n = 19 groins undergoing DSLNB were positive for malignancy and n = 108 were negative. 36 groins progressed to RILND during a mean follow up of 29 months. Only 2 groins that previously had a negative DSLNB were positive on RILND, one in the groin and one in the pelvis. We observed a false negative rate of 1.9% and a sensitivity of 90.5%. In our cohort DSLNB allowed 71.7% of groins to proceed for surveillance instead of prophylactic radical ILND. CONCLUSIONS: DSLNB is a safe and accurate method for assessing inguinal lymphadenopathy in men with intermediate to high-risk penile SCC and impalpable groins. This video study establishes an operative standard for DSLNB with oncological outcomes are consistent with international expectations. Standardized use of DSLNB by an experienced team will reduce morbidity while maintaining oncological safety for men with intermediate to high-risk penile cancer and cN0 disease.

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Penile Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of penile cancer in Europe lies in the range of 0.9 to 2.1 cases per 100 000 persons per year. Carcinogenesis is associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and with chronic inflammation. METHODS: This review is based on publications (2010-2017) retrieved by a selective search in PubMed and EMBASE and on the guidelines of the European Association of Urology, the European Society of Medical Oncology, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). RESULTS: 95% of cases of penile cancer are accounted for by squamous cell carcinoma, whose numerous subtypes have different clinical courses. Chronic preputial inflammation due to phimosis or lichen sclerosus is often associated with penile cancer. Circumcision lowers the risk of penile cancer (hazard ratio: 0.33). Maximally organ-preserving surgery with safety margins of no more than a few millimeters is the current therapeutic standard, because a local recurrence, if it arises, can still be treated locally with curative intent. Local radiotherapy can be performed in early stages. Lymphogenic metastasis must be treated with radical lymphadenectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with clinically unremarkable inguinal lymph nodes nonetheless need invasive lymph node staging because of the high rate of lymphogenic micrometastasis. CONCLUSION: Penile cancer is curable in all early stages with the appropriate treatment, but its prognosis depends crucially on the proper management of the regional (i.e., inguinal) lymph nodes. In many countries, the treatment of this rare disease entity has been centralized.

[Diagnosis and treatment of penis cancer]. / Diagnostic et traitement du cancer du pénis.

Penile cancer is a rare tumor in Europe and is therefore associated with risks of diagnostic delay for stage Ta-T1 tumors or pre-epitheliomatous lesions and of an inadequate treatment strategy. Clinical examination by palpation is essential in primary tumors to look for infiltration in the corpus spongiosum and the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosa of the penis, and in the lymphatic drainage areas, in particular in the upper inner quadrant of the inguinal lymph nodes. The work-up must include: a biopsy in the case of diagnostic doubt, lymph node aspiration in the case of palpable adenopathies, and whole-body computed tomography (CT). Treatment of the primary tumor can include partial amputation for tumors infiltrating the corpus cavernosa, or conservative treatment for tumors limited to the glands if the diameter is less than 30 mm, after an initial circumcision. Groups at risk of lymph node metastases have been defined as a function of the pathology results of their primary tumors. In these groups at risk, or in the case of clinical lymph node metastasis, dissection of the lymph node has an important role, permitting 5-year survival rates greater than 80 % when the number of metastatic lymph nodes is ≤ 1-2. In the case of more extensive lymph node spread, a combination of chemotherapy and surgery must be discussed in multidisciplinary meetings, especially for younger patients.

[Metachronous metastasis from rectal adenocarcinoma to the penis--case report]. / Metakrón penismetastasis rectum-adenocarcinomából.

Despite of its rich vascularization and extensive circulatory communication with neighboring organs, penile metastases are rare. Even more infrequent is a penile metastasis of rectum tumors. Since the first report of rectal carcinoma with metastasis to the penis (Ehbert 1870), approximately 50 cases have been reported, most of them from the USA, the remaining from Western Europe, the Middle East and Japan. The first Hungarian case is reported now of penile metastasis of a rectal carcinoma. The case of a 65-year-old man is presented: isolated penile metastasis discovered 4.5 years after the primary rectal cancer resection. IHC tissue diagnosis and detailed clinical investigations confirmed metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma. As our patient refused penectomy and KRAS mutation was proven, FOLFIRI chemotherapy was initiated without cetuximab. This was followed by chemoradiotherapy that resulted only in transient regression. Currently the patient receives the FOLFOX regimen. At present the patient is in good performance status,without pain. The size and the number of penile metastases have not shown significant changes. According to the literature the average survival of patients with penile metastases treated with radiochemotherapy is 8 months. New chemotherapeutic modalities may improve the survival.

Cáncer de pene. Nuestra experiencia en 15 años / Cancer of the penis. Our experience in 15 years

Objetivos: Revisión y análisis de los factores de riesgo, diagnóstico, tratamiento y evolución del cáncer de pene. Material y Métodos: Realizamos un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo desde 1992 hasta el 2007, en el que se incluyeron 47 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de pene tratados en nuestro servicio. Se analiza factores de riesgo, síntomas, diagnóstico, tratamiento, y evolución de los pacientes. El estadiaje clínico y anatomopatológico se hizo acorde a la clasificación TNM, teniendo en cuenta el examen físico, pruebas de diagnóstico por imagen y hallazgos de la pieza quirúrgica. El tiempo medio de seguimiento es de 50 meses (rango 12 a 120 meses).Para el análisis estadístico univariante se utilizo la prueba de Chi-cuadrado, y para el análisis de la supervivencia el método de Kaplan Meir. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 60 años (28-91 años), siendo el 95% de ellos mayores de 50.Presentaron adenopatías al diagnóstico 16 pacientes (34%) siendo las más frecuente (62%) las adenopatías unilaterales inguinales. Ningún caso presentó metástasis a distancia. De los 27 casos (57%) a los que se les realizó calcio en sangre al momento del diagnostico, encontramos hipercalcemia en 8 (30%). El tratamiento fue quirúrgico en la mayoría (95%), siendo la técnica más empleada la penectomía parcial en 25 (53%). En 4 sujetos se decidió la radioterapia como tratamiento inicial. A 14 se les realizó una linfaadenectomía, siendo la técnica más frecuente la inguinal bilateral profunda (8 pacientes). Respecto al estadio TNM, la mayoría de pacientes presentaron un estadio clínico localizado: T1N0M0 23 %, T2N0M027%. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico en el 100% de los casos fue carcinoma epidermoide (80% fue bien diferenciado) En la última revisión 31 casos (76%) estaban libres de enfermedad. Hubo 11 (24%) casos que presentaron recidiva y fueron tratados: 3 con radioterapia, 7 cirugía de rescate y 1 de ellos con quimioterapia. Los factores pronósticos adversos más importantes son la presencia de adenopatías, el estadio clínico al diagnóstico y el grado de diferenciación celular (p=0,001) Once pacientes fallecieron a lo largo del seguimiento, 9 de los cuales por progresión de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: El carcinoma de pene sigue siendo una enfermedad maligna poco frecuente en nuestro medio. Los factores pronósticos adversos más importantes son la presencia de adenopatías, el estadio clínico al diagnóstico y el grado de diferenciación celular. El tratamiento más eficaz del cáncer de pene es quirúrgico, reservando la quimioterapia y radioterapia para adyuvancia o terapia de rescate. La hipercalcemia es un hallazgo frecuente cuando los pacientes presentan adenopatías (AU)

Objective: To review and analysis the diagnosis, treatment, evolution, and risk factors of the penis cancer. Material and Methods: We carried out a retrospective study between 1992 and 2007. We included 47 patients with penis cancer diagnose of treated in our service. We analyzed risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. The staging was done according to the TNM classification, taking into account the physical exam, radiology and the surgical findings. The average time of follow-up was 50 months (range 12 to 120 months). For univariate statistical analysis the Chi-square test was used, and for the survival the method of Kaplan Meir. Results: Mean age was 60 years (28-91 years), being 95% older than 50.At the diagnosis 16 patients (34%) had lymphatic nodes, being the most frequent location was unilateral inguinal nodes (62%).Of the 27 cases (57%) who underwent blood calcium check at the time of diagnosis, we found hypercalcaemia in 8 patients (30%).The surgical treatment was the gold standard treatment. The technique more frequently employed was the partial penectomy 25 (53%). 4patients received radiotherapy as inicial treatment. Lymphadenectomy was performed in 14 patients, mostly bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy (8 patients).The pathology finding at 100% of the cases was squamous cell carcinoma (80% well differentiated). Regarding to the TNM, most of the patients had a clinical stage located: T1N0M0 23%, T2N0M0 27%.The most significant adverse prognostic factors were the presence of lymph nodes, clinical stage at the diagnosis and the degree of cell differentiation(p = 0001).At the last review 36 (76%) cases were free of disease. There were 11 (24%) cases that presented recurrence and were treated: 3 patients with radiotherapy, surgery was used in 7 patients and 1 patient with chemotherapy. Eleven patients died during follor up, 9 of thes from disease progression. Conclusions: The carcinoma of the penis remains a rare malignancy in our centre. Hypercalcemia is a common finding when patients have lymph nodes. The most significant adverse prognostic factors were the presence of lymph nodes, clinical stage at the diagnosis and the degree of cell differentiation. The most effective treatment for cancer of the penis is surgery reserving chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the recurrence (AU)

Detección de infección por HPV en el hombre a través de la genitoscopia / Detection of HPV infection in men with genitoscopy

Se comunica los resultados del examen mediante genitoscopia de 64 varones sin lesiones clínicas, cuyas parejas sexuales tenían condilomas o CIN I, II o III. En 29 de ellos se observaron lesiones acetopositivas, que fueron confirmadas por histopatologías, como producidas por HPV. La citología, efectuada en 15 pacientes, no permitió confirmar lesiones por HPV. Se destaca la utilidad de la genitoscopia, técnica sencilla y de muy bajo costo, para el control y seguimiento de las parejas infectadas por HPV

Detección de infección por HPV en el hombre a través de la genitoscopia / Detection of HPV infection in men with genitoscopy

Se comunica los resultados del examen mediante genitoscopia de 64 varones sin lesiones clínicas, cuyas parejas sexuales tenían condilomas o CIN I, II o III. En 29 de ellos se observaron lesiones acetopositivas, que fueron confirmadas por histopatologías, como producidas por HPV. La citología, efectuada en 15 pacientes, no permitió confirmar lesiones por HPV. Se destaca la utilidad de la genitoscopia, técnica sencilla y de muy bajo costo, para el control y seguimiento de las parejas infectadas por HPV

Results of carbon dioxide laser therapy and topical 5-fluorouracil treatment for subclinical condyloma found by magnified penile surface scanning.

Previously we demonstrated a 68 per cent recurrence rate for subclinical penile human papillomavirus infections found by magnified penile surface scanning and treated with the carbon dioxide laser. In this report it is shown that the addition of a regimen of adjuvant topical 5-fluorouracil does not lower the recurrence rate. This knowledge combined with the evidence for a subclinical urethral reservoir of human papillomavirus implies that any strictly topical therapy will fail at 4 months of followup and that improved systemic therapy may be needed.