[The Biography and Achievements of Japanese Psychiatrist Syuzo Kure].

Syuzo Kure (1865-1932) was the founder of modern psychiatry in Japan and one of the pioneers of the study on the Japanese medical history. He introduced the modern hospital system and psychiatric research, actively promoted the improvement of the treatment of the mental disorders.He was the founder of the Japanese Psychiatric Neurological Association and the Journal of Neurology, and also promoted the establishment of the Charity Treatment Association for the Mentally ill.At the same time, he excavated and sorted out the historical materials of psychiatry, and founded the Japanese Medical History Society.While the medical social history is heating up in China, it is of many significance to pay attention to the study of psychiatric history and a representative figure like Syuzo Kure.

When art therapy went chemical: Alfred Bader, pharmacology, and art brut, c.1950-1970s.

This article analyzes how psychopharmacology transformed the relationship between art and psychiatry. It outlines a novel genealogy of art therapy, repositioning its origins in the context of evolving clinical practices and discourses on mind-altering drugs. Evaluating the use of psychotropic drugs in connection with psychopathology of art in the first half of the twentieth century, the article then focuses on two post-Second World War experiments involving psilocybin conducted by psychiatrist Alfred Bader and pharmacologist Roland Fischer. Illustrating how consciousness was foregrounded in discussions about mental health and illness, the examples showcase how psychotherapists increasingly sought to articulate art brut and modernist aesthetics in a neurobiological fashion to define madness as a social disease.

Diagnosing the "master mechanism of the universe" in interwar and war-era America.

Drawing on personal testimonials and questions addressed to psychiatric hospital officials, this article explores how patients and their loved ones engaged with the idea of diagnosis in interwar and war-era America. I argue that diagnosis had synergies with intellectual sensibilities of American modernity, among them an enthusiasm for science and newness, a modernist sense of time that could be both forward- and backward-looking, and a knowable, interpreted self. While self-understanding and the creation of life narratives were more often considered the bailiwick of psychoanalysis in this period, understanding subjectivity and self-interpretation were not solely expressed in its conceptual vocabulary. Patient and family dialogs with diagnosis and psychiatric authorities allow for an illumination of the interaction between domestic intuitions, common sense, and folk wisdom, on the one hand, and institutional taxonomy, categorization, and scientific terminology on the other, or more broadly, between dispositions that are ostensibly antimodern and more modern ideas. I suggest that the protean and wide-ranging intellectual origins of the discipline of psychiatry, along with the inherent ambiguity of psychiatric diagnosis during the early 20th century, allowed patients to participate in their own medicalization in the most capacious way possible: by combining biology with diagnostic narrative capacities, as well as broader perceptions of morality and character. In the concluding reflection, I speculate about why it is that late 20th-century American critics and activists have tended to view diagnosis and medicalization as coercive and threatening, in contrast to earlier 20th-century patients and their intimate observers.

The reception of psychodrama in Spain: Correspondence between Jacob Levy Moreno and Ramón Sarró.

Jacob Levy Moreno, the well-known creator of psychodrama, had a close epistolary relationship with the Spanish psychiatrist Ramón Sarró; a collection of these letters has been located in the Sarró personal archive, deposited in the Library of Catalonia. After locating and arranging this correspondence, we proceeded to analyze and contextualize its contents. The analysis of this collection serves as a basis to outline the context in which the relationship between Moreno and Sarró developed, the role played by certain psychotherapy congresses in strengthening their relationships, and the process that resulted in the University of Barcelona awarding Moreno Doctor Honoris Causa. This study has allowed us to identify certain areas of how psychodrama was received in Spain during the 1960s and reflect on the creation of international collaboration networks and the creation of schools and professional and academic legitimation strategies in the wake of the approaches to group psychotherapy and psychodrama that Moreno developed while based in New York. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

THE "NEAPOLITAN SCHOOL OF ELECTROTHERAPY" BETWEEN THE LATE NINETEENTH AND THE FIRST DECADES OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy as a medical treatment. In the nineteenth century, the "golden age" of electrotherapy, the development of this discipline was part of a historical-scientific context characterized by the affirmation of neurology as an autonomous branch and, finally, detached from psychiatry. After a period of limited scientific interest and development, in the second half of the 20th century, electrotherapy underwent a revival. Nowadays, the use of electrotherapy has been researched and accepted in various fields of medicine, including but not limited to rehabilitation, neurology, pain management, and oncology. From its first applications, electrotherapy joined neurology which used it for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In Italy, several scientists carried out experiments on the subject, and an important contribution to the development of the discipline was provided by the "Neapolitan school of electrotherapy". This improvement was made above all by Francesco Vizioli (1834- 1899) and his pupil Francesco Paolo Sgobbo (1860-1936). Despite these premises, however, the decline of electrotherapy as an autonomous science soon came. Meanwhile, radiology, associated initially with electrotherapy, developed rapidly. When Mario Bertolotti (1876- 1957), former professor of Radiology at the University of Turin and one of the founders of Italian radiology, succeeded Sgobbo in 1935, the name (and the discipline) "electrotherapy" was deleted from the diction of the new chair, and from that of the department, which was indicated only as "Radiology". Radiodiagnostic devices, supplies, and roentgen therapy equipment replaced the numerous devices used for electrotherapy. This manuscript is focused on the Neapolitan school of electrotherapy from the late nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth. The work of the leading figures who have given the greatest impetus to the study and application of electrotherapy is described. Finally, the electrotherapy devices used are briefly illustrated.

'Psychosis of civilization': a colonial-situated diagnosis.

In the late 1930s, when colonial psychiatry was well established in the Maghreb, the diagnosis 'psychosis of civilization' appeared in some psychiatrists' writings. Through the clinical case of a Libyan woman treated by the Italian psychiatrist Angelo Bravi in Tripoli, this article explores its emergence and its specificity in a differential approach, and highlights its main characteristics. The term applied to subjects poised between two worlds: incapable of becoming 'like' Europeans - a goal to which they seem to aspire - but too far from their 'ancestral habits' to revert for a quiet life. The visits of these subjects to colonial psychiatric institutions, provided valuable new material for psychiatrists: to see how colonization impacted inner life and to raise awareness of the long-term socio-political dangers.

Conceptualising and addressing mental disorders amongst Muslim communities: Approaches from the Islamic Golden Age.

Although Islam is the world's second-largest religion, there continues to be misconceptions and an overall lack of awareness regarding the religious and social worlds that make up the global Muslim community. This is particularly concerning when examining notions of mental ill-health, where a lack of cultural awareness, understanding, and sensitivity can impede adequate treatment. As a global religion, Islam is practiced within various cultural milieus, and, given the centrality of faith amongst Muslim communities, a conflation of religion and culture can occur when attempting to understand mental health paradigms. Whilst much of the discourse regarding Muslim mental health centres on cultural formulations, this article discusses how, historically, conceptualisations relating to medicine and mental health were ensconced within the particular medical paradigm of the day. Specifically, it considers the frameworks within which mental health and illness were understood within the medieval Muslim medical tradition and their relevance to contemporary debates in psychology and psychiatry. In sum, this paper seeks to demonstrate that cultural formulations of mental illness, often viewed as "Islamic", are distinct from historical Islamic approaches to mental health which employed contemporaneous medical discourse and which act as the reference marker for the emergent revivalist Islamic psychology movement seen today.

[Danilo Perestrello and the psychosomatic medicine movement in Brazil: from theory to institutional acceptance]. / O movimento da medicina psicossomática no Brasil: a trajetória teórica e institucional de Danilo Perestrello.

In the 1950s, the psychosomatic medicine movement emerged in Brazil, led by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Danilo Perestrello. This article analyzes the strategies developed to configure this proposal and establish this field of study. From the beginning, this movement was characterized by a plan to reformulate medicine based on psychoanalytic theory and obtain favorable reception in institutions. During his career, Perestrello published articles and books with the intention of establishing a new way of thinking among physicians and worked at strategic institutions. His withdrawal from professional work due to a serious illness in 1976 was a factor contributing to the fragmentation of the psychosomatic movement in Brazil.

Na década de 1950, surgia o movimento da medicina psicossomática no Brasil, tendo como protagonista o psiquiatra e psicanalista Danilo Perestrello. A configuração dessa proposta e a análise das estratégias construídas para a formação desse campo disciplinar são o objeto deste estudo. Desde o início, esse movimento foi marcado por um projeto teórico-institucional de refundação da medicina sobre bases psicanalíticas e de institucionalização. Em sua trajetória, Perestrello publicou artigos e livros que tinham como intuito formar um novo estilo de pensamento entre os médicos, bem como a ocupação de instituições estratégicas. Seu afastamento profissional, devido a uma grave doença em 1976, representou um fator desagregador do movimento psicossomático no contexto brasileiro.

O movimento da medicina psicossomática no Brasil: a trajetória teórica e institucional de Danilo Perestrello / Danilo Perestrello and the psychosomatic medicine movement in Brazil: from theory to institutional acceptance

Resumo Na década de 1950, surgia o movimento da medicina psicossomática no Brasil, tendo como protagonista o psiquiatra e psicanalista Danilo Perestrello. A configuração dessa proposta e a análise das estratégias construídas para a formação desse campo disciplinar são o objeto deste estudo. Desde o início, esse movimento foi marcado por um projeto teórico-institucional de refundação da medicina sobre bases psicanalíticas e de institucionalização. Em sua trajetória, Perestrello publicou artigos e livros que tinham como intuito formar um novo estilo de pensamento entre os médicos, bem como a ocupação de instituições estratégicas. Seu afastamento profissional, devido a uma grave doença em 1976, representou um fator desagregador do movimento psicossomático no contexto brasileiro.

Abstract In the 1950s, the psychosomatic medicine movement emerged in Brazil, led by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Danilo Perestrello. This article analyzes the strategies developed to configure this proposal and establish this field of study. From the beginning, this movement was characterized by a plan to reformulate medicine based on psychoanalytic theory and obtain favorable reception in institutions. During his career, Perestrello published articles and books with the intention of establishing a new way of thinking among physicians and worked at strategic institutions. His withdrawal from professional work due to a serious illness in 1976 was a factor contributing to the fragmentation of the psychosomatic movement in Brazil.

Religion and Spirituality, Meaning, and Faith in American Psychiatry From the 19th to the 21st Century.

Since the beginning of American psychiatry, we have discovered and rediscovered connections among religion, spirituality, meaning, and mental health. In the 19th century, religion was an embedded attribute of moral therapy, the framework for treatment in mental institutions. During the decades in the 20th century when psychoanalysis was ascendant in the profession, some psychiatrists collaborated with the emerging field of pastoral care. As biological psychiatry has come to dominate the profession, though, pastoral care providers and some psychiatric researchers have identified gaps in the human interactions that characterize ideal and meaningful encounters with patients. This article examines how religion has been mobilized in American psychiatry over the centuries within institutional settings, but also looks at a broad consideration of faith in psychiatrists' clinical interventions, how that has affected their interactions with religious ideas and people, and where they have found meaning and purpose in mental health care.

Malaria therapy in Spain: 100 years after its introduction as a treatment for the general paralysis of the insane.

This article addresses the implementation of malaria fever therapy in Spain. Neuropsychiatrist Rodríguez-Lafora first used it in 1924, but Vallejo-Nágera was the main advocate for the technique. He had learned the method from Wagner von Jauregg himself, and he worked in the Military Psychiatric Clinic and the San José Mental Hospital, both in Ciempozuelos (Madrid). Vallejo-Nágera worked with the parasitologist Zozaya, who had travelled to England with a Rockefeller Foundation grant in order to learn from British malariologist, Sydney Price James. This article details the results of the uneven implementation of this treatment in Spanish psychiatric institutions. Although syphilologists and internists used fever therapy for the treatment of general paralysis of the insane, they were much less enthusiastic than psychiatrists.

Cannabis Research.

The International Cannabis Consortium (ICC) was founded in 2013 by Jacqueline Vink, Nathan Gillespie, Karin Verweij and Eske Derks. The largest contribution to the first meta-analysis was made by Prof. Nick Martin. The ICC has published two primary publications, in Translational Psychiatry and Nature Neuroscience, and many secondary publications. The study's principal investigators will always be grateful for Nick's contribution to science as they would not have been able to do any of this work without the contributions of Nick and others who collected samples. Nick has made unique contributions to the careers of many junior researchers by supporting their development and growth into senior positions.

Heitor Péres e a Praxiterapia Integral na Colônia Juliano Moreira / Heitor Péres and the Integral Praxitherapy at the Colônia Juliano Moreira / Heitor Péres y la Praxiterapia Integral en la Colonia Juliano Moreira

Neste artigo, realiza-se um estudo historiográfico sobre o psiquiatra Heitor Péres, quem, dentre outras funções assumidas no serviço público, dirigiu a Colônia Juliano Moreira entre 1946 e 1956. A pesquisa teve como interesse principal investigar suas contribuições na área da praxiterapia, isto é, o uso de ocupações terapêuticas no âmbito da assistência psiquiátrica. Heitor Péres foi um grande entusiasta do que denominou praxiterapia integral. Sua trajetória profissional auxilia a compreender o lugar desta prática no campo da medicina psiquiátrica no Rio de Janeiro. As conclusões deste estudo sugerem o emprego paralelo de teorias organicistas e métodos de tratamentos com base nas ocupações terapêuticas em sua prática profissional. A trajetória de Heitor Péres ajuda a problematizar a leitura histórica que se tem feito da psiquiatria brasileira das décadas de 1940 e 1950, assim como a desmistificar a ideia de que a praxiterapia era percebida neste contexto como um método de tratamento inferior àqueles de base organicista. (AU)

In this article, a historiographical study is performed about the psychiatrist Heitor Péres, who, among other functions assumed in the public service, directed the Colonia Juliano Moreira between 1946 and 1956. The research had as main interest to investigate the contributions of this character to praxitherapy, or the use of therapeutic occupations within psychiatric care. Heitor Péres was a great promoter and disseminator of what he called integral praxitherapy, in addition to art therapy. His professional career helps to understand the place of these practices in the psychiatric medicine field in Rio de Janeiro. The conclusions of this study suggest the parallel use of organicist theories and treatment methods based on therapeutic occupations in his professional practice. The trajectory of Heitor Péres helps to problematize the history of Brazilian psychiatry of the 1940s and 1950s, as well as to demystify the idea that praxitherapy was perceived in this context as a method of treatment inferior to those based on organicism. (AU)

En este artículo se realiza un estudio historiográfico sobre el psiquiatra Heitor Péres, quien, entre otras funciones asumidas en el servicio público, dirigió la Colonia Juliano Moreira entre 1946 y 1956. El estudio tuvo como principal interés investigar las contribuciones de este personaje a la praxiterapia, el uso de ocupaciones terapéuticas dentro de la atención psiquiátrica. Heitor Péres fue un gran promotor y difusor de lo que llamó praxiterapia integral, además de la terapia de arte. Su carrera profesional ayuda a comprender el lugar de esta práctica en el campo de la medicina psiquiátrica en Río de Janeiro. Las conclusiones de este estudio sugieren el uso paralelo de teorías organicistas y métodos de tratamiento basados en ocupaciones terapéuticas en su práctica profesional. La trayectoria de Heitor Péres ayuda a problematizar la lectura histórica que se ha hecho de la psiquiatría brasileña de los años 1940 y 1950, así como a desmitificar la idea de que a la praxiterapia se la percibía en este contexto como un método de tratamiento inferior a los basados en el organicismo. (AU)

Therapy of the word and other psychotherapeutic approaches in Ancient Greek medicine.

One of the most distinctive aspects of contemporary psychiatry is its firm grounding in a neurological and biochemical framework for the interpretation of mental life and its disturbances. In the absence of any strong neurological understanding or systematic knowledge of active pharmaceutical substances, one might expect that early ancient medicine readily resorted to non-somatic approaches to healing mental suffering. Instead, what is usually labelled "therapy of the word" and other forms of what one may call psychotherapy emerge relatively late in Greek medicine, only in the first centuries of our era. This paper provides an overview and analysis of this development in ancient history of psychology, philosophy and medicine, covering a broad period of time from the fifth century BCE to the end of the late-antique period, the fifth century CE. The focus is on the very idea (or lack thereof) of the curability of mental disturbance, and on the particular branch of therapeutics which addresses the psychological and existential condition of the patient, rather than his or her physiological state.

[Vladimir Bekhterev - A Protagonist of Research on Hypnosis?] / Vladimir Bechterev ­ ein Protagonist der Hypnoseforschung?

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (1857-1927) is considered to be Russia's most famous neurologist and psychiatrist. In German-speaking countries his name is particularly connected with the orthopaedic disease ankylosing spondylitis or Bekhterev's disease. He mainly worked in neuroanatomical, physiological and psychiatric fields. In a late autobiographical script, Bekhterev saw himself primarily as the protagonist of Russian research on hypnosis and hypnotherapy. That is why this article scrutinizes important works by Bekhterev in the field of hypnosis and reveals how these have influenced his late work on reflexology.

[Carl Wernicke (1848-1905) and the "Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school". Connections to "Erlangen School" of psychiatry]. / Carl Wernicke (1848­1905) und die "Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard Schule". Beziehungen zur "Erlanger Schule" der Psychiatrie.

BACKGROUND: To celebrate Carl Wernicke's 170th anniversary, the paper aims at analysing possible connections of Wernicke and his "Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard (WKL) school" to the "Erlangen school" of psychiatry. METHODS: Relevant primary and secondary literature as well as archival material were examined to test the hypothesis. RESULTS: Wernicke's efforts to realise his nosological system in clinical practice were continued by his pupil Karl Kleist (1879-1960). After Wernicke's tragic early death Kleist worked under Gustav Specht's "Erlangen school of psychiatry". Karl Leonhard (1904-1988), who worked under Specht as well as under Kleist, continued Wernicke's and Kleist's research and ended up with a very differentiated classification of endogenous psychoses. DISCUSSION: Specht's "Erlangen school" of psychiatry can be regarded as a link in the development of the "Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school". Wernicke's description of "anxiety psychosis" motivated Specht to study the emotion of anxiety in "manic-depressive disorder". Specht's study again stimulated Leonhard's concept of "anxiety-happiness psychosis". Generally, Specht's intensive focus on bipolarity has influenced Leonhard's concept of cycloid psychoses. Specht's description of "pathologic affect" had an impact on Leonhard's concept of "affect-laden paraphrenia". CONCLUSION: Modern methods of neuro-imaging open a new perspective to Wernicke's localisation theory. The natural-scientific-philosophical "double orientation" of the WKL school motivates an increased integration of philosophical elements (ethics, religiosity, spirituality) in the field of psychiatry, psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy.

Practicing mind-body medicine before Freud: John G. Gehring, the "Wizard of the Androscoggin".

This article describes the psychotherapy practice of physician John G. Gehring and places it in historical context. Forgotten today, Gehring was a highly sought-after therapist from the 1890s to the 1920s by prominent figures in the arts, sciences, business, and law. He practiced a combination of work therapy, suggestion, and autosuggestion that has similarities to Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Behavioral Activation. Using biographies, memoirs, and archival records, the details of Gehring's work are reconstructed and the reasons for its success are analyzed. His invisibility in the history of psychiatry is attributed to the later dominance of Freudianism within the field.