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1.
J Exp Bot ; 74(8): 2556-2571, 2023 04 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36656734

RESUMO

The pollen grains of Phalaenopsis orchids are clumped tightly together, packed in pollen dispersal units called pollinia. In this study, the morphology, cytology, biochemistry, and sucrose transporters in pollinia of Phalaenopsis orchids were investigated. Histochemical detection was used to characterize the distribution of sugars and callose at the different development stages of pollinia. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry data indicated that P. aphrodite accumulated abundant saccharides such as sucrose, galactinol, myo-inositol, and glucose, and trace amounts of raffinose and trehalose in mature pollinia. We found that galactinol synthase (PAXXG304680) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (PAXXG016120) genes were preferentially expressed in mature pollinia. The P. aphrodite genome was identified as having 11 sucrose transporters (SUTs). Our qRT-PCR confirmed that two SUTs (PAXXG030250 and PAXXG195390) were preferentially expressed in the pollinia. Pollinia germinated in pollen germination media (PGM) supplemented with 10% sucrose showed increased callose production and enhanced pollinia germination, but there was no callose or germination in PGM without sucrose. We show that P. aphrodite accumulates high levels of sugars in mature pollinia, providing nutrients and enhanced SUT gene expression for pollinia germination and tube growth.


Assuntos
Orchidaceae , Açúcares , Açúcares/metabolismo , Sacarose/metabolismo , Orchidaceae/genética , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Pólen/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo
2.
Autoimmunity ; 55(8): 650-660, 2022 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35892187

RESUMO

Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f., is a traditional Chinese medicine, and the Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) is one of the principal components extracted from Bletilla striata with various biological activities. Previous studies have shown that many natural polysaccharides have significant immunomodulatory activities. However, as a plant polysaccharide, the research of BSP on immunomodulatory activities is limited. In this study, we aim to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of BSP in vivo and further explore its underlying mechanism in vitro. In vivo, a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression mice mode was established by intraperitoneal injection of CTX, and the immune-enhancing effect of BSP (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) on immunosuppressed mice were evaluated. The result indicated that BSP could significantly improve the immune organ index and the content of immunoglobulin, TNF-α and IL-4 in serum. It was also found that BSP could clearly ameliorate the spleen damage induced by CTX. Meanwhile, the result showed that BSP could not only improve the proliferation of splenocytes, but also activate the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in mouse spleen tissue. In vitro, potential mechanism was further revealed in macrophages. The result supported that BSP could activate macrophages with high phagocytic ability, and induce macrophages to secrete cytokines. Finally, it revealed that activation of NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathway should be the underlying mechanism of the immunoenhancment of BSP.


Assuntos
NF-kappa B , Orchidaceae , Fosfatase Ácida/metabolismo , Animais , Ciclofosfamida/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Lactato Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Camundongos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo
3.
PeerJ ; 10: e13614, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35818361

RESUMO

Background: Anoectochilus roxburghii and Anoectochilus formosanus, belong to the Anoectochilus genus, have been used for Chinese herbal drugs as well as health food. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the key enzyme in primary metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism, produces secondary metabolites (flavonoids) in plants, which are beneficial for the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid metabolites. Methods: The PAL genes were cloned from A. formosanus and A. roxburghii according to our previous transcriptomic analysis. The PALs were introduced into pCAMBIA2300-35S-PAL-eGFP to generate 35S-PAL-eGFP. The constructs were further used for subcellular localization and transgenic Arabidopsis. The expression of AfPAL and ArPAL under precursor substance (L-Phe), NaCl, UV, and red-light were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Results: AfPAL and ArPAL , encoding 2,148 base pairs, were cloned from A. formosanus and A. roxburghii. The subcellular localization showed that the ArPAL and AfPAL were both localized in the nucleus with GPF. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that the ArPAL and AfPAL genes function in the phenylalanine pathway as well as response to induced conditions. Overexpression of the AfPAL and ArPAL could increase flavonoids and anthocyanin content in the transgenic Arabidopsis. Discussion: The results suggest that AfPAL and ArPAL play a crucial role in the flavonoid biosynthesis in Anoectochilus. Also, our study provides new insights into the enrichment of secondary metabolites of traditional Chinese medicines A. formosanus and A. roxburghii, which can improve their medicinal active ingredients and be used for drug discovery in plants.


Assuntos
Arabidopsis , Orchidaceae , Plantas Medicinais , Fenilalanina Amônia-Liase/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Plantas Medicinais/genética , Flavonoides , Orchidaceae/metabolismo
4.
Plant Genome ; 15(2): e20210, 2022 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35475547

RESUMO

As one of the important species belonging to the Bletilla genus of Orchidaceae, Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f., possesses both ornamental and medicinal values. Its dried tubers are used as a traditional Chinese medicine, and several secondary metabolites have been indicated to be the active ingredients. However, the molecular mechanisms related to the regulation of secondary metabolism have not been characterized in B. striata. In this study, integrated analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq), and degradome sequencing (degradome-seq) data from three organs (leaf, root, and tuber) of B. striata provided us with a comprehensive view of the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulatory network. Firstly, based on the RNA-seq data, the organ-specific expression patterns of the protein-coding genes, especially for those related to secondary metabolism, were investigated. Secondly, 342 conserved miRNA candidates were identified from B. striata. These miRNAs were assigned to 88 families, some of which were selected for expression pattern analysis. Additionally, 31 hairpin-structured precursors encoding 23 novel miRNAs were uncovered from the transcriptome assembly. Thirdly, based on the degradome signatures, 1,142 validated miRNA-target pairs (involving 167 conserved miRNAs and six novel miRNAs and 51 target genes) were included in the regulatory network. Organ-specific expression level comparison between the miRNAs and their targets revealed some interesting miRNA-target pairs. Fourthly, some valuable subnetworks were extracted for further functional studies. Additionally, some regulatory pathways were indicated to be monocot specific. Summarily, our results lay a solid basis for in-depth studies on the regulatory mechanisms underlying the production of the medicinal ingredients in B. striata.


RNA-, sRNA-, and degradome-seq were performed for three organs of B. striata. Organ-specific expression patterns of the protein-coding genes were analyzed. A total of 365 miRNAs were identified and subject to expression pattern analysis. A total of 1,142 miRNA-target pairs were validated for network construction. Some miRNA-mediated regulatory pathways were indicated to be monocot specific.


Assuntos
MicroRNAs , Orchidaceae , Plantas Medicinais , MicroRNAs/genética , Orchidaceae/genética , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinais/genética , Plantas Medicinais/metabolismo , RNA de Plantas/genética , Transcriptoma
5.
J Complement Integr Med ; 19(2): 345-352, 2022 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34883006

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and cell damage are the major patho-physiological reasons behind type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which is one of the most prevalent non communicable metabolic disorders in the world. Oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin shots are usually exercised to treat the diabetic patients but it produces many side effects. Thereby paving the way for natural hypoglycemic agents; a Himalayan herb and alternative nutritional therapy; low glycaemic indexed pumpkin seed, are used in combination for a better management of the disease. The aim of the study was to explore the combined efficacy of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl root Salep and low-glycemic indexed-pumpkin seeds in better management of T2DM and associated complications. METHODS: Balb/c mice were randomly allocated to six different groups (n=5). Streptozotocin along with high-fat-diet was used to induce T2DM. The experimental animals were supplemented with low-glycemic food or root Salep (200 mg/kg body weight) or combination of both according to their groups for 21 days, post which various biochemical tests were performed. RESULTS: T2DM augmented the IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, BAX, Insulin levels, and HOMA-IR with concurrent reduction of IL-4, QUICKI, Bcl-2, estradiol and progesterone levels. FACS revealed augmented cellular damage in T2DM mice. Interestingly, root Salep and pumpkin seeds normalized those parameters in T2DM animals suggesting significant (p<0.001) improvement of immunity of the diseased animals and ameliorated associated complications. CONCLUSIONS: Root Salep and pumpkin seed display synergism among binomial set of herbal agents which may be safely used for T2DM management.


Assuntos
Cucurbita , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Resistência à Insulina , Orchidaceae , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Cucurbita/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Sementes
6.
BMC Plant Biol ; 21(1): 504, 2021 Nov 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34724893

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Bletilla striata is one of the important species belonging to the Bletilla genus of Orchidaceae. Since its extracts have an astringent effect on human tissues, B. striata is widely used for hemostasis and healing. Recently, some other beneficial effects have also been uncovered, such as antioxidation, antiinflammation, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory activities. As a key step towards a thorough understanding on the medicinal ingredient production in B. striata, deciphering the regulatory codes of the metabolic pathways becomes a major task. RESULTS: In this study, three organs (roots, tubers and leaves) of B. striata were analyzed by integrating transcriptome sequencing and untargeted metabolic profiling data. Five different metabolic pathways, involved in polysaccharide, sterol, flavonoid, terpenoid and alkaloid biosynthesis, were investigated respectively. For each pathway, the expression patterns of the enzyme-coding genes and the accumulation levels of the metabolic intermediates were presented in an organ-specific way. Furthermore, the relationships between enzyme activities and the levels of the related metabolites were partially inferred. Within the biosynthetic pathways of polysaccharides and flavonoids, long-range phytochemical transportation was proposed for certain metabolic intermediates and/or the enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented by this work could strengthen the molecular basis for further studies on breeding and medicinal uses of B. striata.


Assuntos
Redes e Vias Metabólicas/genética , Orchidaceae/química , Orchidaceae/genética , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Tubérculos/química , China , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Plantas Medicinais/química , Plantas Medicinais/genética , Plantas Medicinais/metabolismo , Transcriptoma
7.
Molecules ; 26(15)2021 Jul 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34361724

RESUMO

Orchids are rich treasure troves of various important phytomolecules. Among the various medicinal orchids, Ansellia africana stands out prominently in the preparing of various herbal medicines due to its high therapeutic importance. The nodal explants of A. africana were sampled from asymbiotically germinated seedlings on basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and were micropropagated in MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose and 10 µM meta topolin (mT) + 5 µM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) +15 µM indole butyric acid (IBA) + 30 µM phloroglucinol (PG). In the present study, the essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and the oleoresins by the solvent extraction method from the micropropagated A. africana. The essential oil and the oleoresins were analysed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and GC/MS (Mass spectrometry). A total of 84 compounds were identified. The most predominant components among them were linoleic acid (18.42%), l-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate (11.50%), linolenic acid (10.98%) and p-cresol (9.99%) in the essential oil; and eicosane (26.34%), n-butyl acetate (21.13%), heptadecane (16.48%) and 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl (11.13%) were detected in the acetone extract; heptadecane (9.40%), heneicosane (9.45%), eicosane (6.40%), n-butyl acetate (14.34%) and styrene (22.20%) were identified and quantified in the ethyl acetate extract. The cytotoxic activity of essential oil and oleoresins of micropropagated A. africana was evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay on Vero cells compared to the standard drug doxorubicin chloride. The present research contains primary information about the therapeutic utility of the essential oil and oleoresins of A. africana with a promising future research potential of qualitative and quantitative improvement through synchronised use of biotechnological techniques.


Assuntos
Citotoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Orchidaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Plântula/química , Acrilatos/isolamento & purificação , Alcanos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Ácido Ascórbico/isolamento & purificação , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cresóis/isolamento & purificação , Meios de Cultura/química , Meios de Cultura/farmacologia , Citotoxinas/farmacologia , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hidroponia/métodos , Ácido Linoleico/isolamento & purificação , Extração Líquido-Líquido/métodos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Palmitatos/isolamento & purificação , Pentanóis/isolamento & purificação , Pentanonas/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais , Plântula/metabolismo , África do Sul , Estireno/isolamento & purificação , Células Vero , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/isolamento & purificação
8.
Chem Biodivers ; 18(1): e2000870, 2021 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33289245

RESUMO

Pleiones are popular ornamental orchids and different species of Pleione are long being used as traditional medicine in many Asian countries. However, previous chemical investigations of the genus Pleione are restricted to only a few species. In the present study, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint of Pleione plants was established, which in particular, eight common peaks were confirmed in 16 species/hybrids. Three of the compounds corresponding to the chromatographic peaks were identified by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-tandem-MS). HPLC analysis confirmed the studied taxa shared most of chemical compounds but the content of chemical compounds was significantly different between species. Comparison of hierarchical clustering result with phylogenetic tree revealed that closely related species have higher similarities in chemical constituents. In consideration of low chemical similarity between spring-flowering and autumn-flowering species, we suggest a discrimination of these two groups during medicinal use of the genus Pleione. Species with a large pseudobulb and with high content of a certain compound should be given priority in future artificial cultivation and medicinal cultivar breeding. We hope our findings will contribute to the quality control and promote conservation of such endangered plant group.


Assuntos
Orchidaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Análise por Conglomerados , Flores/anatomia & histologia , Flores/química , Flores/metabolismo , Orchidaceae/classificação , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Filogenia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Plantas Medicinais/classificação , Plantas Medicinais/metabolismo , Análise de Componente Principal , Estações do Ano , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray
9.
Plant Signal Behav ; 15(5): 1744294, 2020 05 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32208892

RESUMO

Endophytism is one of the widely explored phenomena related to orchids and fungi. Endophytic fungi assist plants by supplementing nutrient acquisition, and synthesis of plant growth regulators. Vanda cristata is an epiphytic orchid that has a great diversity of endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi were isolated from roots, stems, and leaves of V.cristata and identified by both morphological and molecular study. Furthermore, the isolated endophytic fungi were subjected to auxin synthesis, phosphate solubilization, ammonia synthesis, and elicitor growth test for understanding their growth-promoting effect in a qualitative and quantitative manner. Altogether, 12 different endophytic fungi were isolated from roots, stems, and leaves of V. cristata of which most species belonged to Ascomycota. Unidentified II fungi were found to be most effective for auxin synthesis and phosphate solubilization while Agaricus bisporous and Mycolepto discus were most effective for ammonia synthesis. We have tested the plant growth-promoting activity of the twelve isolated endophytic fungi on Cymbidium aloifolium protocorms (12 weeks old). All the endophytic fungi showed growth-promoting activity. Plant growth of Cymbidium aloifolium was found higher on the MS medium supplemented with all fungal elicitors. Fungal elicitor CVS4, however, showed the highest plant growth-promoting activity toward C. aloifolium.


Assuntos
Endófitos/metabolismo , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Agaricus/metabolismo , Amônia/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo
10.
Carbohydr Polym ; 226: 115304, 2019 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31582069

RESUMO

Medicinal herb Bletilla striata as a traditional Chinese herb has been used to treat alimentary canal mucosal damage, ulcers, bruises, and burns for thousands of years. Despite numerous efforts directed at the development of Bletilla striata products, the challenge of preparing Bletilla striata hemostasis dressings while simultaneously maintaining portability and high hemostasis performance has not yet been addressed. Herein, we describe a Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) sponge with hierarchical aligned porous channels formed via directional freeze technology. The microstructure and mechanical property of the BSP sponges could be controlled by modifying the BSP concentration. Notably, in vivo animal studies indicated that BSP sponges show high biocompatibility and degradation and possess excellent hemostasis capability. In addition, BSP sponges showed accelerated wound healing in comparison to commercial dressings. Thus, our study indicates that the constructed BSP sponges could find potential application in dressings for efficient wound healing.


Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinais/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Animais , Bandagens , Materiais Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Feminino , Hemostasia/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Coelhos , Cicatrização
11.
Molecules ; 24(13)2019 Jul 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31323985

RESUMO

Seven novel norcycloartane glycosides, maryloside A-G (1-7), were isolated from the leaves of Cymbidium Great Flower 'Marylaurencin', along with a known norcycloartane glycoside, cymbidoside (8). These structures were determined on the basis of mainly NMR experiments as well as chemical degradation and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The isolated compounds (1-6 and 8) were evaluated for the inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Consequently, 1 and 3 exhibited moderate activity.


Assuntos
Flores/química , Glicosídeos/química , Orchidaceae/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Sobrevivência Celular , Flores/metabolismo , Glicosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo
12.
Curr Biol ; 28(6): 980-986.e3, 2018 03 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29526587

RESUMO

Nursery pollination involves pollinators that lay eggs on the flowers they pollinate and have their brood fed on flower parts or developing ovules [1-4]. Active pollination, a ritualistic behavioral sequence shown by nursery pollinators when transferring pollen from anthers to stigmas, is known in only four plant lineages [5-8], including the classical examples of fig trees-fig wasps and yuccas-yucca moths [5, 6]. We report in detail a system in which weevils actively pollinate orchids prior to having their larvae fed on the developing fruits. Sampling over five years revealed that although weevils trigger fruit set, this interaction is negative for the plant as weevil larvae often consume all contents of infested fruits. However, part of weevil-infested fruits is often "rescued" by parasitoid wasps, which kill the weevil larvae before all fruit content is consumed (Figure 1). "Rescued" fruits present high seed viability and biomass similar to that of non-infested fruits, much higher than that of fruits with weevils only. Hence, parasitoids mediate the fitness consequences of the interaction between the plant and its parasitic pollinator. Weevils constitute a megadiverse group of herbivores commonly reported as florivores [9] but are also appreciated as flower-ovipositing pollinators of cycads and palms [4, 10-13] and were previously recorded carrying orchid pollinaria [14-16]. The orchid-weevil system presented here shows that plant-floral visitor interaction outcome can be mediated by a third party (parasitoids) and illustrates a way by which the biological context may allow the emergence and persistence of active nursery pollination behavior in nature.


Assuntos
Vespas/parasitologia , Gorgulhos/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Flores , Frutas , Herbivoria/fisiologia , Larva , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Parasitos , Pólen , Polinização/fisiologia , Reprodução , Sementes , Simbiose/fisiologia , Vespas/metabolismo , Gorgulhos/parasitologia
13.
Protoplasma ; 255(2): 565-574, 2018 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28944415

RESUMO

Although many Orchidaceae have deceit flowers that produce no reward, the most common reward, when present, is nectar. Bulbophyllum, however, is unusual in that the labellar secretions of most species investigated to date lack sugars, and, therefore, cannot be considered true nectar. The African species Bulbophyllum saltatorium is an exception in that it produces not only nectar but also possesses specialized, capitate oleiferous trichomes. The nectary of B. saltatorium is borne on the labellum and is represented by a deep, narrow, median longitudinal groove, having a small aperture, and flanked by trichomes. Isodiametric epidermal cells lining this groove secrete nectar which collects both in the groove and on the surface of the labellum. As well as a nectary, the labellum of B. saltatorium also bears three types of unicellular trichomes: the longest trichomes are borne distally and abaxially; the marginal ones form a rim around the entire labellum, and finally, massive, capitate trichomes occur proximally and adaxially. These are oleiferous, containing large quantities of oil which might function as precursors of volatile components of fragrance or provide a food-reward. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time for such oleiferous trichomes to be described for Bulbophyllum. Therefore, apart from their color and markings, flowers of this species are able to attract pollinators in at least two, possibly three ways: food-reward in the form of nectar; fragrance; and possibly food-rewards in the form of food-hairs.


Assuntos
Flores/fisiologia , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Néctar de Plantas/metabolismo , Óleos de Plantas/metabolismo , Tricomas/metabolismo , Flores/anatomia & histologia , Flores/ultraestrutura , Orchidaceae/ultraestrutura , Tricomas/ultraestrutura
14.
Chem Biodivers ; 14(11)2017 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28771984

RESUMO

The Orchidaceae family is the largest group of flowering plants in the Angiosperm monocotyledons spread on our planet. Its members, called orchids, are herbs or epiphytes with showy flowers distributed mainly in tropical regions. Several classes of phytoconstituents have been so far isolated from therapeutically-used orchids showing a great chemical diversity. Among them, phenolic derivatives have been studied for their biological activities, especially in the field of cancer, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. On the other hand, limited information has been so far obtained on the numerous alkaloids and terpenoids isolated from several orchid species. Recent articles revealed pronounced effects of some alkaloids on the CNS. Published literature on orchids that are used in traditional medicine has been reviewed in this work indicating a great potential of such organisms as source of chemical entities for the development of new drugs.


Assuntos
Orchidaceae/química , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/toxicidade , Descoberta de Drogas/tendências , Humanos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia
15.
J Photochem Photobiol B ; 173: 686-695, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28743100

RESUMO

Malaxis acuminata D. Don., a small, terrestrial orchid, is endemic to tropical Himalayas at an altitude of 1200-2000m asl. The dried pseudobulbs are important ingredients of century old ayurvedic drug 'Ashtavarga' and a polyherbal immune-booster nutraceutical 'Chyavanprash', known to restore vigour, vitality and youthfulness. Considering tremendous medicinal importance of this threatened orchid species, a detailed study was undertaken for the first time to address its antioxidant potential, secondary metabolite contents and biological activities against skin-aging related enzymes (anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase) and anti-inflammatory activity (5-lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase) in different plant parts of wild and in vitro-derived plants of M. acuminata. Methanolic leaf and stem extracts were further evaluated for in vitro photoprotective activity against UV-B and UV-A radiations. Furthermore, secondary metabolite profiling of various plant parts was carried out by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A significantly higher antioxidant potential (DPPH, metal chelating and ABTS•+) with a comparative higher yield of secondary metabolites was observed in in vitro-derived plantlets as compared to the wild plants. Among various solvent systems used, methanolic leaf and stem extracts showed promising inhibitory activity against major skin aging-related enzymes and anti-inflammatory potential. Methanolic leaf and stem extracts of both wild and in vitro-derived plants showed promising photoprotective activity against UV-B and UV-A radiations in vitro with comparatively higher sun protection factor (SPF). Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts of leaves and stems of wild as well as in vitro-derived plantlets revealed presence of many bioactive metabolites such as, dietary fatty acids, α-hydroxy acids, phenolic acids, sterols, amino acids, sugars and glycosides which substantially explain the use of M. acuminata as one of the potential rejuvenator and anti-aging ingredient in many Ayurvedic formulations.


Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Orchidaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Envelhecimento da Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Alcaloides/análise , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Colagenases/química , Colagenases/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Flavonoides/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Elastase Pancreática/antagonistas & inibidores , Elastase Pancreática/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Polifenóis/análise , Envelhecimento da Pele/efeitos da radiação , Protetores Solares/química , Protetores Solares/farmacologia , Raios Ultravioleta , Xantina Oxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Xantina Oxidase/metabolismo
16.
J Agric Food Chem ; 65(30): 6282-6287, 2017 Aug 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28685577

RESUMO

A biomimetic gastrointestinal tract, including in vitro digestion and biomimetic biomembrane extraction, has been proposed for absorption assessment of metals from edible plants. However, its validity is still unknown. Herein, two species of edible plants, Anoectochilus roxburghii and Radix astragali, were selected and digested in a bionic mouth, stomach, and intestine, and then trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, As, and Pb) were transformed to their final metal species. To check model predictability, in vitro and in vivo metal absorption were imitated and tested by monolayer liposome extraction and rat stomach or single-pass duodenal intestine, respectively. A strong correlation was established between in vivo and in vitro metal absorption ratios, with 0.89 > R2 > 0.66, and a significant relationship (p < 0.05) was exhibited for stomach, intestine, two plant species, and 10 metal species. Our biomimetic system could be used as low-cost alternatives to animal and clinical studies for multi-metal absorption.


Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/metabolismo , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Metais/metabolismo , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Plantas Comestíveis/metabolismo , Animais , Astragalus propinquus , Biomimética , Digestão , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Trato Gastrointestinal/química , Humanos , Absorção Intestinal , Metais/análise , Orchidaceae/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar
17.
J Chem Ecol ; 43(5): 469-479, 2017 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28536987

RESUMO

Ophrys flowers mimic sex pheromones of attractive females of their pollinators and attract males, which attempt to copulate with the flower and thereby pollinate it. Virgin females and orchid flowers are known to use the same chemical compounds in order to attract males. The composition of the sex pheromone and its floral analogue, however, vary between pollinator genera. Wasp-pollinated Ophrys species attract their pollinators by using polar hydroxy acids, whereas Andrena-pollinated species use a mixture of non-polar hydrocarbons. The phylogeny of Ophrys shows that its evolution was marked by episodes of rapid diversification coinciding with shifts to different pollinator groups: from wasps to Eucera and consequently to Andrena and other bees. To gain further insights, we studied pollinator attraction in O. leochroma in the context of intra- and inter-generic pollinator shifts, radiation, and diversification in the genus Ophrys. Our model species, O. leochroma, is pollinated by Eucera kullenbergi males and lies in the phylogeny between the wasp and Andrena-pollinated species; therefore, it is a remarkable point to understand pollinator shifts. We collected surface extracts of attractive E. kullenbergi females and labellum extracts of O. leochroma and analyzed them by using gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We also performed field bioassays. Our results show that O. leochroma mimics the sex pheromone of its pollinator's female by using aldehydes, alcohols, fatty acids, and non-polar compounds (hydrocarbons). Therefore, in terms of the chemistry of pollinator attraction, Eucera-pollinated Ophrys species might represent an intermediate stage between wasp- and Andrena-pollinated orchid species.


Assuntos
Abelhas/fisiologia , Orchidaceae/química , Pólen/química , Vespas/fisiologia , Animais , Cromatografia Gasosa , Enganação , Feminino , Flores/química , Flores/metabolismo , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Masculino , Orchidaceae/classificação , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Filogenia , Pólen/metabolismo , Atrativos Sexuais/análise , Atrativos Sexuais/química
18.
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi ; 42(23): 4624-4630, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29376262

RESUMO

Anoectochilus roxburghii is a traditional Chinese medicine and natural health products. In the modern cultivation system, A. roxburghii is micropropagated in tissue culture, and the plants are transferred to soil cultivation for months. However, it remains unclear about the necessity of soil cultivation for the accumulation of health beneficial compounds. In this paper, we performed nontargeted metabolomic analysis using GC-TOF-MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, on A. roxburghii plants at tissue culture stage or after 3 months of soil cultivation. The results showed that the primary metabolites such as alcohols and organic acids are abundant in the tissue culture plants. In contrast, polysaccharide, nucleoside, esters and secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, terpenoids were significantly accumulated in cultivated seedlings. Flavonoids and polysaccharides are considered as the principle effective components in A. roxburghii. Soil cultivation period is therefore essential for the accumulation of these metabolites.


Assuntos
Metaboloma , Orchidaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Cromatografia Gasosa , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Espectrometria de Massas , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Metabolismo Secundário
19.
Protoplasma ; 254(1): 161-165, 2017 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26769710

RESUMO

Pollen developmental pathway in plants involving synchronized transferal of cellular divisions from meiosis (microsporogenesis) to mitosis (pollen mitosis I/II) eventually offers a unique "meiosis-mitosis shift" at pollen mitosis I. Since the cell type (haploid microspore) and fate of pollen mitosis I differ from typical mitosis (in meristem cells), it is immensely important to analyze the chromosomal distribution of phosphorylated H3S10 histone during atypical pollen mitosis I to comprehend the role of histone phosphorylation in pollen development. We investigated the chromosomal phosphorylation of H3S10 histone during pollen mitosis I in orchids using immunostaining technique. The chromosomal distribution of H3S10ph during pollen mitosis I revealed differential pattern than that of typical mitosis in plants, however, eventually following the similar trends of mitosis in animals where H3S10 phosphorylation begins in the pericentromeric regions first, later extending to the whole chromosomes, and finally declining at anaphase/early cytokinesis (differentiation of vegetative and generative cells). The study suggests that the chromosomal distribution of H3S10ph during cell division is not universal and can be altered between different cell types encoded for diverse cellular processes. During pollen development, phosphorylation of histone might play a critical role in chromosome condensation events throughout pollen mitosis I in plants.


Assuntos
Cromatina/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Mitose , Pólen/citologia , Cromossomos de Plantas/metabolismo , Orchidaceae/citologia , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Pólen/metabolismo
20.
PLoS One ; 11(11): e0165896, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27812201

RESUMO

Several neotropical orchid genera have been proposed as being sexually deceptive; however, this has been carefully tested in only a few cases. The genus Telipogon has long been assumed to be pollinated by male tachinid flies during pseudocopulatory events but no detailed confirmatory reports are available. Here, we have used an array of methods to elucidate the pollination mechanism in Telipogon peruvianus. The species presents flowers that have a mean floral longevity of 33 days and that are self-compatible, although spontaneous self-pollination does not occur. The flowers attract males of four tachinid species but only the males of an undescribed Eudejeania (Eudejeania aff. browni; Tachinidae) species are specific pollinators. Males visit the flowers during the first few hours of the day and the pollination success is very high (42% in one patch) compared with other sexually deceptive species. Female-seeking males are attracted to the flowers but do not attempt copulation with the flowers, as is usually described in sexually deceptive species. Nevertheless, morphological analysis and behavioural tests have shown an imperfect mimicry between flowers and females suggesting that the attractant stimulus is not based only on visual cues, as long thought. Challenging previous conclusions, our chemical analysis has confirmed that flowers of Telipogon release volatile compounds; however, the role of these volatiles in pollinator behaviour remains to be established. Pollinator behaviour and histological analyses indicate that Telipogon flowers possess scent-producing structures throughout the corolla. Our study provides the first confirmed case of (i) a sexually deceptive species in the Onciidinae, (ii) pollination by pre-copulatory behaviour and (iii) pollination by sexual deception involving tachinid flies.


Assuntos
Dípteros/fisiologia , Flores/fisiologia , Orchidaceae/fisiologia , Polinização , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Animais , Bioensaio , Dípteros/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Flores/anatomia & histologia , Flores/metabolismo , Masculino , Odorantes/análise , Orchidaceae/anatomia & histologia , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Polinização/efeitos dos fármacos , Caracteres Sexuais , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo
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