Secretory diarrhea and hypokalemia associated with colonic pseudo-obstruction: A case study and systematic analysis of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Colonic pseudo-obstruction (CPO) is characterized by colonic distention in the absence of mechanical obstruction or toxic megacolon. Concomitant secretory diarrhea (SD) with hypokalemia (SD-CPO) due to gastrointestinal (GI) loss requires further characterization. AIM: To perform a systematic review of SD-CPO, report a case study, and compare SD-CPO with classical CPO (C-CPO). METHODS: We performed a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Scopus for reports based on a priori criteria for CPO, SD and GI loss of potassium. An additional case at Mayo Clinic was included. RESULTS: Nine publications met inclusion criteria, with a total of 14 cases. Six studies had high, three moderate, and our case high methodological quality. Median age was 74 years (66-97), with 2:1 male/female ratio. Kidney disease was present in 6/14 patients. Diarrhea was described as profuse, watery, or viscous in 10 patients. Median serum, stool, and urine potassium concentrations (mmol/L) were 2.4 (range: 1.9-3.1), 137 (100-180), and 17 (8-40), respectively. Maximal diameter of colon and cecum (median) were 10.2 cm and 10.5 cm, respectively. Conservative therapy alone was effective in five out of 14 patients. Median potassium supplementation was 124 mEq/d (40-300). Colonic decompression was effective in three out of six patients; one had a total colectomy; three out of 14 had died. The main differences between SD-CPO and C-CPO were lower responses to treatments: conservative measures (35.7% vs 73.6%, P=.01), neostigmine (17% vs 89.2%, P<.001), and colonic decompression (50% vs 82.4%, P=.02). CONCLUSION: SD-CPO is a rare phenotype associated with increased fecal potassium and is more difficult to treat than C-CPO.

[Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction: Ogilvie syndrome]. / Akute Kolonpseudoobstruktion: Ogilvie-Syndrom.

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO) is characterized by marked colonic dilatation which develops over several days. ACPO is due to a motility disorder and is not caused by colonic obstruction and occurs in patients with severe, often acute underlying diseases or postoperatively. It is associated with a 25-30% mortality overall that increases to up to 50% in patients who develop complications (e.g. colonic ischemia and perforation). The pathogenesis of the disorder has not yet been clarified and clinical symptoms and signs are relatively unspecific. In particular, ACPO has to be differentiated from colonic obstruction and toxic megacolon. For this blood tests and radiological tests are required, e.g. plain abdominal radiograph, abdominal computed tomography (CT) and water soluble contrast enema, which are also required for detection of complications. Patients with ACPO should generally receive supportive therapy for decompression of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. gastric and rectal tubes) and to minimize predisposing factors. In most uncomplicated cases this leads to resolution of colonic dilatation. Clinical and radiological controls at close intervals are required until the condition is resolved. If patients do not respond within 1-2 days or if ACPO has already reached a critical duration (>3-4 days) or extent (i.e. cecal diameter ≥12 cm), neostigmine should be administered and leads to durable success in approximately 3 out of 4 patients. Patients who are still refractory to treatment should receive endoscopic decompression. More invasive therapeutic options, such as cecostomy or (segmental) colonic resection should only be considered for patients who still do not respond to treatment or present with the abovementioned complications.

[Diagnosis and treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction]. / Diagnostik og behandling af akut colonpseudoobstruktion.

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO), also known as Ogilvie's syndrome, is a clinical condition with acute dilatation of the colon without a provable mechanical cause. Early recognition and treatment of the condition is important in order to improve the outcome. The diagnosis is based on clinical and radiographic findings. Supportive therapy should be the initial management. If no improvement occurs after 24 hours, medical treatment with neostigmine administered i.v. is instituted and repeated if necessary. Colonoscopic decompression is the next step, but if ischaemia or perforation appear surgery should be performed.

A systematic review of medical diagnosis of Ogilvie's syndrome in childbearing.

OBJECTIVE: to review all published papers examining medical diagnosis of Ogilvie's syndrome and pregnancy with a view to assessing the implications of the diagnosis and the condition itself for childbearing women, midwives and medical practitioners. DESIGN: systematic review. SEARCH STRATEGY: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were searched from 1950 to 2006 inclusive. Papers were read by two independent researchers and selected if they informed the link between Ogilvie's syndrome and childbearing or were concerned with other aspects of maternal mortality. FINDINGS: 23 papers fulfilled the selection criteria and were of a suitable standard. Inconsistencies in relation to the diagnosis of Ogilvie's syndrome were noted, and an increase in maternal deaths from this condition was reported up to 2002. KEY CONCLUSIONS: this paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of medical diagnosis, as exemplified by Ogilvie's syndrome. The scientific basis of diagnoses such as Ogilvie's syndrome may deserve attention. This diagnosis has been shown to be unstable, both in temporal and aetiological terms. The midwifery and nursing reaction to the abrupt appearance of this condition is, at best, unfortunate. The attribution of blame to midwifery practices is deserving of a more robust response. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: there may be clinical implications of the diagnosis of Ogilvie's syndrome for other aspects of maternity (including any nursing) care. A particularly significant area is the widely recognised increase in the caesarean rate with which Ogilvie's syndrome has been closely linked.

A new approach to the cure of the Ogilvie's syndrome.

The Authors describe a their own observation of 25 cases of acute colonic pseudo obstruction, better known as "Ogilvie Syndrome" with the objective to demonstrate that an early recognition and prompt appropriate therapy, better if conservative, can reduce the morbidity and the mortality of the Syndrome. The surgical therapy is reserved only to that cases in which the risk of perforation of the cecum represent an absolute indication to intervention.

[Ogilvie's syndrome: a rare cause of the acute abdomen]. / Das Ogilvie-Syndrom: eine seltene Ursache des akuten Abdomens.

Ogilvie's syndrome (acute colonic pseudo-obstruction) is a rare clinical disease characterized by segmental distension of the proximal colon caused by a paralysis without mechanic obstruction. It may be a sequel of underlying neurological, medical or surgical disease. Risk factors are respiratory decompensation, electrolyte disturbances and different drugs. A special kind is the primary idiopathic pseudoobstruction with a high risk of perforation or necrosis. Especially elderly patients (> 70 years) with cardiovascular or neurologic diseases and accordant drugs are concerned. Clinical symptoms are progressive abdominal distension and abdominal pain like an acute abdomen. The differential diagnosis of a mechanic ileus is important for further treatment. This case report should draw attention to this rare disease.

Isquemia colónica grave: factores pronósticos y tratamiento / Grave colonic ischemia: prognostic factors and treatment

Antecedentes: Si bien la isquemia intestinal aguda representa sólo el 0,9 por ciento de los casos hospitalizados por abdomen agudo, su alta morbimortalidad convierte a esta afección en un verdadero desafío para internistas y cirujanos. Objetivos: Evaluar en forma retrospectiva nuestra casuística, analizando los principales aspectos referidos al diagnóstico, los factores predisponentes con su eventual injerencia pronóstica y el tratamiento realizado. Material y métodos: Se presentan 22 casos de isquemia colónica aguda, operados en el Servicio de Cirugía General y Coloproctología de la Clínica Modelo de Lanús entre Enero de 1995 y Diciembre de 2000. Se analizaron los factores predisponentes y la extensión de la isquemia hallada en la cirugía, como posibles factores predictivos de mortalidad. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 78 años con un rango entre 70 y 86. La causa de la isquemia fue en diecinueve de los 22 casos atribuida a hipoflujo y en tres ocasiones a la cirugía aórtica de urgencia. El hallazgo operatorio en 8 pacientes fue isquemia total del colon (36,4 por ciento) y en 14 segmentaria (63,6 por ciento). Sólo la extensión de la necrosis presentó tendencia a la significación estadística como factor predictivo de mortalidad (p=0.192). La morbilidad fue del 72.7 por ciento y la mortalidad alcanzó el 63.6 por ciento (14 casos) como consecuencia de falla múltiple de órganos y sistemas por sepsis no controlada. Conclusiones: Se puede afirmar que el advenimiento de métodos de estudio más complejos no ha modificado la evolución natural de las isquemias colónicas graves, disminuir su alta morbimortalidad aún depende del conocimiento y la sagacidad médica.

Isquemia colónica grave: factores pronósticos y tratamiento / Grave colonic ischemia: prognostic factors and treatment

Antecedentes: Si bien la isquemia intestinal aguda representa sólo el 0,9 por ciento de los casos hospitalizados por abdomen agudo, su alta morbimortalidad convierte a esta afección en un verdadero desafío para internistas y cirujanos. Objetivos: Evaluar en forma retrospectiva nuestra casuística, analizando los principales aspectos referidos al diagnóstico, los factores predisponentes con su eventual injerencia pronóstica y el tratamiento realizado. Material y métodos: Se presentan 22 casos de isquemia colónica aguda, operados en el Servicio de Cirugía General y Coloproctología de la Clínica Modelo de Lanús entre Enero de 1995 y Diciembre de 2000. Se analizaron los factores predisponentes y la extensión de la isquemia hallada en la cirugía, como posibles factores predictivos de mortalidad. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 78 años con un rango entre 70 y 86. La causa de la isquemia fue en diecinueve de los 22 casos atribuida a hipoflujo y en tres ocasiones a la cirugía aórtica de urgencia. El hallazgo operatorio en 8 pacientes fue isquemia total del colon (36,4 por ciento) y en 14 segmentaria (63,6 por ciento). Sólo la extensión de la necrosis presentó tendencia a la significación estadística como factor predictivo de mortalidad (p=0.192). La morbilidad fue del 72.7 por ciento y la mortalidad alcanzó el 63.6 por ciento (14 casos) como consecuencia de falla múltiple de órganos y sistemas por sepsis no controlada. Conclusiones: Se puede afirmar que el advenimiento de métodos de estudio más complejos no ha modificado la evolución natural de las isquemias colónicas graves, disminuir su alta morbimortalidad aún depende del conocimiento y la sagacidad médica. (AU)

Colonic pseudo-obstruction due to herpes zoster.

Visceral motor complications are uncommon manifestations of herpes zoster (varicella zoster). We report a 59-year-old man who developed acute colonic pseudo-obstruction, which followed the appearance of dermatomal herpes zoster.

Ogilvie's syndrome (colonic pseudo-obstruction) occurring in an 18-year-old Nigerian female.

Ogilvie's syndrome which is colonic obstruction without an identifiable distal mechanical cause is reported in an 18 year old female Nigerian. A high index of awareness is required to diagnose this condition.

Informe de un enfermo con síndrome de Ogilvie / Ogilvie syndrome: report of a case

Informamos los hallazgos clínicos de un paciente con diagnóstico de síndrome de Ogilvie asociado a insuficiencia cardíaca y enfisema pulmonar, en el cual se descartó la posibilidad de volvulus de ciego mediante colon por enema y se dio tratamiento inicial con cisaprida, eritromicina y misoprostol sin tenerse buena respuesta, por lo que el tratamiento definitivo se realizó mediante descompresión colónica endoscópica e instalación de una sonda en el ciego, con lo cual se resolvió el cuadro clínico

Ogilvie's syndrome in the surgical patient: a new therapeutic modality.

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction, Ogilvie's syndrome, most often appears as a complication of other clinical conditions. It is characterized by massive colonic dilation in the absence of a mechanical cause. Therapy for this condition has traditionally been colonoscopic decompression via a flexible colonoscope. We performed a retrospective study to assess the efficacy of Cystografin enema for colonic decompression in Ogilvie's syndrome. We present a series of 18 patients who developed Ogilvie's syndrome while hospitalized for trauma (n = 10), burn (n = 1), gastrointestinal surgery (n = 4), and hip replacement (n = 3). The mean pre-enema cecal size was 13 cm (range 10 to 15 cm). The mean postenema cecal size was 8.5 cm (range 6 to 15 cm). Fifteen of the 18 patients underwent Cystografin enema as the primary mode of decompression. Three had undergone prior colonoscopy, which had failed. One of the 18 patients required repeat enema for inadequate decompression after the first enema and one underwent colonoscopy for recurrence. Two patients underwent operative intervention after the enema. There were no complications related to the enema. In all patients we were able to rule out a mechanical cause of large bowel obstruction. We believe the safety, efficacy, and ease of this procedure make Cystografin enema optimal first-line treatment for acute colonic pseudo-obstruction.

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is an acute non-mechanical colonic obstruction. Twenty patients with this condition presenting between 1988 and 1996 were retrospectively reviewed to identify the incidence and potential aetiologic factors, and to establish a uniform therapeutic approach. METHODS: Patients who fulfilled the criteria of acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon were reviewed retrospectively from a computerized database, and from a study of the hospital notes. RESULTS: There were 12 men and eight women with a median age of 71 years. Seventeen patients (85%) had various coexisting medical conditions, and none of the cases had a recent surgical operation or trauma. Four patients had previous similar attacks. Patients had a median duration of symptoms and a hospital stay of 3 and 7 days, respectively. Diagnosis was based on the clinical features coupled with the findings on plain abdominal X-rays and contrast enema. Sixteen patients were successfully treated conservatively over a median time of 5 days. Three patients had a laparotomy: two patients had tube caecostomy (followed by complications), and one patient had no further treatment. One patient had colonoscopy with an unsatisfactory result. Two patients (10%) died and three (15%) developed complications. CONCLUSIONS: Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is an uncommon but serious condition. The majority of our patients (17/20) had associated significant medical problems. Most of the patients were successfully managed conservatively. This was the preferred initial line of treatment in this department during the study period.

Pseudoobstruction of the colon: early recognition and therapy.

A case of pseudoobstruction of the colon in a patient receiving oral nimodipine therapy is presented. Early recognition of this entity, diagnostic aids, and therapy are discussed. Successful colonoscopic decompression and close observation allowed completion of nimodipine course of therapy.

Seudoobstrucción aguda del colon: síndrome de Ogilvie / Acute colonic pseudo obstruction: Ogilvie's syndrome

Se presenta la experiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de 24 pacientes complicados con una seudoobstrucción de colon en un período de 9 años, 95 por ciento de las mujeres, con un promedio etario de 37 años. La cesárea fue la intervención previa en el 63 por ciento de los casos y los signos clínicos más destacados fueron dolor y la distensión abdominal progresivos. La radiografía simple de abdomen es el examen de mayor utilidad en este cuadro, tanto en el diagnóstico como en la evolución y control del tratamiento instaurado. El tratamiento médico resolvió el cuadro en 11 casos y la colonoscopia aspirativa en 2. Los factores pronósticos más relevantes del síndrome de Ogilvie son la patología de base, la ruptura neumática del ciego y la edad, lo que explica la baja mortalidad de esta serie, 6 por ciento, compuesta en su mayoría por pacientes jóvenes y sin patología asociada. El seguimiento a largo plazo del 87 por ciento de los pacientes no logró demostrar alteraciones anatómicas o funcionales del colon