Factors in hybridization of local medical systems: Simultaneous use of medicinal plants and modern medicine in Northeast Brazil.

The presence of mainstream medicine in local medical systems inserts a set of external treatments and concepts that generate adjustments in the local conceptions of health and disease. What points in the system are most receptive to change? Who are the residents most likely to adopt these external treatments to deal with diseases? To answer these questions, this work used a study model consisting of the simultaneous use of medicinal plants and modern medicine, testing whether diseases that require greater treatment efforts are the main targets of adherence to modern medicine and if socioeconomic characteristics of residents can cause intracultural variation in relation to simultaneous use. To obtain socioeconomic data on the knowledge of medicinal plants and simultaneous use of these resources with modern medicine, semistructured interviews were conducted in a rural community that has easy access to modern medicine. Participatory workshops were held to access the local perceptions about the frequency of occurrence and severity of illnesses. A multilevel logistic regression model was applied for data analysis. We found that chronic, severe and frequently occurring diseases in the community tended to show greater simultaneous use locally. Among the socioeconomic factors, we determined that high educational levels positively influenced the combined use of plants and modern medicine. The need to ensure the cure of frequent, severe and chronic diseases is a factor that leads residents to seek a greater number of possible treatments, stimulating the combined use of plants and modern medicine. Residents with higher educational levels were more likely to use a combination of treatments than those with lower educational levels, demonstrating that more participation in formal education may facilitate the combined use of medicinal plants and modern medicine.

Long-term preservation of potato leafroll virus, potato virus S, and potato spindle tuber viroid in cryopreserved shoot tips.

Availability of and easy access to diverse plant viruses and viroids is a prerequisite in applied and basic studies related to viruses and viroids. Long-term preservation of viruses and viroids is difficult. A protocol was described for long-term preservation of potato leafroll virus (PLRV), potato virus S (PVS), and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in cryopreserved shoot tips of potato cv. Zihuabai. Shoot regrowth levels following cryopreservation were higher in 1.5 mm-shoot tips (58-60%) than in 0.5-mm-ones (30-38%). All shoots recovered from 0.5-mm-shoot tips were PVS- and PSTVd-preserved, but none of them were PLRV-preserved. Cryopreservation of 1.5-mm-shoot tips resulted in 35% and 100% of PLRV- and PVS- and PSTVd-preserved shoots. Studies on cell survival patterns and virus localization provided explanations to the varying PLRV-preservation frequencies produced by cryopreservation of the two sizes of shoot tips. Although micropropagation efficiencies were low after 12 weeks of subculture following cryopreservation, similar efficiencies were obtained after 16 weeks of subculture in pathogen-preserved shoots recovered from cryopreservation, compared with the diseased in vitro stock shoots (the control). Pathogen concentrations in the three pathogens-preserved shoots analyzed by qRT-PCR were similar to those in micropropagated shoots. The three pathogens cryopreserved in shoot tips were readily transmitted by grafting and mechanical inoculation to potato plants. PLRV, PVS, and PSTVd represent a diverse range of plant viruses and viroid in terms of taxonomy and infectious ability. Therefore, shoot tip cryopreservation opens a new avenue for long-term preservation of the virus and viroid.

Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants: literature review

BACKGROUND: Among the non-conventional assumptions of homeopathy, the use of medicines in high dilutions (HD) is a cause for objections and skepticism among the scientific community, trained within the dose-dependency paradigm of classic pharmacology. Research aiming at evidencing the effects of homeopathic HD has resource to several experimental models (in vitro, plants and animals). AIM: To describe the results of studies with high methodological quality that demonstrated positiveeffects of homeopathic HD on plants. METHODS: Taking reviews published until 2015 as reference source, we updated the information through addition of data from recent studies included in database PubMed. RESULTS: From 167 experimental studies analyzed, 48 met the minimum criteria of methodological quality, from which 29 detected specific effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants through comparison to adequate controls. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the substandard methodological quality ofmost experiments, studies with systematic use of negative controls and reproducibility demonstrated significant indisputable effects of homeopathic HD on plants.

Efeito de ultradiluições homeopáticas em plantas: revisão da literatura / Effect of homeopathic ultra-dilutions on plants: literature review

Introdução: Dentre as premissas não convencionais do modelo homeopático, o emprego de doses ultradiluídas de medicamentos desperta questionamentos e ceticismo na classe científica, acostumada ao paradigma dose-dependente da farmacologia clássica. Para evidenciar o efeito das ultradiluições homeopáticas em seres vivos, pesquisas são realizadas em diversos modelos experimentais (in vitro, em plantas e em animais). Objetivo: Descrever os estudos de melhor qualidade metodológica que confirmaram o efeito positivo das ultradiluições homeopáticas em plantas. Métodos: Utilizando como fontes de referência as revisões sobre o tema publicadas até 2015, atualizamos os dados adicionando estudos recentes citados na base de dados PubMed. Resultados: Dentre 167 estudos experimentais analisados nas principais revisões, 48 atingiram os critérios mínimos de qualidade metodológica e 29identificaram os efeitos específicos das ultradiluições homeopáticas em plantas, empregando controles adequados. Conclusões: Apesar da qualidade metodológica insatisfatória da maioria dos experimentos, estudos com controle negativo sistemático e reprodutibilidade reportaram efeitos significativos e incontestáveis das ultradiluições homeopáticas em plantas. (AU)

Introduction: Among the non-conventional grounds of homeopathy, the use of medicines in high dilutions is a cause for objections and skepticism among the scientific community, trained within the dose-dependency paradigm of classicpharmacology. Research aiming at evidencing the effects of homeopathic high dilutions has resource to several experimental models (in vitro, in plants and in animals). Aim: To describe the results of studies with high methodological quality that demonstrated positive effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants. Methods: Taking reviews published until 2015 as reference source, we updated the information through the addition of data in recent studies included in database PubMed. Results: From 167 experimental studies analyzed in the main reviews, 48 met the minimum criteria of methodological quality, from which 29 detected specific effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants through comparison with adequate controls. Conclusions: Despite the substandard methodological quality of most experiments, studies with systematic use of negative controls and reproducibility demonstrated significant undeniable effectsof homeopathic high dilutions on plants. (AU)

Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants: literature review

Background: Among the non-conventional assumptions of homeopathy, the use of medicines in high dilutions (HD) is a cause for objections and skepticism among the scientific community, trained within the dose-dependency paradigm of classic pharmacology. Research aiming at evidencing the effects of homeopathic HD has resource to several experimental models (in vitro, plants and animals). Aim: To describe the results of studies with high methodological quality that demonstrated positiveeffects of homeopathic HD on plants. Methods: Taking reviews published until 2015 as reference source, we updated the information through addition of data from recent studies included in database PubMed. Results: From 167 experimental studies analyzed, 48 met the minimum criteria of methodological quality, from which 29 detected specific effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants through comparison to adequate controls. Conclusions: Despite the substandard methodological quality ofmost experiments, studies with systematic use of negative controls and reproducibility demonstrated significant indisputable effects of homeopathic HD on plants.(AU)

Efeito de ultradiluições homeopáticas em plantas: revisão da literatura / Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants: literature review

Introdução: Dentre as premissas não convencionais do modelo homeopático, o emprego de doses ultradiluídas de medicamentos desperta questionamentos e ceticismo na classe científica, acostumada ao paradigma dose-dependente da farmacologia clássica. Para evidenciar o efeito das ultradiluições homeopáticas em seres vivos, pesquisas são realizadas em diversos modelos experimentais (in vitro, em plantas e em animais). Objetivo: Descrever os estudos de melhor qualidade metodológica que confirmaram o efeito positivo das ultradiluições homeopáticas em plantas. Métodos: Utilizando como fontes de referência as revisões sobre o tema publicadas até 2015, atualizamos os dados adicionando estudos recentes citados na base de dados PubMed. Resultados: Dentre 167 estudos experimentais analisados nas principais revisões, 48 atingiram os critérios mínimos de qualidade metodológica e 29identificaram os efeitos específicos das ultradiluições homeopáticas em plantas, empregando controles adequados. Conclusões: Apesar da qualidade metodológica insatisfatória da maioria dos experimentos, estudos com controle negativo sistemático e reprodutibilidade reportaram efeitos significativos e incontestáveis das ultradiluições homeopáticas em plantas. (AU)

Anti-inflammatory activity of animal oils from the Peruvian Amazon.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Animal oils and fats from the fishes Electrophorus electricus and Potamotrygon motoro, the reptiles Boa constrictor, Chelonoidis denticulata (Geochelone denticulata) and Melanosuchus niger and the riverine dolphin Inia geoffrensis are used as anti-inflammatory agents in the Peruvian Amazon. The aim of the study was to assess the topic anti-inflammatory effect of the oils/fats as well as to evaluate its antimicrobial activity and fatty acid composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The oils/fats were purchased from a traditional store at the Iquitos market of Belen, Peru. The topic anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by the mice ear edema induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at the dose of 3mg oil/ear. Indomethacine and nimesulide were used as reference anti-inflammatory drugs. The application resembles the traditional topical use of the oils. The antimicrobial effect of the oils/fats was assessed by the microdilution test against reference strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. The fatty acid composition of the oils/fats (as methyl esters) was determined by GC and GC-MS analysis after saponification. RESULTS: All oils/fats showed topic anti-inflammatory activity, with better effect in the TPA-induced mice ear edema assay. The most active drugs were Potamotrygon motoro, Melanosuchus niger and Geochelone denticulata. In the AA-induced assay, the best activity was found for Potamotrygon motoro and Electrophorus electricus oil. The oil of Electrophorus electricus also showed a weak antimicrobial effect with MIC values of 250 µg/mL against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enteritidis-MI. The main fatty acids in the oils were oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids. CONCLUSIONS: Topical application of all the oils/fats investigated showed anti-inflammatory activity in the mice ear edema assay. The effect can be related with the identity and composition of the fatty acids in the samples. This study gives support to the traditional use of animal oils/fats as ant-inflammatory agents in the Peruvian Amazon. However, new alternative should be encouraged due to the conservation status of several of the animal sources of the crude drugs.