Germline mutational variants of Turkish ovarian cancer patients suspected of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) by next-generation sequencing.

Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome is characterized by an increased risk of developing breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) due to inherited genetic mutations. Understanding the genetic variants associated with HBOC is crucial for identifying individuals at high risk and implementing appropriate preventive measures. The study included 630 Turkish OC patients with confirmed diagnostic criteria of The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) concerning HBOC. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and targeted Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed. Bioinformatics analysis and variant interpretation were conducted to identify pathogenic variants (PVs). Our analysis revealed a spectrum of germline pathogenic variants associated with HBOC in Turkish OC patients. Notably, several pathogenic variants in BRCA1, BRCA2, and other DNA repair genes were identified. Specifically, we observed germline PVs in 130 individuals, accounting for 20.63% of the total cohort. 76 distinct PVs in genes, BRCA1 (40 PVs), BRCA2 (29 PVs), ATM (1 PV), CHEK2 (2 PVs), ERCC2 (1 PV), MUTYH (1 PV), RAD51C (1 PV), and TP53 (1PV) and also, two different PVs (i.e., c.135-2 A>G p.? in BRCA1 and c.6466_6469delTCTC in BRCA2) were detected in a 34-year-old OC patient. In conclusion, our study contributes to a better understanding of the genetic variants underlying HBOC in Turkish OC patients. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic architecture of HBOC in the Turkish population and shed light on the potential contribution of specific germline PVs to the increased risk of OC.

Genetic testing and counseling challenges in personalized breast cancer care: review article with insights from Türkiye.

According to current evidence, testing for germline BRCA pathogenic variants in newly diagnosed breast cancer (BC) patients has the potential to reduce the burden of the disease through targeted therapies and secondary prevention. A personalized approach to testing can lead to improved individual outcomes for patients. Despite the proven clinical utility and therapeutic impact of BRCA1/2 tests in shaping therapy for metastatic BC, awareness and access to these tests are limited in many developing countries, including Türkiye. This limitation impacts the healthcare economy as delayed or missed interventions can lead to increased long-term costs. The limited access is mainly due to fear of stigmatization among patients, country-specific legislation and costs, a lack of awareness, vagueness surrounding the tests and access restrictions. This review offers a perspective for policymakers and healthcare providers in Türkiye to establish pathways that integrate the patient experience into comprehensive care pathways and national cancer control plans.

Recent studies show that testing for a specific gene change in people newly diagnosed with breast cancer can help reduce the impact the disease has on their life as they can be given special treatments. When tests are tailored to each person, they can get better results. However, in many countries, including Türkiye, not many people know about or can get these tests. This is because of concerns about being judged, rules in the country, the cost, confusion about the tests and limited access. Not having these tests can make healthcare more expensive in the long run. This article suggests ways for Türkiye's leaders and health workers to make these tests a regular part of cancer care and planning.

Pathogenic Germline Variants in BRCA1/2 and p53 Identified by Real-world Comprehensive Cancer Genome Profiling Tests in Asian Patients.

Cancer genome profiling (CGP) occasionally identifies pathogenic germline variants (PGV) in cancer susceptibility genes (CSG) as secondary findings. Here, we analyzed the prevalence and clinical characteristics of PGVs based on nationwide real-world data from CGP tests in Japan. We analyzed the genomic information and clinical characteristics of 23,928 patients with solid cancers who underwent either tumor-only (n = 20,189) or paired tumor-normal (n = 3,739) sequencing CGP tests between June 2019 and December 2021 using the comprehensive national database. We assigned clinical significance for all variants and highlighted the prevalence and characteristics of PGVs. Our primary analysis of the tumor-normal sequencing cohort revealed that 152 patients (4.1%) harbored PGVs in 15 CSGs. Among 783 germline variants, 113 were annotated as PGVs, 70 as benign variants, and 600 as variants of uncertain significance. The number of PGVs identified was highest in BRCA1/2, with 56, followed by TP53, with 18. PGVs were the most prevalent in ovarian and peritoneal cancers, including among cancer types common in Asia. In the tumor-only sequencing cohort, of the 5,184 pathogenic somatic variants across 26 CSGs, 784 (15.1%) were extracted according to the European Society for Medical Oncology recommendations for germline-focused tumor analysis. The prevalence of PGVs was similar to that previously reported in Europe and the United States. This is the largest analysis based on real-world tumor-normal sequencing tests in Asia. The more widespread use of the tumor-normal sequencing CGP test could be reasonable for evaluating PGVs. SIGNIFICANCE: We analyzed real-world data from over 23,000 patients in Japan, revealing 4.1% harbored PGVs, particularly in BRCA1/2 and TP53, in CSGs. It highlights the prevalence of PGVs in Asian populations and supports the broader adoption of tumor-normal sequencing CGP tests for PGV evaluation.

Comparison of PARPi efficacy according to homologous recombination deficiency biomarkers in patients with ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the BRCA1/2 (BRCA) genes are associated with response to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi). In addition, there are different homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) biomarkers available in clinical practice [e.g., genome-wide loss-of-heterozygosity (gLOH) and myChoice® score] that identify patients who can benefit from PARPi. Inconsistencies in biomarkers used in PARPi clinical trials make it challenging to identify clinically relevant predictive biomarkers. This study aims to compare clinically available HRD biomarkers in terms of benefits from PARPi. METHODS: We performed database search for phase II or III randomized clinical trials comparing PARPi versus chemotherapy, and meta-analysis using generic inverse variance and a Random Effects model. Patients were classified according to their HRD status: (I) BRCAm (patients with BRCA mutation of germline or somatic origin); (II) non-BRCA HRD [patients BRCA wild-type (wt) with another HRD biomarker-gLOH or myChoice®]; and (III) homologous recombination proficiency (HRP) (BRCAwt and without HRD biomarkers). From those that were BRCAwt, we compared myChoice®+ with gLOH-high. RESULTS: Five studies (3,225 patients) analyzing PARPi in first line setting were included. Patients with BRCAmut had progression-free survival (PFS) with hazard ratio (HR) 0.33 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30-0.43]; patients with non-BRCA HRD had a PFS HR 0.49 (95% CI: 0.37-0.65), and patients with HRP had a PFS HR 0.78 (95% CI: 0.58-1.03). Eight studies (5,529 patients) with PARPi including first line and recurrence settings were included. BRCAmut had PFS HR 0.37 (95% CI: 0.30-0.48), BRCAwt & HRD 0.45 (95% CI: 0.37-0.55) and HRP 0.70 (95% CI: 0.57-0.85). Patients with BRCAwt & myChoice® ≥42 had PFS HR 0.43 (95% CI: 0.34-0.56), similar to patients with BRCAwt & gLOH-high with PFS HR 0.42 (95% CI: 0.28-0.62). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HRD derived significantly more benefit from PARPi when compared to patients with HRP. The benefit of PARPi in patients with HRP tumors was limited. Careful cost-effectiveness analysis, and alternative therapies or clinical trial enrollment should strongly be considered for patients with HRP tumors. Among patients with BRCAwt, a similar benefit was found in patients with gLOH-high and those myChoice®+. The clinical development of further HRD biomarkers (e.g., Sig3) may help identify more patients who benefit from PARPi.

TUBectomy with delayed oophorectomy as an alternative to risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in high-risk women to assess the safety of prevention: the TUBA-WISP II study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Risk-reducing salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy has gained interest for individuals at high risk for tubo-ovarian cancer as there is compelling evidence that especially high-grade serous carcinoma originates in the fallopian tubes. Two studies have demonstrated a positive effect of salpingectomy on menopause-related quality of life and sexual health compared with standard risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy is non-inferior to the current standard salpingo-oophorectomy for the prevention of tubo-ovarian cancer among individuals at high inherited risk. STUDY HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that postponement of oophorectomy after salpingectomy, to the age of 40-45 (BRCA1) or 45-50 (BRCA2) years, compared with the current standard salpingo-oophorectomy at age 35-40 (BRCA1) or 40-45 (BRCA2) years, is non-inferior in regard to tubo-ovarian cancer risk. TRIAL DESIGN: In this international prospective preference trial, participants will choose between the novel salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy and the current standard salpingo-oophorectomy. Salpingectomy can be performed after the completion of childbearing and between the age of 25 and 40 (BRCA1), 25 and 45 (BRCA2), or 25 and 50 (BRIP1, RAD51C, and RAD51D pathogenic variant carriers) years. Subsequent oophorectomy is recommended at a maximum delay of 5 years beyond the upper limit of the current guideline age for salpingo-oophorectomy. The current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline age, which is also the recommended age for salpingo-oophorectomy within the study, is 35-40 years for BRCA1, 40-45 years for BRCA2, and 45-50 years for BRIP1, RAD51C, and RAD51D pathogenic variant carriers. MAJOR INCLUSION/EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Premenopausal individuals with a documented class IV or V germline pathogenic variant in the BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, RAD51C, or RAD51D gene who have completed childbearing are eligible for participation. Participants may have a personal history of a non-ovarian malignancy. PRIMARY ENDPOINT: The primary outcome is the cumulative tubo-ovarian cancer incidence at the target age: 46 years for BRCA1 and 51 years for BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers. SAMPLE SIZE: The sample size to ensure sufficient power to test non-inferiority of salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy compared with salpingo-oophorectomy requires 1500 BRCA1 and 1500 BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers. ESTIMATED DATES FOR COMPLETING ACCRUAL AND PRESENTING RESULTS: Participant recruitment is expected to be completed at the end of 2026 (total recruitment period of 5 years). The primary outcome is expected to be available in 2036 (minimal follow-up period of 10 years). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04294927.

Access disparities and underutilization of germline genetic testing in Chilean breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE: Latin American reports on genetic cancer risk assessments are scarce. In Chile, current breast cancer (BC) guidelines do not define strategies for germline genetic testing. Our study sought to quantify the disparities in access to genetic testing in Chilean BC patients, according to international standards and their clinical characteristics to explore improvement strategies. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of invasive BC databases including patients treated in a Public Hospital (PH) and in an Academic Private Center (AC) in Santiago, Chile between 2012 and 2021. RESULTS: Of 5438 BC patients, 3955 had enough data for National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) categorization. From these, 1911 (48.3%) fulfilled NCCN criteria for germline testing, of whom, 300 were tested for germline mutations and 268 with multigene panels. A total of 65 pathogenic variants were found in this subset. As expected, BRCA1/2 mutations were the most frequent (17.7%). Access to genetic testing was higher in AC versus PH (19.6% vs. 10.3%, p = 0.0001). Other variables associated with germline genetic testing were BC diagnosis after 2018, being 45 years old or younger at diagnosis, BC family history (FH), FH of ovarian cancer, non-metastatic disease, and triple-negative subtype. CONCLUSION: In our cohort, 15% of BC patients who met NCCN criteria for germline testing were effectively tested. This percentage was even lower at the PH. Current recommendations encourage universal genetic testing for BC patients; however, our findings suggest that Chile is far from reaching such a goal and national guidelines in this regard are urgently needed. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in Chile and Latin America.

Beyond BRCA: Patterns of risk-reducing surgery for non-BRCA, homologous recombination repair pathway gene variant carriers.

OBJECTIVE: The real-world management of patients with non-BRCA, homologous recombination repair pathway variants with increased or uncertain risks of ovarian cancer is unknown. The objective was to determine the adoption of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) for carriers of variants with increased or uncertain risks of ovarian cancer beyond BRCA. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients at three hospitals with non-BRCA, homologous recombination repair pathway variants with increased risk (BRIP1, RAD51C, RAD51D) and uncertain risk (ATM, BARD1, NBN, PALB2) of ovarian cancer. Outcomes of interest were adoption of RRSO and factors associated with adoption of RRSO. Wilcoxon rank-sum, chi-square, and logistic regression were performed with p < 0.05. RESULTS: Of 318 patients, 76 (24%) had pathogenic variants with increased risks of ovarian cancer (BRIP1, 45; RAD51C, 20; RAD51D, 11), and 242 (76%) had variants with uncertain risks of ovarian cancer (ATM, 145; PALB2, 69; NBN, 23; BARD1, 5). Of 64 patients eligible for RRSO by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria or family history, 31 (48%) underwent RRSO. Among eligible patients who did not undergo RRSO, 24 (73%) were not referred for gynecologic oncology consultation. Older age at testing (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.13) and referral to gynecologic oncology (aOR 33.48, CI 8.10-138.39) were associated with increased adoption of RRSO when adjusting for personal and family history of breast and ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION: Half of RRSO-eligible patients by NCCN criteria beyond BRCA did not undergo RRSO. Opportunities exist for improving education to increase referrals to facilitate RRSO for these patients.

Racial and ethnic variation in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic test results among individuals referred for genetic counseling at a large urban comprehensive cancer center.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in populations other than Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) is not well defined. We describe the racial and ethnic-specific prevalence of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) among individuals referred for genetic testing in a large urban comprehensive cancer center over a 20-year period. METHODS: The population included 3,537 unrelated individuals who underwent genetic testing from January 1999 to October 2019 at the Karmanos Cancer Institute. We estimated the prevalence of pathogenic variants and VUS and evaluated associations with race and ethnicity for African American (AA), Arab, AJ and Hispanic individuals compared to Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). We used multivariable models to adjust for other predictors of pathogenic variants. We also reported the most common pathogenic variants by racial and ethnic group. RESULTS: The racial and ethnic breakdown of our population was: NHW (68.9%), AA (20.3%), AJ (2.5%), Arab (2.2%), Hispanic (1.0%), Asian Pacific Islander, Native American/Alaskan Native (4.7%), and < 1% unknown. The overall prevalence of pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 was 8.9% and the prevalence of VUS was 5.6%. Compared to NHW, there were no racial or ethnic differences in the rate of pathogenic variants. However, AA individuals were more likely to have VUS in BRCA1 (adjusted OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.38-4.28) and AJ were more likely to have VUS in BRCA2 (adjusted OR 3.50, 95% CI 1.61-6.58). CONCLUSION: These results suggest the continued need for genetic testing and variant reclassification for individuals of all racial and ethnic groups.

Leveraging an Informatics Approach to Identify an Unmet Clinical Need for BRCA1/2 Testing Among Patients With Ovarian Cancer.

PURPOSE: Although BRCA1/2 testing in ovarian cancer improves outcomes, it is vastly underutilized. Scalable approaches are urgently needed to improve genomically guided care. METHODS: We developed a Natural Language Processing (NLP) pipeline to extract electronic medical record information to identify recipients of BRCA testing. We applied the NLP pipeline to assess testing status in 308 patients with ovarian cancer receiving care at a National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center (main campus [MC] and five affiliated clinical network sites [CNS]) from 2017 to 2019. We compared characteristics between (1) patients who had/had not received testing and (2) testing utilization by site. RESULTS: We found high uptake of BRCA testing (approximately 78%) from 2017 to 2019 with no significant differences between the MC and CNS. We observed an increase in testing over time (67%-85%), higher uptake of testing among younger patients (mean age tested = 61 years v untested = 65 years, P = .01), and higher testing among Hispanic (84%) compared with White, Non-Hispanic (78%), and Asian (75%) patients (P = .006). Documentation of referral for an internal genetics consultation for BRCA pathogenic variant carriers was higher at the MC compared with the CNS (94% v 31%). CONCLUSION: We were able to successfully use a novel NLP pipeline to assess use of BRCA testing among patients with ovarian cancer. Despite relatively high levels of BRCA testing at our institution, 22% of patients had no documentation of genetic testing and documentation of referral to genetics among BRCA carriers in the CNS was low. Given success of the NLP pipeline, such an informatics-based approach holds promise as a scalable solution to identify gaps in genetic testing to ensure optimal treatment interventions in a timely manner.

Primary care physician referral practices regarding BRCA1/2 genetic counseling in a major health system.

PURPOSE: The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends primary care physicians refer patients at high risk for BRCA1/2 mutations to genetic testing when appropriate. The objective of our study was to describe referrals for BRCA1/2 testing in a large integrated health system and to assess factors associated with referral. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study includes female patients between 18 and 50 years who had a primary care visit in the Cleveland Clinic Health System between 2010 and 2019. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate differences in the odds of a woman being referred for BRCA1/2 testing by patient factors and referring physician specialty. We also assessed variation in referrals by physicians. RESULTS: Among 279,568 women, 5% were high risk. Of those, 22% were referred for testing. Black patients were significantly less likely to be referred than white patients (aOR 0.87; 95% CI 0.77, 0.98) and Jewish patients were more likely to be referred than non-Jewish patients (aOR 2.13; 95% CI 1.68, 2.70). Patients primarily managed by OB/GYN were significantly more likely to be referred than those cared for via Internal/Family Medicine (aOR 1.45; 95% CI 1.30, 1.61). Less than a quarter of primary care physicians ever referred a patient for testing. CONCLUSION: The majority of primary care patients at high risk for a BRCA1/2 mutation were not referred for testing, and over a decade, most physicians never referred a single patient. Internal/Family Medicine physicians, in particular, need support in identifying and referring women who could benefit from testing.

Mutational spectrum of breast cancer susceptibility genes among women ascertained in a cancer risk clinic in Northeast Brazil.

PURPOSE: There is a paucity of data on the spectrum and prevalence of pathogenic variants among women of African ancestry in the Northeast region of Brazil. METHODS: We performed BROCA panel sequencing to identify inherited loss-of-function variants in breast cancer susceptibility genes among 292 Brazilian women referred to a single institution cancer risk assessment program. RESULTS: The study included a convenient cohort of 173 women with invasive breast cancer (cases) and 119 women who were cancer-free at the time of ascertainment. The majority of the women self-reported as African-descended (67% for cases and 90.8% for unaffected volunteers). Thirty-seven pathogenic variants were found in 36 (20.8%) patients. While the spectrum of pathogenic variants was heterogeneous, the majority (70.3%) of the pathogenic variants were detected in high-risk genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, and TP53. Pathogenic variants were also found in the ATM, BARD1, BRIP1, FAM175A, FANCM, NBN, and SLX4 genes in 6.4% of the affected women. Four recurrent pathogenic variants were detected in 11 patients of African ancestry. Only one unaffected woman had a pathogenic variant in the RAD51C gene. Different risk assessment models examined performed well in predicting risk of carrying germline loss-of-function variants in BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 in breast cancer cases. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence and heterogenous spectrum of pathogenic variants identified among self-reported African descendants in Northeast Brazil is consistent with studies in other African ancestry populations with a high burden of aggressive young onset breast cancer. It underscores the need to integrate comprehensive cancer risk assessment and genomic testing in the management of newly diagnosed Black women with breast cancer across the African Diaspora, enabling improved cancer control in admixed underserved and understudied populations.

Inhibitors of PARP: Number crunching and structure gazing.

SignificancePARP is an important target in the treatment of cancers, particularly in patients with breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer that have compromised homologous recombination repair (i.e., BRCA-/-). This review about inhibitors of PARP (PARPi) is for readers interested in the development of next-generation drugs for the treatment of cancer, providing insights into structure-activity relationships, in vitro vs. in vivo potency, PARP trapping, and synthetic lethality.

Racial and ethnic variation in multigene panel testing in a cohort of BRCA1/2-negative individuals who had genetic testing in a large urban comprehensive cancer center.

BACKGROUND: There is sparse clinical information on the racial and ethnic distribution of results of multigene panel testing among individuals at high risk for hereditary cancer. METHODS: We evaluated the results of multigene panel testing across eight clinical sites across the state of Michigan for individuals seen for genetic counseling from May 13, 2013 to October 31, 2019 at the Karmanos Cancer Institute's cancer genetics clinic. We estimated the prevalence of pathogenic variants and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) from genes other than BRCA1/2 among individuals of non-Hispanic White (NHW), Black or African American (AA), Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ), Arab, Hispanic, and other ancestry. RESULTS: The racial and ethnic distribution of 2419 individuals who had panel testing included 68.8% NHW, 22.1% AA, 2.3% Arab, 2.2% AJ, 1.0% Hispanic, and 3.6% other. Of these, 11.2% had pathogenic variants and 17.5% had VUS. After multivariable analyses, compared to NHW, AA were less likely to have pathogenic variants (OR 95% CI, 0.38, 0.24-0.59, p < 0.001). Both AA and Arabs were more likely to have VUS (OR 95% CI, 1.53, 1.18-1.98, p = 0.001 and OR 95% CI, 2.28, 1.17-4.43, p = 0.015, respectively). There were no significant differences for other groups. The most common pathogenic variants were CHEK2 (n = 65), MUTYH (n = 45), ATM (n = 28), and MSH2 (n = 22); the most common pathogenic variants by race and ethnicity were CHEK2 (NHW), MSH2 and MUTYH (AA), MSH2 (Arab), MSH6 and CHEK2 (AJ), and MLH1 (Hispanic); the most common pathogenic variants by primary cancer site were CHEK2 (breast), MSH2 (colon), BRIP1 and MUTYH (ovarian), and MSH2 and MSH6 (endometrial). CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the racial and ethnic distribution of pathogenic variants in multi-gene panels has the potential to lead to better identification of individuals at risk for hereditary cancer.

Mutations of BRCA1/2 Genes in the West of Turkey and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations.

BACKGROUND: Mutations of the BRCA1/2 genes are associated with increased breast and ovarian cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the founder mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in the Turkish population in the Aegean region as well as their genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS: All the patients were provided with BRCA1/2 testing criteria according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. QIAseq Targeted DNA Panels were used for the BRCA1/2 coding regions. RESULTS: Of the 181 studied patients, 38 (21%) were found to carry pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations, while 20 (11%) patients were found to carry variants of unknown significance. The most common pathogenic mutations were NM_000059.4:c.2765dup in the BRCA2 gene and NM_007300.4:c.981_982del and NM_007294.3:c. 5266dup in the BRCA1 gene. p.Lys3326* was the most frequently detected variant of unknown significance (6/ 181). Regarding genotype-phenotype correlations, the NM_007300.4:c.981_982del mutation in BRCA1 gene was found to be milder in terms of breast cancer. The most frequent cancers other than those related to BRCA genes, observed in the relatives of the patients who had pathogenic variants and variants of unknown significance, were endometrium cancer and leukemia, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: NM_007294.3:c.5266dup was found to be a candidate founder mutation in the Turkish population. NM_007300.4:c.981_982del mutation seems to have a milder course in terms of breast cancer. A significantly increased frequency of p.Lys3326* variant in breast cancer and ovarian cancer patients compared with that in the 1,000 Genomes Project suggesting that this variant has a slight effect on BRCA2 function.

Consumption of reused vegetable oil intensifies BRCA1 mutations.

Breast cancer (BC) is a foremost type of cancer in women globally with an increased mortality rate in developing countries. Information regarding hereditary factors, lifestyle, work environment, food habits, and personal history could be useful in diagnosing breast cancer. Among such food habits, the reuse of edible oil for preparing food is a common practice in any developing country. The repeated heating of oils enhances the oxidative degradation of oil to produce polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which could disrupt the redox balance and generate reactive oxygen species. These reactive toxic intermediates can lead to BRCA1 mutations that are responsible for breast cancer. Mutations in DNA are the main cause for the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes which leads to change in expression and an increase in cell proliferation wherein a normal cell gets transformed into a malignant neoplastic cell. This review summarizes the possible mechanism involved in the induction of breast cancer due to repeated heating of edible.

Profile of Pathogenic Mutations and Evaluation of Germline Genetic Testing Criteria in Consecutive Breast Cancer Patients Treated at a North Indian Tertiary Care Center.

BACKGROUND: The burden of hereditary breast cancer in India is not well defined. Moreover, genetic testing criteria (National Comprehensive Cancer Network [NCCN] and Mainstreaming Cancer Genetics [MCG] Plus) have never been validated in the Indian population. METHODS: All new female breast cancer patients from 1st March 2019 to 28th February 2020 were screened. Those providing informed consent and without previous genetic testing were recruited. Multigene panel testing (107 genes) by next-generation sequencing was performed for all patients. The frequency of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) mutations between patients qualifying and not qualifying the testing criteria was compared and their sensitivity was computed. RESULTS: Overall, 275 breast cancer patients were screened and 236 patients were included (median age 45 years); 30 patients did not consent and 9 patients previously underwent genetic testing. Thirty-four (14%) women had a positive family history and 35% had triple-negative breast cancer. P/LP mutations were found in 44/236 (18.64%) women; mutations in BRCA1 (22/47, 46.8%) and BRCA2 (9/47, 19.1%) were the most common, with 34% of mutations present in non-BRCA genes. Patients qualifying the testing criteria had a higher risk of having a P/LP mutation (NCCN: 23.6% vs. 7.04%, p = 0.03; MCG plus: 24.8% vs. 7.2%, p = 0.01). The sensitivity of the NCCN criteria was 88.6% (75.4-96.2) and 86.36% (72.65-94.83) for MCG plus. More than 95% sensitivity was achieved if all women up to 60 years of age were tested. Cascade testing was performed in 31 previous (16/44 families), with 23 testing positive. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of P/LP mutations in India is high, with significant contribution of non-BRCA genes. Testing criteria need modification to expand access to testing.

ASO Author Reflections: Germline Testing for All Patients With Breast Cancer: Has the Time Finally Come?

For the young breast cancer population in India, the burden of hereditary breast cancer is not well defined. Moreover, genetic testing criteria (National Comprehensive Cancer Network and Mainstreaming Cancer Genetics (MCG) plus) have never been validated for the Indian population. Therefore, this study tested 236 consecutive breast cancer patients for germline pathogenic mutations using next-generation sequencing and reflex Multiplex Ligation Probe Amplification (MLPA). The findings showed a high prevalence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) mutations (18.64%), with 34% mutations in non BRCA genes. The sensitivity of the testing criteria was inadequate (88.6% for NCCN and 86.36% for MCG plus criteria), reiterating the need to expand the criteria. The uptake of cascade testing was low (10% of eligible previvors), highlighting this as an area of unmet need. Multicentric studies to validate these data and provide further insight into the hereditary cancer burden in India are the need of the hour.

Activation of FGFR2 Signaling Suppresses BRCA1 and Drives Triple-Negative Mammary Tumorigenesis That is Sensitive to Immunotherapy.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase that mediates FGF signaling. Various FGFR2 alterations are detected in breast cancer, yet it remains unclear if activation of FGFR2 signaling initiates tumor formation. In an attempt to answer this question, a mouse model berrying an activation mutation of FGFR2 (FGFR2-S252W) in the mammary gland is generated. It is found that FGF/FGFR2 signaling drives the development of triple-negative breast cancer accompanied by epithelial-mesenchymal transition that is regulated by FGFR2-STAT3 signaling. It is demonstrated that FGFR2 suppresses BRCA1 via the ERK-YY1 axis and promotes tumor progression. BRCA1 knockout in the mammary gland of the FGFR2-S252W mice significantly accelerated tumorigenesis. It is also shown that FGFR2 positively regulates PD-L1 and that a combination of FGFR2 inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade kills cancer cells. These data suggest that the mouse models mimic human breast cancers and can be used to identify actionable therapeutic targets.

The impact of risk reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy on sexual function in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and women with Lynch syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: In the absence of an effective screening test, women with a high genetic predisposition for ovarian cancer are recommended to undergo risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRBSO) once childbearing is complete. This reduces the risk of ovarian cancer by up to 96%, but can result in undesirable side effects, including menopausal symptoms and sexual dysfunction. We have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of RRBSO on sexual function in women at high risk of breast/and or ovarian cancer. METHODS: A literature search of the AMED (Allied and complementary medicine), Embase and Medline databases was performed, using search terms including sexual function, risk reducing and oophorectomy. Results were filtered according to the PRISMA protocol. Quality assessment of studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Data were pooled in meta-analysis. RESULTS: There were 21 eligible studies, 10 of which reported sufficient data for meta-analysis. Most studies were retrospective cohort or observational studies. Fifteen of the 21 studies (71%) reported a negative impact of RRBSO on sexual function. Participant numbers ranged from 37 to 1522. Meta-analysis was performed with studies including 3201 patients. This demonstrated that RRBSO has a statistically significant negative impact on sexual function (SMD -0.63, [-0.82, -0.44], p = 0.03). There was a trend towards reduced sexual pleasure and increased discomfort but this did not reach statistical significance. There was minimal change in the frequency of sex. There was a significant increase in vaginal dryness post-RRBSO (SMD 9.25, [3.66, 14.83], p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in sexual function between pre-menopausal and post-menopausal RRBSO. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) did not abolish this negative impact. CONCLUSION: Sexual function declines post RRBSO, independent of menopausal status. Comprehensive pre-operative counselling regarding anticipated menopausal and sexual symptoms is key to setting realistic patient expectations and minimising post-operative distress. Information and support regarding management of these side effects should be available to all patients.

Ovarian cancer surveillance in the clinical follow up of women with known BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants in a large health care system.

OBJECTIVE: To assess CA 125 and transvaginal ultrasound surveillance in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants in a pragmatic clinical setting with>1 year follow up. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in a large integrated health care system of women identified from 1/1/2003 to 12/31/2017 with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variant with at least one intact ovary. Demographic and clinical data were collected from date of genetic testing until oophorectomy, an ovarian cancer diagnosis, or 7/1/2019. Primary outcome was frequency and findings of CA 125 tests and ultrasounds performed; secondary outcome was epithelial ovarian cancers diagnosed. RESULTS: There were 1418 women, age ≥ 30 years with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variant with at least one intact ovary. Of the total of 1683 ultrasounds and 2437 CA 125 tests done, 1022 ultrasounds and 1709 CA 125 tests were performed for surveillance in 771 women followed >1 year. Of these women 241 (31%) women had no surveillance, and 530 (69%) women underwent any surveillance. Only 108 (20%) underwent regular surveillance. The number who underwent regular surveillance declined each year. Twenty-one women underwent surveillance indicated surgery with only 2 ovarian cancers found by surveillance. CONCLUSIONS: Many women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants undergo ultrasound and CA 125 surveillance testing but abnormal surveillance testing led to diagnosis of ovarian cancer in only two cases. These findings question the use of CA 125 and ultrasound surveillance in the clinical setting for ovarian cancer detection in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants.