Assuntos
COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Austrália/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/mortalidade , COVID-19/terapia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/provisão & distribuição , Fortalecimento Institucional , Busca de Comunicante , Cuidados Críticos/organização & administração , Geografia , Produto Interno Bruto , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/organização & administração , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/economia , Densidade Demográfica , Quarentena/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
NASA implements required medical tests and clinical monitoring to ensure the health and safety of its astronauts. These measures include a pre-launch quarantine to mitigate the risk of infectious diseases. During space missions, most astronauts experience perturbations to their immune system that manifest as a detectable secondary immunodeficiency. On return to Earth, after the stress of re-entry and landing, astronauts would be most vulnerable to infectious disease. In April 2020, a crew returned from International Space Station to NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Post-flight quarantine protocols (both crew and contacts) were enhanced to protect this crew from SARS-CoV-2. In addition, specific additional clinical monitoring was performed to determine post-flight immunocompetence. Given that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prognosis is more severe for the immunocompromised, a countermeasures protocol for spaceflight suggested by an international team of scientists could benefit terrestrial patients with secondary immunodeficiency.
Assuntos
Astronautas , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/imunologia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Quarentena/métodos , Voo Espacial , Estresse Fisiológico/imunologia , Betacoronavirus , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Terapia por Exercício , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/uso terapêutico , Interleucina-2/uso terapêutico , Política Organizacional , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Quarentena/organização & administração , SARS-CoV-2 , Astronave , Texas , Estados Unidos , United States National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationRESUMO
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Quarantine Stations at Ports of Entry: Protecting the Public's Health focused almost exclusively on U.S. airports and seaports, which served 106 million entries in 2005. IOM concluded that the primary function of these quarantine stations (QSs) should shift from providing inspection to providing strategic national public health leadership. The large expanse of our national borders, large number of crossings, sparse federal resources, and decreased regulation regarding conveyances crossing these borders make land borders more permeable to a variety of threats. To address the health challenges related to land borders, the QSs serving such borders must assume unique roles and partnerships to achieve the strategic leadership and public health research roles envisioned by the IOM. In this article, we examine how the IOM recommendations apply to the QSs that serve the land borders through which more than 319 million travelers, immigrants, and refugees entered the U.S. in 2005.