Perioperative Risk Factors for Early Revisions in Stand-Alone Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

BACKGROUND: Lateral lumbar interbody fusion can be performed without supplemental posterior instrumentation. Previous reports have shown favorable results with stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion (SA-LLIF); however, a reoperation rate of up to 26% has been reported. It remains unclear what perioperative factors are associated with early failure after SA-LLIF. The objective of this study is to determine perioperative factors that increase the risk of early revisions after SA-LLIF. METHODS: Data of consecutive patients with SA-LLIF were reviewed. All revisions or recommendations for revision surgery within 12 months after the LLIF procedure were documented. As potential contributors, operative levels, preoperative clinical diagnosis, number of fusion levels, and the average L1/L2 quantitative computed tomography-volumetric bone mineral density value were obtained along with other demographic factors. Cage subsidence (grade 0-III as per Marchi et al.), was also evaluated in patients who had radiographs/computed tomography between 6 and 12 months postoperatively (n = 122). Logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Of 133 eligible patients, 21 (15.8%) underwent revision surgery and 4 (3.0%) were recommended for revision surgery within 1 year primarily because of neurologic symptoms or pain (68%). Baseline demographics showed no significant difference between the revision and the nonrevision group. The average number of levels fused was 2.12 (revision group) and 2.14 (nonrevision group) (P = 0.55). Significantly more patients in the revision group had the diagnosis of foraminal stenosis (64.0% vs. 39.8%; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with foraminal stenosis were more likely to have early revision surgery after SA-LLIF primarily because of neurologic symptoms/pain. This information can assist in preoperative discussions and management of patient expectations.

Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders in Pseudarthrosis.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective Cohort. OBJECTIVE: Establish 1-year patient-reported outcomes after spine surgery for symptomatic pseudarthrosis compared with other indications. In the subgroup of pseudarthrosis patients, describe preexisting metabolic and endocrine-related disorders, and identify any new diagnoses or treatments initiated by an endocrine specialist. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND: Despite surgical advances in recent decades, pseudarthrosis remains among the most common complications and indications for revision after fusion spine surgery. A better understanding of the outcomes after revision surgery for pseudarthrosis and risk factors for pseudarthrosis are needed. METHODS: Using data from our institutional spine registry, we retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing elective spine surgery between October 2010 and November 2016. Patients were stratified by surgical indication (pseudarthrosis vs. not pseudarthrosis), and 1-year outcomes for satisfaction, disability, quality of life, and pain were compared. In a descriptive subgroup analysis of pseudarthrosis patients, we identified preexisting endocrine-related disorders, frequency of endocrinology referral, and any new diagnoses and treatments initiated through the referral. RESULTS: Of 2721 patients included, 169 patients underwent surgery for pseudarthrosis. No significant difference was found in 1-year satisfaction between pseudarthrosis and nonpseudarthrosis groups (77.5% vs. 83.6%, respectively). A preexisting endocrine-related disorder was identified in 82% of pseudarthrosis patients. Endocrinology referral resulted in a new diagnosis or treatment modification in 58 of 59 patients referred. The most common diagnoses identified included osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, sex-hormone deficiency, and hypothyroidism. The most common treatments initiated through endocrinology were anabolic agents (teriparatide and abaloparatide), calcium, and vitamin D supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing revision spine surgery for pseudarthrosis had similar 1-year satisfaction rates to other surgical indications. In conjunction with a bone metabolic specialist, our descriptive analysis of endocrine-related disorders among patients with a pseudarthrosis can guide protocols for workup, indications for endocrine referral, and guide prospective studies in this field.

Preoperative Assessment of Bone Quality in Spine Deformity Surgery: Correlation With Clinical Practice and Published Recommendations.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to (A) evaluate preoperative bone quality assessment and intervention practice over time and (B) review the current evidence for bone evaluation in spine fusion surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Deformity spine surgery has demonstrated improved quality of life in patients; however, its cost has made it controversial. If preoperative bone quality can be optimized then potentially these treatments could be more durable; however, at present, no clinical practice guidelines have been published by professional spine surgical organizations. METHODS: A retrospective cohort review was performed on patients who underwent a minimum five-level primary or revision fusion. Preoperative bone quality metrics were evaluated over time from 2012 to 2017 to find potential trends. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on age, sex, preoperative diagnosis, and spine fusion region. RESULTS: Patient characteristics including preoperative rates of pseudarthrosis and junctional failure did not change. An increasing trend of physician bone health documentation was noted (P = 0.045) but changes in other metrics were not significant. A sex bias favored females who had higher rates of preoperative DXA studies (P = 0.001), Vitamin D 25-OH serum labs (P = 0.005), Vitamin D supplementation (P = 0.022), calcium supplementation (P < 0.001), antiresorptive therapy (P = 0.016), and surgeon clinical documentation of bone health (P = 0.008) compared with men. CONCLUSION: Our spine surgeons have increased documentation of bone health discussions but this has not affected bone quality interventions. A discrepancy exists favoring females over males in nearly all preoperative bone quality assessment metrics. Preoperative vitamin D level and BMD assessment should be considered in patients undergoing long fusion constructs; however, the data for bone anabolic and resorptive agents have less support. Clinical practice guidelines on preoperative bone quality assessment spine patients should be defined. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

An alternative treatment method for defective pseudoarthrosis; evaluation of eight patients treated with Artelon+Kryptonite.

Pseudoarthrosis with bone loss is one of the most challenging orthopaedic problems for surgeons. Bone loss usually leads to technical difficulties during surgery due to instability in the fracture area. Eight patients with pseudoarthrosis of different long bones were operated on by the same surgeon. The median age was 53 years (25-61), and the median time period after the index operation was 21 months (12-72 months). Radiographic union was achieved in all patients in 3.62 months (2-5 months). Efficient healing with new bone formation was observed in all of the patients. The result of the current case series is promising. This treatment method can be used for the treatment of pseudoarthrosis without increasing morbidity. Long-term follow-up and larger case series are needed for evidence of the adequacy and reliability of this method of treatment.

Posterior lumbar fusion: choice of approach and adjunct techniques.

The choice among the many options of approach and adjunct techniques in planning a posterior lumbar fusion can be problematic. Debates remain as to whether solid fusion has an advantage over pseudarthrosis regarding long-term symptom deterioration and whether an instrumented or a noninstrumented approach will best serve clinically and/or cost effectively, particularly in elderly patients. Increased motion resulting in higher rates of nonunion and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been studied in animal models and are presumed risk factors, despite the lack of clinical investigation. Smoking is a proven risk factor for pseudarthrosis in both animal models and level III clinical studies. Recent long-term studies and image/clinical assessment of lumbar fusions and pseudarthrosis show that, although imaging remains a key area of difficulty in assessment, including an instrumented approach and a well-selected biologic adjunct, as well as achieving a solid fusion, all carry important long-term clinical advantages in avoiding revision surgery for nonunion.

[Congenital pseudarthrosis of lower leg treated by almost outdated method--case report].

INTRODUCTION: Congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia is a rare congenital deformity with progressive evolution. Treatment is vague and difficult, and many methods have been used--from once mandatory early amputation to contemporary operative (Ilizarov method, free microvascular fibular graft) and adjuvant methods (electrostimulation, biphosphonates, bone morphogenetic protein). We present the usage of once popular method of homologous graft insertion and intramedullary fixation. CASE OUTLINE: This is a case report of male patient with pseudarthrosis involving both crural bones (Boyd type 5), diagnosed in neonatal age. Early conservative treatment was unsuccessful, so child never initiated gait. At the age of three and a half years, operative treatment was applied: resection of pseudarthrosis on both tibia and fibula, and osteoplasty of tibia using cylindric homologous graft and intramedullary fixation with transtarsal Steinman pin, followed by long leg cast immobilization. Pin was removed after ten months, and physical therapy was initiated 1.5 year after surgery, with initial to partial weight bearing and short leg cast throughout another year. Two and a half years after surgery complete union of graft was documented, and then full weight bearing was allowed. At final visit, five years and three months after surgery, shin axis was correct, leg lengths were equal, and child had normal walk with full range of motion. X-ray showed complete union of both tibia and fibula. CONCLUSION: Despite bad prognostic factors (young age, severe deformity), utilization of obsolete and almost forgotten treatment methods can provide excellent result.

Transporte óseo en defecto óseo femoral. A propósito de un caso / Bone Transport for bone reconstruction. A case report

Objetivo: El transporte óseo es una técnica terapéutica que crea hueso en situaciones en las que la pérdida del mismo hace inviable la consolidación de los extremos. Esta técnica se basa en el concepto de osteogénesis en distracción. Material y método: Presentamos el caso de un varón de 31 años, que tras sufrir una fractura del tercio medio del fémur derecho, no se obtuvo la consolidación debido a la infección del foco tras varios intentos de osteosíntesis. Presentaba una pérdida de hueso severa con mal estado general. Resultados: Tras un tratamiento previo fallido, de unos dos años, se limpió el foco y, con la técnica de transporte óseo, se restauró la longitud inicial del hueso consolidándolo finalmente sin secuelas relevantes. Conclusión: El caso demuestra la validez de este método de transporte óseo para restaurar la longitud ósea en caso de grandes defectos diafisarios (AU)

Objetive: Bone transport is a therapeutic technique that generates bone in situations where bone loss makes consolidation of the extremities non-viable. This technique is based on the concept of distraction osteogenesis. Material and method: Following fracture of the middle third of the right femur in a 31-year-old male, consolidation was not achieved, due to focus infection after several osteosynthesis attempts. The patient presented severe bone loss with a poor general condition. Results: Following the previous failed treatment lasting about two years, the affected zone was cleaned, and the bone transport technique was used to restore the original length of the bone, which was finally consolidated without relevant sequelae. Conclusion: This case shows the validity of the bone transport technique in restoring bone length in the case of large diaphyseal defects (AU)

Development of a New Zealand white rabbit model of spinal pseudarthrosis repair and evaluation of the potential role of OP-1 to overcome pseudarthrosis.

STUDY DESIGN: Posterolateral lumbar fusions were performed in nicotine-exposed, New Zealand white rabbits. Animals that developed a pseudarthrosis were then regrafted with no graft, autograft, or osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1). OBJECTIVES: To establish a model of pseudarthrosis repair and to evaluate the ability of OP-1 to induce fusion in this model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: OP-1 has been shown to have a 100% fusion rate in an established rabbit fusion model, even in the presence of nicotine, which is known to inhibit fusion. METHODS: Forty-four New Zealand white rabbits underwent posterolateral lumbar fusion with iliac crest autograft. To maximize the incidence of pseudarthroses, nicotine was administered to all rabbits. At 5 weeks, the spines were explored, and all pseudarthroses were redecorticated and grafted with no graft, autograft, or OP-1. At 10 weeks, the rabbits were killed and fusions masses were assessed with manual palpation, radiography, computed tomography, and/or histology. RESULTS: Nine rabbits (20%) were lost to complications. Thirty-four (94%) had pseudarthroses on exploration at 5 weeks. By manual palpation at 10 weeks, 1 of 10 (10%) pseudarthroses that received no graft fused, 5 of 12 (42%) pseudarthroses that received autograft fused, and 9 of 11 (82%) pseudarthroses that received OP-1 fused. Computed tomography and histology further characterized the fusion masses. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes a model for treatment of pseudarthroses. OP-1, which has previously been shown to have 100% fusion rate in animal models, outperformed autograft and induced fusion in 82% of rabbits.

Pseudarthrosis of the spine.

Pseudarthrosis remains the leading cause of failed spinal fusions. The common causes of this complication are inadequate surgical technique, excessive stresses across the fusion site, insufficient internal or external stabilization, and unrecognized metabolic abnormalities. Many radiologic techniques have been used to diagnose pseudarthrosis in the spine. Nonetheless, the diagnosis of a nonunion as well as the ability to correlate the nonunion with the patient's clinical symptoms remains a challenge. In treating a symptomatic pseudarthrosis, the surgeon should first attempt to identify those factors that contributed to the development of a nonunion. The approach can then either be exploration of the fusion mass with regrafting of the pseudarthrosis or extending a fusion to locations within the abnormal segment of spinal motion.

Management of resistant pseudarthrosis of long bones.

A retrospective review was undertaken of 15 patients with long-bone pseudarthrosis with long-standing nonunion. These patients were referred to a tertiary care center after their fractures failed to unite after numerous surgical attempts as well as a course of electrical stimulation. Fourteen patients had nonunion of the tibia, and one had nonunion of a humerus fracture. Twelve were originally Gustillo Grade II or III fractures, and four sustained multiple injuries. The average duration of nonunion before presentation to the clinic was 22.5 months. Five patients presented as infected nonunions. Each nonunion was analyzed with specific reference to injury mechanism, skin and bone conditions, presence of infection, primary treatment protocol, and selection criteria for treatment with electrical stimulation. Review of the data revealed that the most common factor associated with failure of electrical stimulation treatment was inappropriate patient selection, according to criteria previously published for the use of these techniques. Treatment modalities consisted of intramedullary fixation in three, open reduction and internal fixation using Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen (AO) technique in nine, and external fixation in three. All patients were bone grafted. The mean follow-up duration was 1.5 years. Nonunions were healed in fourteen patients. Twelve were fully weight bearing at six months, and one at 12 months. Success was defined as restoration of a functional extremity, giving a success rate of 87%. A thorough reevaluation of the original treatment regimen and a return to basic principles of operative fracture management and bone grafting can yield excellent results, even in patients with recalcitrant nonunion.

Electrical stimulation to promote the union of fractures.

The object of this study was to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation on recent fractures and in established nonunion, using an electrical stimulator of my own design. Fresh osteotomies of the fibula in rabbits were treated with a direct current of 20 microA; there was no reduction of healing time. Then, 62 patients with various types of nonunion, all of more than 9 months duration, were treated. They included patients with osteomyelitis (30%), atrophic (67%) and hypertrophic (33%) nonunion. Electrical stimulation alone was used in 34 patients but 30 needed additional operative treatment. Bony union was achieved in 58 patients (91%), confirming the theoretical proposition that DC current is effective in stimulating osteogenesis in nonunion. This form of treatment is effective, simple and safe; it can be used after the failure of repeated operations for nonunion.

[Pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid]. / Die Pseudarthrose des Scaphoids.

For the treatment of scaphoid non-unions, innumerable curative and palliative operations have been recommended. Of the curative operations, the various methods of bone grafting give the best results, whereas screw fixation is not satisfactory. Bone pegs with a cortical graft are no longer used because of technical difficulties. Corticocancellous grafts (Matti-Russe) yield bony union in almost 90% of cases. The combination of corticocancellous grafts with plate stabilization gives the highest rate of bony union (99%). A cure should therefore always be attempted in all non-union cases, with the exception of cases already involving severe, generalized osteoarthritis or extensive necrosis of the scaphoid. Of the different palliative methods, the early results of prosthetic partial or total replacement of the scaphoid are satisfactory. Late results are less satisfactory, with a high rate of complications and carpal collapse. With severe osteoarthrosis, proximal carpectomy, especially the transscaphoideo-lunate resection, gives good results. Intercarpal arthrodeses have been disappointing. Radiocarpal arthrodesis results in a pain-free, strong wrist; however, there is complete loss of motion, whereas denervation gives satisfactory results in 57% and preserved mobility of the wrist.

[Quantitative determination of the effect of induced alternating currents on the integration of autologous spongiosa transplants]. / Quantitative Bestimmung des Einflusses von induziertem Wechselstrom auf die Integration autologer Spongiosatransplantate.

In a right-left experiment on the ulna of beagles, the authors investigate the influence of induced alternating current on the number of healed-in autologeous spongiosa grafts taken from the same side of the body. At first an atrophic pseudarthrosis is produced in both ulnae of twenty animals by bone resection and electrocoagulation over six months. Following to spongiosa transplantation and plate osteosynthesis, the ulnae are stimulated during eight weeks with a sinusoidal current of 38 cps and an electromagnetically induced alternating-current voltage of 600 mV on an average. The blindfold evaluation of the X-ray picture is performed by four experts and shows significantly better results in the stimulated side. By variance analysis of the results of electronic planimetry of serial layers in the region of transplantation represented by microradiography, it is demonstrated that the greater bone density of the stimulated grafts compared to the control grafts is statistically significant. It has to be considered that these results refer strictly to the electric data and treatment times applied by the authors. Particularly the results are not valid for the unique application of electromagnetic fields without alternating-current component.

Electrical stimulation in the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia.

A treatment regime using electrical stimulation in association with a variety of surgical procedures has improved the prognosis in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia--one of the most challenging of all orthopaedic disorders. The technique consists of correction of the tibial deformity, intramedullary fixation and cancellous bone grafting, augmented by electrical stimulation using an implanted bone-growth stimulator. Experience with 27 pseudarthroses in 25 patients is presented; of those, 20 have joined. The cases have been reviewed and the causes of failure analysed. These results offer encouragement to the orthopaedic surgeon treating this difficult condition.

Nonunions and delayed unions.

Nonunions are always possible after fracture reductions or osteotomies, and there are two basic theories of treatment. The authors discuss the various aspects of nonunions and the methods of treating them.

[Clinical experiences with a fibrin-nebacetin-spongy bone seal in the treatment of chronic bone infections and as local prophylaxis of infection in uninfected bones]. / Klinische Erfahrungen mit einer Fibrin-Nebacetin-Spongiosaplombe zur Behandlung der chronischen Knocheninfektionen und als lokale Infektionsprophylaxe bei nicht infiziertem Knochenherd.

Clinical experiences with Fibrin-Nebacetin-bone marrow combination for the treatment of chronic bone infection and as local prophylaxis by operation of non-infected bone diseases. Since 1979 we have carried out 33 autologous bone graftings in children and used the Fibrin-Nebacetin-bone marrow combination. Nebacetin provides a most effective local antibiotic therapy as supplementary and consecutive treatment are surgical procedures executed in bone infection. The chronic bone infection of 15 children subsided completely. In 18 children with bone transplants no infections was observed and all the patients showed primary healing. The use of fibrin did not disturb the bone reconstruction. After 12 weeks the reconstruction of the bone was almost complete. In two cases only we had to make a reoperation, caused by a recurrent cyst. We could not observe any hepatitis in our patients. The operative technique and advantages of treatment were discussed.

Surgical and electrical methods in the treatment of congenital and posttraumatic pseudarthrosis of the tibia.

This is a report of two adult patients with posttraumatic and seven children with congenital pseudarthroses treated by surgical and electrical methods. Interest was focused primarily on congenital pseudarthroses because of the unquestionable severity of these cases and consequently a very high benefit/risk ratio. Three procedures were used: external (Hoffmann) fixation combined with monophasic or biphasic pulsed current stimulation; internal (transtarsal) fixation combined with pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation; and surgical treatment only, as above, without electrostimulation. Healing was achieved in both treated cases of posttraumatic pseudarthrosis and in nine of 14 instances in cases of congenital pseudarthrosis stimulated electrically, as well as in two instances with no electrostimulation. In seven instances, the bone remained healed for nine months or more, the longest period being almost 5.5 years. Both pulsed current and electromagnetic field stimulation seem to enhance the process of bone healing. However, comparison between the different stimulation methods cannot be made on the basis of the limited material presented here, and the need for more basic studies still exists. Concerning the surgical treatment, it seems that transtarsal fixation is a better choice for congenital pseudarthrosis than fixation with an AO-plate, Rush pin or Hoffmann apparatus.