RESUMO
The inhibiting effects of ciprofloxacin (CIP) on enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) were investigated with no change in reactor operation and with increased aeration rate and sludge retention time (SRT) to explore inhibition-alleviating solutions. Additionally, performance recoverability was evaluated. The results showed that the phosphorus removal efficiency in the presence of 0.002-0.092 mg/L CIP for 7 days was only 12.5%. Increasing the aeration rate relieved inhibition (33.5% phosphorus removal efficiency on Day 7), and increasing SRT slowed EBPR performance deterioration. The EBPR performance recovered from CIP inhibition and increases in the aeration rate and SRT resulted in different recovery phenomena. The maximum PO43--P release rate continued to decrease in the first 2 days of the recovery stage and then gradually increased. However, the maximum PO43--P uptake rate immediately increased at different rates among reactors, which might be attributed to variations in the microbial community structure, decreased poly-P content, and enhanced abundances of ABC transporters and quorum sensing. It was found that some microorganisms associated with phosphorus removal were more tolerant to CIP than glycogen accumulating organisms. Moreover, the increased relative abundance of the qepA gene indicated that the microorganisms in the EBPR system had strong antibiotic resistance capacity. The bacterial community structure was significantly affected by CIP and could not recover to the initial structure. The results help to provide technical support for the operation of the EBPR process in the presence of CIP and to increase the understanding of system recoverability.
Assuntos
Ciprofloxacina , Radioisótopos de Fósforo , Águas Residuárias , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Fósforo , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , EsgotosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Reducing intestinal phosphorus absorption is a cornerstone in CKD-MBD management. Yet, knowledge gaps include how CKD pathophysiology affects intestinal phosphorus absorption. In vivo rodent studies suggest that intestinal phosphorus absorption remains inappropriately normal in early-moderate CKD, despite declining 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D). We measured intestinal phosphorus absorption in patients with moderate CKD versus healthy adults using a direct radiotracer method. METHODS: Patients with CKD and healthy adults matched for age, sex, and race were enrolled in this 8-day controlled diet study: the first 6 days outpatient and the final 2 days inpatient. Oral and intravenous doses of 33P and serial blood and urine sampling determined intestinal phosphorus absorption during the final 2 days. Secondary outcomes included fasting biochemistries and 24-hour urine phosphorus (uP). RESULTS: In total, n=8 patients with CKD (eGFR=29-55 ml/min per 1.73 m2) and n=8 matched healthy controls completed the study. On a controlled diet, no difference in fractional intestinal phosphorus absorption was detected between patients with CKD and healthy adults (0.69 versus 0.62, respectively; P=0.52), and this was similar for 24-hour uP (884 versus 935 mg/d, respectively; P=0.70). Fractional intestinal phosphorus absorption was not significantly related to 24-hour uP. Patients with CKD had higher serum intact PTH and intact FGF23 and lower 1,25D. The relationship between 1,25D and fractional intestinal phosphorus absorption was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal phosphorus absorption with typical dietary intake did not differ in patients with moderate CKD compared with controls, despite lower serum 1,25D levels. In this setting, a relationship between 24-hour uP and fractional or absolute intestinal absorption was not evident. Further investigation is needed to determine what factors influence intestinal phosphorus absorption in CKD and the apparent lack of compensation by the intestine to limit phosphorus absorption in the face of declining kidney function and reduced 1,25D. Whether this is evident across a range of dietary phosphorus intakes, as well as CKD severity, also needs to be determined. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER: Phosphorus Absorption in Healthy Adults and in Patients with Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease, NCT03108222.
Assuntos
Absorção Intestinal , Fósforo/metabolismo , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos 23 , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/sangue , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hormônio Paratireóideo/sangue , Fósforo/urina , Radioisótopos de Fósforo , Traçadores Radioativos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/sangue , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangueRESUMO
Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne, positive-stranded RNA viruses capable of causing severe disease with high morbidity. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus that causes a febrile illness which can progress into chronic arthralgia. The current lack of vaccines and specific treatment for CHIKV infection underscores the need to develop new therapeutic interventions. To discover new antiviral agents, we performed a compound screen in cell culture-based infection models and identified two carbocyclic adenosine analogues, 6'-ß-fluoro-homoaristeromycin (FHA) and 6'-fluoro-homoneplanocin A (FHNA), that displayed potent activity against CHIKV and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) with 50% effective concentrations in the nanomolar range at nontoxic concentrations. The compounds, designed as inhibitors of the host enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase, impeded postentry steps in CHIKV and SFV replication. Selection of FHNA-resistant mutants and reverse genetics studies demonstrated that the combination of mutations G230R and K299E in CHIKV nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) conferred resistance to the compounds. Enzymatic assays with purified wild-type (wt) SFV nsP1 suggested that an oxidized (3'-keto) form, rather than FHNA itself, directly inhibited the MTase activity, while a mutant protein with the K231R and K299E substitutions was insensitive to the compound. Both wt nsP1 and the resistant mutant were equally sensitive to the inhibitory effect of SAH. Our combined data suggest that FHA and FHNA inhibit CHIKV and SFV replication by directly targeting the MTase activity of nsP1, rather than through an indirect effect on host SAH hydrolase. The high potency and selectivity of these novel alphavirus mRNA capping inhibitors warrant further preclinical investigation of these compounds.
Assuntos
Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Antivirais/farmacologia , Vírus Chikungunya/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus Chikungunya/fisiologia , Adenosina/farmacologia , Animais , Vírus Chikungunya/patogenicidade , Chlorocebus aethiops , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Farmacorresistência Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Guanosina Monofosfato/metabolismo , Mutação , Radioisótopos de Fósforo , Vírus da Floresta de Semliki/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Vero , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismo , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In subtropical oceans phytoplankton carbon: phosphorus (C : P) ratios are high, and these ratios are predicted to increase further with rising ocean temperatures and stratification. Prey stoichiometry may pose a problem for copepod zooplankton nauplii, which have high phosphorus demands due to rapid growth. We hypothesised that nauplii meet this demand by consuming bacteria. Naupliar bacterial and phytoplankton carbon and phosphorus ingestion, assimilation and incorporation were traced using 33 P and 14 C radioisotopes. Bacterial carbon was incorporated four times less efficiently into biomass than phytoplankton carbon. In contrast, bacterial and phytoplankton phosphorus were incorporated at similar efficiencies, and bacteria could meet a substantial amount of naupliar phosphorus requirements. As parts of the ocean become more oligotrophic, bacteria could help sustain naupliar growth and survival under suboptimal stoichiometric conditions. Thus, nauplii may be a shortcut for phosphorus from the microbial loop to the classical food web.
Assuntos
Bactérias/química , Copépodes/metabolismo , Cadeia Alimentar , Fósforo/metabolismo , Animais , Carbono/metabolismo , Radioisótopos de Carbono/análise , Oceanos e Mares , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/análise , Fitoplâncton/químicaRESUMO
Phosphorus (P) research still lacks techniques for rapid imaging of P use and allocation in different soil, sediment, and biological systems in a quantitative manner. In this study, we describe a time-saving and cost-efficient digital autoradiographic method for in situ quantitative imaging of 33P radioisotopes in plant materials. Our method combines autoradiography of the radiotracer applications with additions of commercially available 14C polymer references to obtain 33P activities in a quantitative manner up to 2000 Bq cm-2. Our data show that linear standard regressions for both radioisotopes are obtained, allowing the establishment of photostimulated luminescence equivalence between both radioisotopes with a factor of 9.73. Validating experiments revealed a good agreement between the calculated and applied 33P activity (R2 = 0.96). This finding was also valid for the co-exposure of 14C polymer references and 33P radioisotope specific activities in excised plant leaves for both maize (R2 = 0.99) and wheat (R2 = 0.99). The outlined autoradiographic quantification procedure retrieved 100% ± 12% of the 33P activity in the plant leaves, irrespective of plant tissue density. The simplicity of this methodology opens up new perspectives for fast quantitative imaging of 33P in biological systems and likely, thus, also for other environmental compartments.
Assuntos
Ácidos Fosfóricos/análise , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Triticum/química , Zea mays/química , Autorradiografia/métodos , Radioisótopos de Carbono/análise , Fósforo/análise , Polímeros/análiseRESUMO
Various radionuclides are transported at Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center on a daily basis, to provide the necessities for diagnostic, therapeutic, and research applications. The delivery of the radionuclides takes various pathways where the general public may receive radiation doses. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Health Radiological Division regulates the dose limits for members of the public to be less than 1 mSv per year and 20 µSv in any hour. We designed a project to verify that potential doses received by the general public meet state regulations. Before the departure of the delivery, dose rates from three directions at a distance of 30 cm with respect to the transport vehicle, were measured using a tissue equivalent survey meter. During the shipment, times were recorded and the number of persons encountered along the path was estimated. Annual and hourly doses were calculated, conservatively assuming that a member of general public would follow the shipment at a distance of 30 cm, for the entire duration of the delivery. Calculated dose rates for each delivery and various combinations of radionuclides were found to be below state regulation limits.
Assuntos
Exposição Ocupacional/normas , Doses de Radiação , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Proteção Radiológica/métodos , Radioisótopos/análise , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos , Humanos , Radioisótopos do Iodo/análise , Fósforo/análise , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/análise , Proteção Radiológica/normas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Segurança , Tennessee , UniversidadesRESUMO
32P high-dose rate brachytherapy allows high-dose radiation delivery to target lesions with less damage to adjacent tissues. The early evaluation of its therapeutic effect on tumours is vital for the optimization of treatment regimes. The most commonly used 32P-CP colloid tends to leak with blind therapeutic area after intratumour injection. We prepared 32P-chromic phosphate-polylactide-co-glycolide (32P-CP-PLGA) seeds with biodegradable PLGA as a framework and investigated their characteristics in vitro and in vivo. We also evaluated the therapeutic effect of 32P-CP-PLGA brachytherapy for glioma with the integrin αvß3-targeted radiotracer 68Ga-3PRGD2. 32P-CP-PLGA seeds (seed group, SG, 185 MBq) and 32P-CP colloid (colloid group, CG, 18.5 MBq) were implanted or injected into human glioma xenografts in nude mice. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the seeds, micro-SPECT imaging, and biodistribution studies were performed at different time points. The tumour volume was measured using a caliper, and 68Ga-3PRGD2 micro-PET-CT imaging was performed to evaluate the therapeutic effect after 32P intratumour administration. The delayed release of 32P-CP was observed with biodegradation of vehicle PLGA. Intratumoural effective half-life of 32P-CP in the SG (13.3 ± 0.3) d was longer than that in the CG (10.4 ± 0.3) d (P < 0.05), with liver appearance in the CG on SPECT. A radioactivity gradient developed inside the tumour in the SG, as confirmed by micro-SPECT and SEM. Tumour uptake of 68Ga-3PRGD2 displayed a significant increase on day 0.5 in the SG and decreased earlier (on day 2) than the volume reduction (on day 8). Thus, 32P-CP-PLGA seeds, controlling the release of entrapped 32P-CP particles, are promising for glioma brachytherapy, and 68Ga-3PRGD2 imaging shows potential for early response evaluation of 32P-CP-PLGA seeds brachytherapy.
Assuntos
Braquiterapia/métodos , Glioma/terapia , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico e Ácido Poliglicólico/farmacocinética , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/química , Animais , Compostos de Cromo , Meia-Vida , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Camundongos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Fosfatos , Radioisótopos de Fósforo , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/farmacocinética , Distribuição Tecidual , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton ÚnicoRESUMO
The wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system has a significant advantage for high-throughput production of eukaryotic multidomain proteins in a folded state. In this chapter, we describe two kinds of methods for performing autophosphorylation assay of plant receptor kinases (PRKs) by using the wheat cell-free system. One is an in vitro kinase assay performed using biotin-streptavidin affinity purification technology, and the other is a luminescence-based high-throughput assay for autophosphorylation analysis. We anticipate that our cell-free-based methods might facilitate the characterization of plant PRKs.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Sistema Livre de Células/metabolismo , Medições Luminescentes/métodos , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Triticum/química , Anticorpos/química , Arabidopsis/enzimologia , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Bioensaio , Biotina/química , Expressão Gênica , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Radioisótopos de Fósforo , Fosforilação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Estreptavidina/químicaRESUMO
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) association can improve plant phosphorus (P) nutrition. Polyphosphates (polyP) synthesized in distant fungal cells after P uptake may contribute to P supply from the fungus to the host plant if they are hydrolyzed to phosphate in ECM roots then transferred to the host plant when required. In this study, we addressed this hypothesis for the ECM fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum grown in vitro and incubated without plant or with host (Pinus pinaster) and non-host (Zea mays) plants, using an experimental system simulating the symbiotic interface. We used 32 P labelling to quantify P accumulation and P efflux and in vivo and in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and cytological staining to follow the fate of fungal polyP. Phosphate supply triggered a massive P accumulation as newly synthesized long-chain polyP in H. cylindrosporum if previously grown under P-deficient conditions. P efflux from H. cylindrosporum towards the roots was stimulated by both host and non-host plants. However, the host plant enhanced 32 P release compared with the non-host plant and specifically increased the proportion of short-chain polyP in the interacting mycelia. These results support the existence of specific host plant effects on fungal P metabolism able to provide P in the apoplast of ectomycorrhizal roots.
Assuntos
Hebeloma/fisiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Micorrizas/fisiologia , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/metabolismo , Fósforo/metabolismo , Pinus/microbiologia , Polifosfatos/metabolismo , Hifas/metabolismo , Pinus/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS: In cultivated rice, phosphorus (P) in grains originates from two possible sources, namely exogenous (post-flowering root P uptake from soil) or endogenous (P remobilization from vegetative parts) sources. This study investigates P partitioning and remobilization in rice plants throughout grain filling to resolve contributions of P sources to grain P levels in rice. METHODS: Rice plants (Oryza sativa 'IR64') were grown under P-sufficient or P-deficient conditions in the field and in hydroponics. Post-flowering uptake, partitioning and re-partitioning of P was investigated by quantifying tissue P levels over the grain filling period in the field conditions, and by employing 33P isotope as a tracer in the hydroponic study. KEY RESULTS: Post-flowering P uptake represented 40-70 % of the aerial plant P accumulation at maturity. The panicle was the main P sink in all studies, and the amount of P potentially remobilized from vegetative tissues to the panicle during grain filling was around 20 % of the total aerial P measured at flowering. In hydroponics, less than 20 % of the P tracer taken up at 9 d after flowering (DAF) was found in the above-ground tissues at 14 DAF and half of it was partitioned to the panicle in both P treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that P uptake from the soil during grain filling is a critical contributor to the P content in grains in irrigated rice. The P tracer study suggests that the mechanism of P loading into grains involves little direct transfer of post-flowering P uptake to the grain but rather substantial mobilization of P that was previously taken up and stored in vegetative tissues.
Assuntos
Oryza/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fósforo/metabolismo , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hidroponia , Oryza/química , Oryza/metabolismo , Fósforo/análise , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/química , Sementes/química , Sementes/metabolismoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: (32)P has been available for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) for over seventy years. It was first used in 1938 by John H Lawrence in the treatment of polycythaemia and chronic leukaemias. With the introduction of agents such as hydroxycarbamide, interferon and anagrelide the role of (32)P has been diminished. Today, Polycythaemia Rubra Vera (PRV) and Essential Thrombocythaemia (ET) remain the only myeloproliferative conditions in which (32)P is indicated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective review of all patients who had received 32P in Northern Ireland over a 24 year period. The time to successful response, duration of response, and associated complications were reviewed. RESULTS: (32)P was successful in inducing remission in 90% of patients. This remission was sustained following one dose without the need for further therapy in 37% of cases. 47% required repeated doses. 26% required recommencement of alternative therapies. No cases of thrombosis, myelofibrosis or acute leukaemia were observed. DISCUSSION: We conclude that (32)P is a well-tolerated and efficacious treatment option in the elderly. We discuss our results compared with previous work in this area. (32)P will continue to be offered to elderly patients in our practice.
Assuntos
Transtornos Mieloproliferativos , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Irlanda/epidemiologia , Masculino , Registros Médicos Orientados a Problemas , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/terapia , Avaliação de Processos e Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Radioisotopes that emit electrons (beta particles), such as radioiodine, can effectively kill target cells, including cancer cells. Aqueous 32P[PO4] is a pure beta-emitter that has been used for several decades to treat non-malignant human myeloproliferative diseases. 32P[PO4] was directly compared to a more powerful pure beta-emitter, the clinically important 90Y isotope. In vitro, 32P[PO4] was more effective at killing cells than was the more powerful isotope 90Y (P ≤ 0.001) and also caused substantially more double-stranded DNA breaks than did 90Y. In vivo, a single low-dose intravenous dose of aqueous elemental 32P significantly inhibited tumor growth in the syngeneic murine cancer model (P ≤ 0.001). This effect is exerted by direct incorporation into nascent DNA chains, resulting in double-stranded breakage, a unique mechanism not duplicatable by other, more powerful electron-emitting radioisotopes. 32P[PO4] should be considered for human clinical trials as a potential novel anti-cancer drug.
Assuntos
Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla/efeitos da radiação , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/uso terapêutico , Animais , Partículas beta/uso terapêutico , Proliferação de Células/efeitos da radiação , Células HeLa , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/administração & dosagem , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/química , Fatores de Tempo , Água/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: An accurate assessment of transcription 'rate' is often desired to describe the promoter activity. In plants, isolation of transcriptionally active nuclei and their subsequent use in nuclear run-on assays has been challenging and therefore limit an accurate measurement of gene transcription 'rate'. Catharanthus roseus has emerged as a model medicinal plant as it exhibits an unsurpassed spectrum of chemodiversity, producing over 130 alkaloids through the terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) pathway and therefore serves as a 'molecular hub' to understand gene expression profiles. RESULTS: The protocols presented here streamline, adapt and optimize the existing methods of nuclear run-on assay for use in C. roseus. Here, we fully describe all the steps to isolate transcriptionally active nuclei from C. roseus leaves and utilize them to perform nuclear run-on transcription assay. Nuclei isolated by this method transcribed at a level consistent with their response to external stimuli, as transcription rate of TDC gene was found to be higher in response to external stimuli i.e. when seedlings were subjected to UV-B light or to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). However, the relative transcript abundance measured parallel through qRT-PCR was found to be inconsistent with the synthesis rate indicating that some post transcriptional events might have a role in transcript stability in response to stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides an optimized, efficient and inexpensive method of isolation of intact nuclei and nuclear 'run-on' transcription assay to carry out in-situ measurement of gene transcription rate in Catharanthus roseus. This would be valuable in investigating the transcriptional and post transcriptional response of other TIA pathway genes in C. roseus. Isolated nuclei may also provide a resource that could be used for performing the chip assay as well as serve as the source of nuclear proteins for in-vitro EMSA studies. Moreover, nascent nuclear run-on transcript could be further subjected to RNA-Seq for global nuclear run-on assay (GNRO-Seq) for genome wide in-situ measurement of transcription rate of plant genes.
Assuntos
Descarboxilases de Aminoácido-L-Aromático/genética , Catharanthus/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Técnicas Genéticas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Acetatos/farmacologia , Autorradiografia/métodos , Catharanthus/efeitos dos fármacos , Catharanthus/efeitos da radiação , Núcleo Celular/genética , Ciclopentanos/farmacologia , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/farmacocinética , Folhas de Planta/genética , Plantas Medicinais/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Transcrição Gênica , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of bleomyin A5 combined with phosphorus-32 colloid in the treatment of mucocele. METHODS: A total of 214 patients divided into three groups, bleomyin A5 (50 cases), phosphorus-32 colloid (50 cases) and bleomyin A5 combined with phosphorus-32 colloid (114 cases). RESULTS: The efficacy of bleomyin A5 group, phosphorus-32 colloid group, and bleomyin A5 combined with phosphorus-32 colloid group was 84% (42/50), 82% (41/50) and 98% (112/114), respectively. There were significant difference in efficacy among the three groups (P < 0.05). The phosphorus-32 colloid group and the bleomyin A5 group had no significant difference in efficacy (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The independent use of bleomyin A5 and phosphorus-32 colloid is effective, but the combined use of the two methods is more effective.
Assuntos
Bleomicina/análogos & derivados , Mucocele/terapia , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/uso terapêutico , Bleomicina/uso terapêutico , Coloides , Terapia Combinada/métodos , Humanos , Fósforo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of bleomyin A5 combined with phosphorus-32 colloid in the treatment of mucocele.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 214 patients divided into three groups, bleomyin A5 (50 cases), phosphorus-32 colloid (50 cases) and bleomyin A5 combined with phosphorus-32 colloid (114 cases).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The efficacy of bleomyin A5 group, phosphorus-32 colloid group, and bleomyin A5 combined with phosphorus-32 colloid group was 84% (42/50), 82% (41/50) and 98% (112/114), respectively. There were significant difference in efficacy among the three groups (P < 0.05). The phosphorus-32 colloid group and the bleomyin A5 group had no significant difference in efficacy (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The independent use of bleomyin A5 and phosphorus-32 colloid is effective, but the combined use of the two methods is more effective.</p>
Assuntos
Humanos , Bleomicina , Usos Terapêuticos , Coloides , Terapia Combinada , Métodos , Mucocele , Terapêutica , Fósforo , Radioisótopos de Fósforo , Usos Terapêuticos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We describe here a simple, miniaturized radiation-based phosphorylation assay that can be used to monitor phosphorylation of a diverse range of small molecule substrates in the presence of purified and crude enzyme preparations. Ba(OH)2 and ZnSO4 are used to terminate phosphoryl transfer and to precipitate selectively the phosphorylated reaction product in a single step; non-phosphorylated substrate is removed by filtration prior to quantification. The key advantages over alternative radiation-based assays are that: (i) high-energy/short-lived radioactive emitters are not required; (ii) high-quality data can be obtained without the need for high radioactivity concentrations; and (iii) the assay is compatible with high-throughput applications.
Assuntos
Miniaturização , Fósforo/análise , Radiometria , Compostos de Bário/química , Precipitação Química , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Ácido Pantotênico/química , Ácido Pantotênico/metabolismo , Fósforo/química , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/química , Fosforilação , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/metabolismo , Sulfato de Zinco/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Because most parasitic plants do not form mycorrhizal associations, the nutritional roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in them have hardly been tested. Some facultative root hemiparasitic Pedicularis species form AM associations and hence are ideal for testing both direct and indirect effects of AM fungi on their nutrient acquisition. The aim of this study was to test the influence of AM inoculation on phosphorus (P) uptake by Pedicularis rex and P. tricolor. METHODS: (32)P labelling was used in compartmented pots to assess the contribution of the AM pathway and the influence of AM inoculation on P uptake from a host plant into the root hemiparasites. Laboratory isolates of fungal species (Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices) and the host species (Hordeum vulgare 'Fleet') to which the two Pedicularis species showed obvious responses in haustorium formation and growth in previous studies were used. KEY RESULTS: The AM colonization of both Pedicularis spp. was low (<15 % root length) and only a very small proportion of total plant P (<1 %) was delivered from the soil via the AM fungus. In a separate experiment, inoculation with AM fungi strongly interfered with P acquisition by both Pedicularis species from their host barley, almost certainly because the numbers of haustoria formed by the parasite were significantly reduced in AM plants. CONCLUSIONS: Roles of AM fungi in nutrient acquisition by root parasitic plants were quantitatively demonstrated for the first time. Evidence was obtained for a novel mechanism of preventing root parasitic plants from overexploiting host resources through AM fungal-induced suppression of the absorptive structures in the parasites.
Assuntos
Glomeromycota/fisiologia , Hordeum/parasitologia , Micorrizas/fisiologia , Pedicularis/microbiologia , Fósforo/metabolismo , Biomassa , Pedicularis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pedicularis/metabolismo , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/análise , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Brotos de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brotos de Planta/metabolismo , Brotos de Planta/microbiologia , SimbioseRESUMO
Phosphorus (P) starved algae have a capacity to rapidly take up P when resupplied to P. This study was set-up to measure to what extent P starvation enhances the potential of algae to utilize organic P forms. The initial (<0.5 h) PO4 uptake rates of cells of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata increased up to 18-fold with increasing starvation. Algae from different levels of P starvation were subsequently exposed to different model organic P forms and carrier-free (33)PO4. Uptake (1h) of P from organic P-increased up to 5-fold with increasing P starvation. The bioavailability of organic P, relative to PO4, was calculated from uptake of (31)P and (33)P isotopes assuming no isotopic exchange with organic P-forms. This relative bioavailability ranged from 0 to 57% and remained generally unaffected by the extent of P-starvation. This result was found for cells that were either or not treated by a wash method to remove extracellular phosphatases. Short-term P uptake rate sharply increases with decreasing internal P content of the algal cells but the bioavailability of organic P, relative to PO4, is not enhanced. Such finding suggests that P-starvation enhances PO4 uptake capacity and organic P hydrolysis capacity to about the same extent.
Assuntos
Clorófitas/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos/farmacocinética , Fósforo/deficiência , Fósforo/farmacocinética , Técnica de Diluição de Radioisótopos , Disponibilidade Biológica , Reatores Biológicos , Clorófitas/citologia , Clorófitas/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorófitas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Modelos Biológicos , Fósforo/farmacologia , Radioisótopos de Fósforo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a key role in plant phosphate (Pi) uptake by their efficient capture of soil phosphorus (P) that is transferred to the plant via Pi transporters in the root cortical cells. The activity of this mycorrhizal Pi uptake pathway is often associated with downregulation of Pi transporter genes in the direct Pi uptake pathway. As the total Pi taken up by the plant is determined by the combined activity of mycorrhizal and direct pathways, it is important to understand the interplay between these, in particular the actual activity of the pathways. To study this interplay we modulated the delivery of Pi via the mycorrhizal pathway in Pisum sativum by two means: (1) Partial downregulation by virus-induced gene silencing of PsPT4, a putative Pi transporter gene in the mycorrhizal pathway. This resulted in decreased fungal development in roots and soil and led to reduced plant Pi uptake. (2) Changing the percentage of AMF-colonized root length by using non-, half-mycorrhizal or full-mycorrhizal split-root systems. The combination of split roots, use of ³²P and ³³P isotopes and partial silencing of PsPT4 enabled us to show that the expression of PsPT1, a putative Pi transporter gene in the direct pathway, was negatively correlated with increasing mycorrhizal uptake capacity of the plant, both locally and systemically. However, transcript changes in PsPT1 were not translated into corresponding, systemic changes in actual direct Pi uptake. Our results suggest that AMF have a limited long-distance impact on the direct pathway.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte de Fosfato/fisiologia , Fósforo/metabolismo , Pisum sativum/fisiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Transporte Biológico/fisiologia , Inativação Gênica , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Micorrizas/fisiologia , Pisum sativum/genética , Pisum sativum/microbiologia , Proteínas de Transporte de Fosfato/classificação , Proteínas de Transporte de Fosfato/genética , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Radioisótopos de Fósforo/metabolismo , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Solo/química , Simbiose/genética , Simbiose/fisiologiaRESUMO
The translocation of different inorganic phosphorus (Pi) forms in a low-P soil (Langfang experimental station, Hebei province, China) over time was investigated using P fractionation extraction and a (32)P tracer technique. The L-value and P availability of the soil was assessed using 5 different maize genotype (Zea mays L.) cultivars. The results showed that the different Pi fractions in the soil increased in the order of H(2)SO(4)-extractable P (Ca(10)-P) > Na(3)C(6)H(5)O(7)-Na(2)S(2)O(4)-extractable P (O-P) > NH(4)Ac-extractable P (Ca(8)-P) > NaHCO(3)-extractable P (Ca(2)-P), NH(4)F-extractable P (Al-P), NaOH-Na(2)CO(3)-extractable P (Fe-P), and the content of plant-unavailable P (Ca(10)-P + O-P) was high, up to 79.1%, which might be an important reason for P deficiency in this low-P soil. The (32)P tracer results showed that after the addition of (32)P-Pi to the soil with no P fertilizer applied for 25 d, 29.0% of (32)P was quickly transformed into Ca(2)-P (rapidly available P), and 66.1% of (32)P was transformed into Al-P, Fe-P and Ca(8)-P (slowly available P). Only 5.0% of (32)P was transformed into O-P and Ca(10)-P (plant-unavailable P). Moreover, in the soil with P fertilizer applied, (32)P transformation into Ca(2)-P increased, and the transformation into Ca(8)-P + Fe-P + AL-P and O-P, Ca(10)-P significantly decreased compared to the soil with no P fertilizer applied (p < 0.05). This result suggested a higher rate for water-soluble P transformation to slowly available and plant-unavailable P in P deficient soil than in soil with sufficient P. The results of maize L-value determination showed that different genotype maize cultivars had different soil P-use efficiency and low-P tolerance mechanisms. Low-P tolerant cultivar DSY-32 regulated soil P-use efficiency and plant P content according to exogenous P fertilizer application. However, another low-P tolerant cultivar, DSY-2, used soil P more efficiently, regardless of the application of exogenous P.