Effects of orange peels derived pectin on innate immune response, disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured under indoor biofloc system.

The present study investigates the effects of orange peels derived pectin (OPDP) on skin mucus and serum immune parameters, disease resistance and growth performance of O. niloticus cultured under indoor biofloc system. Six hundred Nile tilapia (average weight 9.09 ±â€¯0.05 g) were distributed into 15 fiber tanks (300 L per tank) assigned to five treatments repeated in triplicate. Fish were fed experimental diets contain different levels OPDP as follows: 0 (control in clear water), 0 (control in biofloc system), 5, 10, and 20 g kg-1 OPDP for 8 weeks. At weeks 4 and 8 post feeding, skin mucus lysozyme (SMLA), peroxidase activities (SMPA), serum lysozyme (SL), serum peroxidase (SP), alternative complement (ACH50), phagocytosis (PI), and respiratory burst activities (RB) as well specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), final weight (FW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. Also, resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae was assessed after 8 weeks post-feeding. Nile tilapia fed OPDP supplemented diets had significantly higher SMLA and SMPA compared to the controls (P < 0.05). The maximum values were observed in tilapia fed 10 g kg-1 OPDP followed by 5 and 20 g kg-1 OPDP. Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed between these two supplemented diets and between the control groups (P > 0.05). Regarding the serum immunological parameters, dietary inclusion of 10 g kg-1 OPDP showed significant higher SL and PI than other supplemented groups and control groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in SL and PI of fish fed 5 and 20 g kg-1 OPDP (P > 0.05). Dietary administration of OPDP significantly increased SP and ACH50 compared to the controls (P < 0.05), regardless of inclusion level. Additionally, non-significant change was found in RB of OPDP fed fish when compared with the controls (P > 0.05). The challenge test revealed that relative percent of survival (RPS) in OPDP treatments were 45.45%, 81.82%, 50%, respectively. The highest RPS was noticed in fish fed 10 g kg-1 OPDP. Furthermore, dietary administration of OPDP significantly improved SGR, WG, FW, and FCR (P < 0.05). Overall, the present findings suggested that OPDP can be taken into account as functional feed additives for O. niloticus.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in patients with major depressive disorder compared to healthy controls before and after antidepressant treatment: results from a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in depression. DATA SOURCES: We searched the literature without language restrictions through MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Fisterra, and Galenicom from database inception until December 31, 2013, supplemented by a hand search of relevant articles. Search terms included (1) oxidative stress, antioxidant*, nitrosative stress, nitrative stress, nitro-oxidative stress, free radical*, and names of individual oxidative stress markers/antioxidants and (2) depression and related disorders and antidepressant. STUDY SELECTION: Included were studies in patients with depression comparing antioxidant or oxidative stress markers with those in healthy controls before and after antidepressant treatment. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently extracted the data for antioxidant or oxidative stress markers. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) ± 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for results from ≥ 3 studies were calculated. DATA SYNTHESIS: Altogether, 29 studies (N = 3,961; patients with depression = 2,477, healthy controls = 1,484) reported on the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and total nitrites, the antioxidants uric acid and zinc, or the antioxidant-enhancing enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). When patients with depression were compared with healthy controls, depression was associated with higher oxidative stress MDA levels (8 studies; n = 916; SMD = 1.34; 95% CI, 0.57 to 2.11; P < .001), lower antioxidant uric acid (4 studies; n = 512; SMD = -0.64; 95% CI, -1.22 to -0.06; P = .030) and zinc levels (13 studies; n = 2,002; SMD = -0.66; 95% CI, -0.98 to -0.34; P < .0001), and higher antioxidant-enhancing enzyme SOD levels (11 studies; n = 902; SMD = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.07 to 1.17; P = .028), while differences in total nitrites and CAT and GPX were nonsignificant. Antidepressant treatment, which significantly reduced Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores (24.6 ± 0.7 to 16.2 ± 1.6; SMD = 2.65; 95% CI, 1.13 to 4.15; P = .00065), reduced MDA (4 studies; n = 194; SMD = -1.45; 95% CI, -2.43 to -0.47; P = .004) and increased uric acid (3 studies; n = 212; SMD = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.03 to 1.49; P = .040) and zinc levels (3 studies; n = 65; SMD = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.40 to 2.04, P = .004), without differences in MDA (P = .60), uric acid (P = .10), and zinc (P = .163) levels compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that oxidative stress plays a role in depression and that antidepressant activity may be mediated via improving oxidative stress/antioxidant function.

Study on the effect of black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) on experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) pre-treatment on renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced injury in the rats. METHODS: A total of 40 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five equal groups including Sham, I/R model and three I/R+ Black cumin (0.5, 1 and 2%)-treated groups. I/R groups' kidneys were subjected to 60 min of global ischemia at 37°C followed by 24 h of reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion period, the rats were euthanized. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities as well as reduced glutathione and renal malondialdehyde contents were determined in renal tissues. Kidney function tests and histopathological examination were also performed. RESULTS: High serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid as well as malondialhehyde (MDA) levels, and low antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in I/R rats compared to the sham rats. Pre-treatment with Black cumin for three weeks prior to IR operation improved renal function and reduced I/R induced renal inflammation and oxidative injury. These biochemical observations were supported by histopathological test of kidney sections. CONCLUSION: Black cumin significantly prevented renal ischemia/reperfusion induced functional and histological injuries.

Study on the effect of black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) on experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) pre-treatment on renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced injury in the rats.METHODS: A total of 40 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five equal groups including Sham, I/R model and three I/R+ Black cumin (0.5, 1 and 2%)-treated groups. I/R groups' kidneys were subjected to 60 min of global ischemia at 37°C followed by 24 h of reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion period, the rats were euthanized. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities as well as reduced glutathione and renal malondialdehyde contents were determined in renal tissues. Kidney function tests and histopathological examination were also performed.RESULTS: High serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid as well as malondialhehyde (MDA) levels, and low antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in I/R rats compared to the sham rats. Pre-treatment with Black cumin for three weeks prior to IR operation improved renal function and reduced I/R induced renal inflammation and oxidative injury. These biochemical observations were supported by histopathological test of kidney sections.CONCLUSION:Black cumin significantly prevented renal ischemia/reperfusion induced functional and histological injuries.

A study on the antioxidant effect of Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide in rat brain tissues.

The objective of the study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of Chinese medicine Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide on brain tissue and its mechanism in rats. SOD, MDA and GSH-Px levels in rat brain tissues were determined with SD rats as the animal model. The results showed that Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide can reduce the lipid peroxidation level in brain tissues during exhaustive exercise in rats, and can accelerate the removal of free radicals. The study concluded that its antioxidant effect is relatively apparent.

The characterization of high-fat diet and multiple low-dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rat model.

AIM: Based on the previously established method, we developed a better and stable animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus by high-fat diet combined with multiple low-dose STZ injections. Meanwhile, this new model was used to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of berberine. METHOD: Wistar male rats fed with regular chow for 4 weeks received vehicle (control groups), rats fed with high-fat diet for 4 weeks received different amounts of STZ once or twice by intraperitoneal injection (diabetic model groups), and diabetic rats were treated with berberine (100 mg/kg, berberine treatment group). Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were carried out. Moreover, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured to evaluate the dynamic blood sugar and lipid metabolism. RESULT: The highest successful rate (100%) was observed in rats treated with a single injection of 45 mg/kg STZ, but the plasma insulin level of this particular group was significantly decreased, and ISI has no difference compared to control group. The successful rate of 30 mg/kg STZ twice injection group was significantly high (85%) and the rats in this group presented a typical characteristic of T2DM as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and blood lipid disorder. All these symptoms observed in the 30 mg/kg STZ twice injection group were recovered by the treatment of berberine. CONCLUSION: Together, these results indicated that high-fat diet combined with multiple low doses of STZ (30 mg/kg at weekly intervals for 2 weeks) proved to be a better way for developing a stable animal model of type 2 diabetes, and this new model may be suitable for pharmaceutical screening.

Reappraisal of the risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: an epidemiological population survey.

The occurrence of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (IIH) has been reported after iodine supplementation from clinics and hospitals, but not following an epidemiologic survey. We studied the prevalence of thyroid derangement in a population following iodine supplementation. One yr after more than 75% of the population had been consuming 40 ppm iodized salt; information regarding history of endemic goiter and iodized salt production, distribution, consumption and monitoring were collected in four cities of the Islamic Republic of Iran. A total of 6048 subjects were randomly selected. All subjects were assessed for size of goiter, and urinary iodine and serum T4, T3, TSH, anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroperoxide were measured. Before iodine supplementation, all four cities were areas of endemic goiter. The rate of household consumption of iodized salt was 50, 75 and 90% in 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively. Ninety-one percent of the salt samples contained 15-55 ppm iodide. Total goiter rate was 57, 62 and 68%; median urinary iodine was 188, 197 and 190 microg/l in the age groups of 6-18, 19-40 and >40 yr, respectively. Prevalence of clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 0.34 and 0.41 and those of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism were 0.51 and 1.07%, respectively. Nine point eight and 18% in the 19-40 yr age group and 17.6 and 25.6% in >40 yr old subjects had positive anti-thyroperoxidase and anti-thyroglobulin, respectively. This systemic epidemiologic study in an iodine deficient population showed that, following a well-executed iodine supplementation program, the occurrence of IIH is rare.

[Study of free-radical processes and antioxidant defense parameters during hirudotherapy of patients with diseases of salivary glands]. / Izuchenie pokazatelei svobodnoradikal'nykh protsessov i antioksidantnoi zashchity u lits s zabolevaniiami sliunnykh zhelez, poluchaiushchikh girudoterapiiu.

Hirudotherapy was used in the treatment of 39 patients (10 male and 29 female) aged 28-58 years with chronic sialadenitis and sialadenosis. Control group consisted of 15 normal subjects without diseases of salivary glands. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant defense (AOD) parameters were under study. Hirudotherapy led to improvement of the clinical status in the majority of patients with sialadenosis; the content of superoxide dismutase (SOD) normalized and ceruloplasmin (CP) level increased. The status of patients with sialadenitis also improved; catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels normalized and SOD and CP levels increased. The best therapeutic effect was attained in patients with sialadenitis. No appreciable improvement was observed in patients with chronic parenchymatous parotitis in the presence of Sjogren's syndrome.

Neutrophil and eosinophil granule proteins as markers of response to local prednisolone treatment in distal ulcerative colitis and proctitis.

OBJECTIVE: The pathophysiological role of neutrophil and eosinophil granulocytes in relation to steroid enema treatment was studied in patients with distal ulcerative colitis and proctitis. METHODS: The rectal release of the neutrophil (myeloperoxidase, MPO), and eosinophil (eosinophilic cationic protein, ECP and eosinophil peroxidase, EPO) granule constituents were measured in 11 patients using intraluminal segmental perfusion of the rectum. The released amounts of MPO, ECP, and EPO in the perfusion fluids were determined by radioimmunoassays before and during prednisolone enema treatment and related to clinical, endoscopical, and histopathological data in addition to treatment outcome. RESULTS: Clinical activity and particularly endoscopic activity correlated well with intraluminal MPO concentrations both before and during treatment. At the end of the study, eight of 11 patients fulfilled predefined response criteria; all responding patients had significant decrease of MPO concentrations (p < 0.01). This decline of MPO concentration was seen after 7 days of treatment (p < 0.05) in the response group and often occurred before clinical improvement. There was a nonsignificant trend toward a decrease in the concentrations of ECP and EPO at the end of treatment in responders.

[Biochemical indicators of oxygen poisoning]. / Biokhimicheskie pokazaniia kislorodnoi intoksikatsii.

Content of extra erythrocyte hemoglobin (EEH), total peroxidase activity (TPA), tseruloplasmin oxidase activity (TOA) and chemiluminescence intensity have been investigated in plasma. The dose-dependent changes of EEN, TPA, TOA are shown in experiments on the animals under hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) pressure (0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 MPa from 30 min. to 120 min.) and EEH, TPA--under hyperbaric air (1.1 MPa; 4 hours). All these parameters have been studied in patients treated with HBO for the assessment of HBO efficacy in the clinical investigations. These biochemical parameters may be used as informative tests of the functional state of the organism under HBO and hyperbaric air.

[Iron-containing proteins in the plasma and serum of the blood in patients during hyperbaric oxygenation therapy]. / Zhelezosoderzhashchie belki v plazme i syvorotke krovi bol'nykh pri giperbarooksigenoterapii.

Extra-erythrocyte hemoglobin (EEH) level and total peroxidase activity (TPA) have been analysed in the blood serum and plasma of 44 patients following hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO). The levels of the parameters tested decreased after 3 HBO procedures and remained low to the end of the treatment period in the first group of patients. In the second group of patients, on the contrary, EEH and TPA levels increased after 3 HBO procedures and remained high to the end of the treatment period. In both groups of patients EEH changes correlated with TPA alterations. Possible EEH and TPA determination for the estimation and enhancement of HBO treatment efficacy is discussed.

[Dynamics of neutrophilic enzyme indicators in patients with peptic ulcer after autologous blood transfusion and hemosorption]. / Dinamika pokazatelei énzimaticheskogo statusa neitrofilov u bol'nykh iazvennoi bolezn'iu pod vliianiem autotransfuzii gemosorbentobrabotannoi krovi.

Autotransfusion of hemosorbent-treated blood was used as a method of stimulation of reparative regeneration processes in 52 patients with continuously non-healing gastric ulcers. In 35 patients (67%) the ulcers cicatrized during the first 2 weeks of the posttransfusion period. The investigation of the enzymatic status of neutrophils showed that autotransfusion of sorbent blood raised the functional activity of neutrophils and the cation protein level in them which could promote the cleansing of the ulcer surface from necrotic masses and intensify processes of cicatrization.

[The use of photographic materials as a dry reagent for determining the peroxidase activity of biological preparations]. / Primenenie fotomaterialov v kachestve "sukhogo" reagenta dlia opredeleniia peroksidaznoi aktivnosti biopreparatov.

A new method is reviewed for measuring the peroxidase activity of biopreparations using light quantum-sensitized photographic material as a detector. The method involves the combination of the reactions of peroxidase oxidation of hydroquinone, a constituent part of the developing solutions, by hydrogen peroxide and photochemical interaction of the remaining hydroquinone with silver halogenides of the photoemulsion layer. Visually, up to 2 ng/ml of horse radish peroxidase is detectable. On photometry of the spots obtained, the limit of peroxidase demonstration amounts to 0.6 ng/ml. The data obtained during measurements of the peroxidase activity of the saliva, blood serum, plant extracts and immunoenzymic conjugates are provided.

[Changes in the concentration of metalloproteins in the blood plasma in hypoxia and hyperbaric oxygenation]. / Izmenenie kontsentratsii metallosoderzhashchikh belkov v plazme krovi pri gipoksii i giperbaricheskoi oksigenatsii.

Dynamics of hemoglobin, ceruloplasmin concentration, the changes of chemiluminescence in blood plasma and kinetics of rat erythrocyte heat denaturation during consequent exposition of high altitude hypoxia and hyperbaric oxygenation have been studied. Severe hypoxia causes the decrease of extraerythrocyte hemoglobin and oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin. Reoxygenation results in significant increase of blood plasma chemiluminescence with simultaneous increase of extraerythrocyte hemoglobin level and with modification of surface structure of the erythrocyte membranes. Possible pathways of activation of oxygen-dependent of free-radical processes during reoxygenation are discussed.

[Evaluation of the effectiveness of the protective effect of arginine in cold stress]. / Otsenka éffektivnosti zashchitnogo deistviia arginina v usloviiakh kholodovogo stressa.

Cold exposition within 3 days at 2-4 degrees caused destabilization of rat erythrocyte membranes. Content of blood serum hemoglobin, total peroxidase activity and the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were increased. Resistance of the animals against high oxygen pressure was reduced. Administration of arginine within 3 days into the animals led to stabilization of membranes and to elevation of rat resistance towards high oxygen pressure.

[Protective action of antioxidant preparations on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs]. / Protektivnoe deistvie preparatov antioksidantnogo deistviia na razvitie éksperimental'nogo allergicheskogo éntsefalomielita u morskikh svinok.

The authors studied the action of combined tocopherol, lithium hydroxybutyrate and pyridoxal phosphate on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in guinea-pigs. The use of the combined drug from the first days of immunization with encephalitis-inducing material prevented the development of EAE, activation of lipid peroxidation (LPO), and the appearance of the blood serum neurotropic activity. Administration of the combined drug starting from the 7th day after immunization appeared ineffective as was the administration of each drug alone, starting from the first days of immunization. The data obtained support an important role of LPO activation for the pathogenesis of the neuroallergic process.

Bioavailability of selenium to Finnish men as assessed by platelet glutathione peroxidase activity and other blood parameters.

Three groups of 10 men of low selenium status were given 200 micrograms Se/day as Serich wheat, Se-rich yeast, or sodium selenate for 11 wk. Twenty unsupplemented subjects served as controls. Plasma Se levels increased steadily in the wheat and yeast groups for 11 wk without plateauing, whereas in the selenate group, plasma Se plateaued around 110 ng/ml after 4 wk. Platelet glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities increased rapidly in the wheat and selenate groups for 4 wk and then plateaued. Platelet GSH-Px increased more slowly in the yeast group. Ten weeks after the supplements were discontinued, platelet GSH-Px was higher in the wheat and yeast groups than in the selenate group. Assessment of Se bioavailability requires a short-term platelet GSH-Px measurement to determine immediate availability, a medium-term plasma Se measurement to estimate retention, and a long-term platelet GSH-Px measurement after supplements are discontinued to determine the covertibility of tissue Se stores to biologically active Se.