RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels can modify the efficacy of folic acid therapy on the risk of all-cause mortality among hypertensive patients in the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial, a randomized, double-blind, and controlled trial. METHODS: A total of 20â702 hypertensive patients without a history of major cardiovascular diseases were randomly assigned to a double-blind daily treatment of a single tablet containing 10-mg enalapril and 0.8-mg folic acid (nâ=â10â348), or 10-mg enalapril alone (nâ=â10â354). All-cause mortality, a prespecified endpoint of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial, was the main outcome in this analysis. RESULTS: Over a median treatment duration of 4.5 years, in the enalapril alone group, both heavy proteinuria [vs. absent, 10.8 vs. 2.7%; hazard ratioâ=â3.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.10-5.18] and lower eGFR levels (<60 vs. ≥90âml/min per 1.73âm, 13.0 vs. 2.2%; hazard ratioâ=â1.93; 95% CI: 1.19-3.12) were significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality. Folic acid supplementation significantly reduced the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with heavy proteinuria (6.4% in the enalapril-folic acid vs. 10.8% in the enalapril alone group, hazard ratioâ=â0.49; 95% CI: 0.26-0.94), but not in those with absent or mild proteinuria (2.8 vs. 2.9%, hazard ratioâ=â0.99; 95% CI: 0.84-1.17; P for interactionâ=â0.040). However, eGFR levels did not significantly modify the effect of folic acid supplementation in reducing the risk of all-cause mortality (P for interactionâ=â0.228). CONCLUSION: Among hypertensive patients without a history of major cardiovascular diseases, folic acid therapy could reduce the mortality risk associated with heavy proteinuria.
Assuntos
Ácido Fólico/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Proteinúria/mortalidade , Complexo Vitamínico B/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Método Duplo-Cego , Combinação de Medicamentos , Enalapril/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertensão/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Proteinúria/prevenção & controle , RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vascular calcification is common and severe in chronic kidney disease. Because the consequences of calcification may differ by vascular beds, we sought to test the hypothesis that patients who have diabetes with proteinuria and have significant renal artery calcification (RAC) have a higher risk for progression to ESRD. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Using electron-beam computed tomography, RAC was computed as the sum of Agatston scores at each of the two renal ostia and renal arteries. Time-to-event analysis was conducted to compare the risk in individuals with or without significant RAC (total score >10). RESULTS: Of 172 patients with type 2 diabetes and overt proteinuria studied (estimated GFR 56 ± 25 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), significant RAC was present in 31%. In 33 ± 21 months, 41 progressed to ESRD and 65 reached a composite outcome (ESRD or death). Serum phosphorus was a significant predictor of progression to ESRD but was replaced by the significant RAC in multivariate models that included the latter. Individuals with significant RAC had a higher risk for reaching the composite outcome. In contrast, there was no association between coronary artery calcification scores and progression to ESRD. CONCLUSIONS: Significant RAC was an independent predictor of progression to ESRD as well as reaching the composite outcome. Understanding the pathogenesis of RAC would allow determination of whether this risk is potentially modifiable.
Assuntos
Calcinose/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Angiopatias Diabéticas/epidemiologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/epidemiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Proteinúria/epidemiologia , Artéria Renal , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Calcinose/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcinose/etiologia , Calcinose/mortalidade , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/mortalidade , Angiopatias Diabéticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Angiopatias Diabéticas/etiologia , Angiopatias Diabéticas/mortalidade , Nefropatias Diabéticas/sangue , Nefropatias Diabéticas/etiologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Los Angeles/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fósforo/sangue , Prevalência , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Proteinúria/sangue , Proteinúria/etiologia , Proteinúria/mortalidade , Artéria Renal/diagnóstico por imagem , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
To investigate whether green tea has inhibitory effects on the development of autoimmune disease (AID), one-month-old MRL-Faslprcg/Faslprcg mice were fed diets containing 2% green tea powder (GTP) for 3 months. At the end of GTP feeding, the weights of body, subcutaneous (s.c.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) lymph nodes (LN), kidneys, spleen and intraperitoneal adipose tissue (IPAT), serological abnormalities and renal lesions were compared between GTP-fed and control mice. SCLN, IPLN, kidneys and IPAT weights in both sexes, spleen weight in males and body weight increase in males were significantly lower in GTP-fed mice. Particularly, LN hyperplasia and fatty accumulation were markedly reduced by GTP. Serum levels of anti-DNA antibodies and immune complexes (IC) were significantly lowered and proteinuria and blood urea nitrogen tended to be improved by GTP. The incidence of serious glomerulonephritis was significantly lower and nephric vasculitis was almost completely prevented in GTP-fed mice. Moreover, the survival of mice was significantly prolonged by GTP feeding for 6 months. These results indicate that the progression of lupus-like syndrome including glomerulonephritis was significantly delayed by reduced production of autoantibodies and IC in GTP-fed MRL-Faslprcg/Faslprcg mice, which led to the prolonged survival.