Matronas víctimas de la Guerra Civil Española / Midwives victims of the Spanish Civil War

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las consecuencias más graves que tuvo la Guerra Civil Española de 1936 sobre el colectivo profesional de las matronas, exclusivamente femenino en esos momentos. A pesar de las dificultades que supone filiar y cuantificar las víctimas mortales de este conflicto bélico, se han identificado a varias matronas que fueron asesinadas durante la contienda por ambos bandos, debido a su afiliación política. Por otro lado, dada la independencia profesional y la relevancia social que estas profesionales sanitarias habían adquirido durante la Segunda República, se puede observar una represión claramente diferenciada, comparándola con la sufrida por otros colectivos femeninos, en la España franquista de la postguerra. Para ello se ha condensado parte de la abundante documentación localizada en diferentes archivos. Se recogen los cargos de los que fueron acusadas, las condenas que les fueron impuestas y los datos obtenidos de su paso por las cárceles franquistas y hasta su puesta en libertad (AU)

The objective of this work is to examine the serious consequences the Spanish Civil War of 1936 had on the professional midwifery collective, exclusively made up of women in these historic times. In spite of the difficulties faced upon identifying and quantifying the mortal victims of this conflict, various midwives were murdered during the battle by both sides due to their political believes. On the other hand, given the professional independence and the social relevance that these healthcare professionals had acquired during the Spanish Second Republic, a clearly different repression can be seen when we compare it to the suffering experienced by other female collectives in Franco’s postwar Spain. For this, part of the abundant documentation found in different archives has been condensed. A table reflecting the changes of which they were accused, the sentences which were imposed and the data obtained from their time spent in francoistic prisons until they were set free was created (AU)

Tracing the locality of prisoners and workers at the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang: First Emperor of China (259-210 BC).

The mausoleum complex of the First Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang (259-210 BC), is one of the most famous and important archaeological sites in China, yet questions remain as to how it was constructed and by whom. Here we present isotopic results of individuals from the Liyi (n = 146) and Shanren sites (n = 14), both associated with the mausoleum complex. Those buried at Liyi represent the local workers/inhabitants of the Qin population, and the δ(13)C (-8.7 ± 1.5%) and δ(15)N (10.3 ± 0.7%) values indicate that they consumed predominately millet and/or domestic animals fed millet. In contrast, the Shanren individuals were prisoners forced to construct the mausoleum (found buried haphazardly in a mass grave and some in iron leg shackles), and their δ(13)C (-15.4 ± 2.9%) and δ(15)N (8.0 ± 0.6%) results indicate a more mixed C3/C4 diet, with possibly less domestic animals and more wild game protein consumed. This pattern of decreased millet consumption is also characteristic of archaeological sites from southern China, and possible evidence the Shanren prisoners originated from this region (possibly the ancient Chu state located in modern day Hubei Province and parts of Hunan and Anhui Provinces). Further, this finding is in agreement with historical sources and is supported by previous ancient DNA evidence that the mausoleum workers had diverse origins, with many genetically related to southern Chinese groups.

Fevered Decisions: Race, Ethics, and Clinical Vulnerability in the Malarial Treatment of Neurosyphilis, 1922-1953.

Physicians deliberately inoculated marginalized patients with malaria, using them as reservoirs to facilitate malarial fever therapy for syphilitic patients. The history presents ethical questions in an evolving historical context.

La Sanidad en los presidios del Reino. Real Ordenanza General de presidios de 1834 / Health care in the prisons of the Kingdom. General Royal Ordinance of Prisons of 1834

En el S. XIX, aparece en España el concepto «Sanidad penitenciaria» en el ordenamiento legal como elemento propio de las prisiones. En este siglo, gracias a una serie de principios ideológicos de carácter humanitario y progresista, se regulan y decretan normas que organizan la necesidad de una adecuada atención médica en los presidios de África, en los peninsulares, insulares y de ultramar. La más importante de ellas en aquella época, la constituyó la Ordenanza General de los Presidios del Reino de 1834, y el posterior Reglamento de 1844 (AU)

In the 19th century, the concept of «prison health» began to make an appearance in Spanish legislation as an integral part of prison management. Thanks to a series of ideological and progressive principles in the same century, laws were decreed and regulated to address the need for adequate medical care for prisoners in Africa, Spain and the overseas territories. The most important of these was the Royal Ordinance of Prisoners of the Kingdom of 1834, and subsequent Regulation of 1844 (AU)

Working through mass incarceration: gender and the politics of prison labor from east to west.

This article explores the politics and practices of labor in two penal institutions for women: a maximum security facility for women in Hungary and a community­based facility for women in California. Diverging from other accounts of imprisonment that tend to operate at either the individual or macroeconomic level, this article analyzes the concrete institutional relations of prison and complicates the assumption that they simply reflect the logic of the prison­industrial complex. Based on years of ethnographic work in two very different penal systems, I describe variation in how prisons institute labor within and across institutions and cultures: the Hungarian facility positioned wage labor as a right and an obligation that formed the basis of women's social relationships and ties to others, while the U.S. prison excluded wage labor from women's lives so they could get on with the work of self­improvement and personal healing. From the comparison, I reveal how prisons can both draw on and subvert broader social meanings assigned to women's work, making it difficult to view prison labor as wholly exploitative or abusive. I also argue that refusing to allow female inmates to engage in wage labor can be a more profound form of punishment than requiring it of them. By juxtaposing the discourses and practices of work in two very different penal contexts, this article offers a critical reflection on the political economy of prison labor from the ground up.

Prisoners' bodies: methods and advances in convict medicine in the transportation era.

Recent historical research looks upon the plight of Australian convicts not as victims of a harsh penal system, but as workers whose health had to be judiciously maintained. What then can be said for the medical treatments provided for convict patients during this chapter in Australia's past? Did convicts receive medical treatments with the same measure of importance and urgency as the free populace, or were prisoners' bodies considered with such a measure of insignificance that they provided veritable opportunities for advances in medicine? This article will provide general insight into prison medicine in Australia during the transportation era and how some convicts were subjected to experimental medical practices. It will also place these techniques into a wider global context by considering experimental practices involving convict patients in establishments in other places, such as Wakefield and Bermuda.

[Penrose's law: reality or fiction? Mental health system and the size of prison population - international overview]. / Penrose-törvény: realitás vagy fikció? Az elmeegészségügy helyzete és a börtönpopuláció nagysága - nemzetközi kitekintés.

According to the Penrose's law, outlined on the basis of a comparative study of European statistics, there is an inverse relationship between the number of psychiatric beds and prison population. Based on international data, interrelationship among prison, asylum, psychiatric disease and criminal action are investigated in the present study, paying particular attention to the event of deinstitutionalization. Prevalence of mental and addictive diseases as well as psychological disturbances in prison is characterized by epidemiological data. As proposed by Penrose, an inverse relationship between the number of psychiatric beds and prison population can be observed in Hungary, too. To get a deeper insight into the mainstream of the events, economic, sociological, philosophical, as well as therapeutic aspects initializing deinstitutionalization are highlighted in the course of analysis. On the basis of data, it can be assumed that members the same population are confined to both systems. The author arrives at the conclusion that deinstitutionalization has in fact led to trans-institutionalization, because of, on one hand, the limited capacity of community treatment facilities; on the other hand, the community treatment itself cannot provide adequate treatment options to those suffering from severe, chronic mental diseases or comorbid states. In addition, the rate of financial support and the methods for prevention and treatment are insufficient to protect patients from the effects of revolving door.

Transcending circumstance: seeking Holism at Auschwitz.

We all have things we do to try to cope with the stress that modern life brings. Usually, those things enable us to live our lives to the fullest. But how do people cope with events that cause extraordinary suffering? The Holocaust was full of just such events. Despite the horror of what happened to those imprisoned at Auschwitz, there is evidence that the interventions that promote healing today also were helpful during the Holocaust. A review of these interventions, such as art, music, and humor, brings hope for our lives, both for now and in the future.

Jailed chiropractors: those who blazed the trail.

When the iron doors of the Scott County Jail shut on D.D. Palmer in the spring of 1906 he was destined to be the first of hundreds of chiropractors who would "go to jail for chiropractic" through most of three quarters of the century. This study recalls the significant jailing and the commitment of many who sustained multiple trials, convictions and imprisonment. By, far Ohio was the harshest jurisdiction in the country, jailing better than a third of those imprisoned. An extensive appendix of those D.C.s who served time, by states, is included in this contribution.