RESUMO
Vitamin D3 (VD3) is an essential nutrient for fish and participates in a variety of physiological activities. Notably, both insufficient and excessive supplementation of VD3 severely impede fish growth, and the requirements of VD3 for fish vary considerably in different species and growth periods. The present study aimed to evaluate the appropriate requirements of VD3 for juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) according to growth performance and disease prevention capacity. In this study, diets containing six supplemental levels of VD3 (0, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, and 4800 IU/kg diet) were formulated to investigate the effect(s) of VD3 on the growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, and antimicrobial ability in juvenile grass carp. Compared with the VD3 deficiency group (0 IU/kg), the supplementation of 300-2400 IU/kg VD3 significantly enhanced growth performance and increased antioxidant enzyme activities in the fish liver. Moreover, dietary supplementation of VD3 significantly improved the intestinal health by manipulating the composition of intestinal microbiota in juvenile grass carp. In agreement with this notion, the mortality of juvenile grass carp fed with dietary VD3 was much lower than that in VD3 deficient group upon infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Meanwhile, dietary supplementation of 300-2400 IU/kg VD3 reduced bacterial load in the spleen and head kidney of the infected fish, and 1200 IU/kg VD3 supplementation could decrease enteritis morbidity and increase lysozyme activities in the intestine. These findings strengthened the essential role of dietary VD3 in managing fish growth and antimicrobial capacity. Additionally, based on weight gain ratio and lysozyme activities, the appropriate VD3 requirements for juvenile grass carp were estimated to be 1994.80 and 2321.80 IU/kg diet, respectively.
Assuntos
Aeromonas hydrophila , Ração Animal , Carpas , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Resistência à Doença , Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Animais , Carpas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Dieta/veterinária , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Ração Animal/análise , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem , Vitamina D/farmacologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Plant immune response following pathogenic infection is regulated by plant hormones, and salicylic acid (SA) and its sugar conjugates play important roles in establishing basal resistance. Here, the important pathogen Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis (Pcs) was isolated from tea gray blight, one of the most destructive diseases in tea plantations. Transcriptomic analysis led to the discovery of the putative Camellia sinensis UDP-glucosyltransferase CsUGT87E7 whose expression was significantly induced by SA application and Pcs infection. Recombinant CsUGT87E7 glucosylates SA with a Km value of 12 µM to form SA glucose ester (SGE). Downregulation reduced the accumulation of SGE, and CsUGT87E7-silenced tea plants exhibited greater susceptibility to pathogen infection than control plants. Similarly, CsUGT87E7-silenced tea leaves accumulated significantly less SA after infection and showed reduced expression of pathogenesis-related genes. These results suggest that CsUGT87E7 is an SA carboxyl glucosyltransferase that plays a positive role in plant disease resistance by modulating SA homeostasis through a mechanism distinct from that described in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This study provides insight into the mechanisms of SA metabolism and highlights the role of SGE in the modulation of plant disease resistance.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/patogenicidade , Camellia sinensis/genética , Camellia sinensis/metabolismo , Camellia sinensis/microbiologia , Resistência à Doença/genética , Glucosiltransferases/genética , Glucosiltransferases/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , China , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/metabolismo , Produtos Agrícolas/microbiologia , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and economic crop. Calcium modulates plants in response to abiotic stresses and improves plant resistance to pathogens. Enrichment of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere is associated with plant disease resistance and soil development. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in peanut rhizosphere microbial community structure between the calcium treatment and the control during two growth stages and to explain why calcium application could improve the resistance of peanuts to soil-borne pathogens. RESULTS: The 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing of rhizosphere microbiome showed that calcium application significantly enriched Serratia marcescens and other three dominant strains at the seedling stage. At the pod filling stage, ten dominant stains such as Sphingomonas changbaiensis and Novosphingobium panipatense were enriched by calcium. Serratia marcescens aseptic fermentation filtrate was mixed with PDA medium and inoculated with the main soil-borne pathogens in the seedling stage, which could inhibit the growth of Fusarium solani and Aspergillus flavus. The aseptic fermentation filtrate of Novosphingobium panipatense was mixed with PDA medium and inoculated with the main soil-borne pathogens in the pod filling stage, which could inhibit the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii and Leptosphaerulina arachidicola. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium application increases the resistance of peanuts to soil-borne pathogens by enriching them with specific dominant bacteria.
Assuntos
Arachis/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/farmacologia , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Probióticos/farmacologia , Rizosfera , Antibiose , Arachis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Arachis/microbiologia , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/metabolismo , Frutas/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/microbiologia , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Probióticos/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/microbiologia , Solo/química , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
Eight weeks feeding experiment was managed to evaluate the impacts of dietary addition of pineapple peel powder (PAPP) and Lactobacillus plantarum CR1T5 (LP) individual or mixed on growth performance, skin mucus and serum immunities, as well as disease resistance of Nile tilapia. Fish (average weight 20.91 ± 0.11 g) were fed four diets: Diet 1 (0 g kg-1 PAPP and 0 CFU g-1 L. plantarum, Diet 2 (10 g kg-1 PAPP), Diet 3 (108 CFU g-1L. plantarum), and Diet 4 (10 g kg-1 PAPP + 108 CFU g-1L. plantarum). Serum and mucus immune responses, as well as growth rate, were assessed every 4 weeks. Ten fish were chosen for the challenge test with Streptococcus agalactiae after 8 weeks post-feeding. The findings showed that PAPP and/or LP diets increased (P ≤ 0.05) growth performance, skin mucus, and serum immune responses. The best data were obtained in fish fed a mixture of PAPP and LP. Nevertheless, no variation (P > 0.05) was recorded between groups fed PAPP or LP. The relative survival percentage (RSP, %) in Diet 2, Diet 3, and Diet 4 was 46.15%, 50.0%, and 73.08%. Fish fed mixture of PAPP + LP recorded the best (P < 0.05) survival rate versus other treatments. The current findings recommended using a mixture of PAPP and LP as promising functional additives for aquaculture practice.
Assuntos
Ananas/química , Ciclídeos/imunologia , Resistência à Doença , Imunidade Inata , Lactobacillus plantarum/química , Probióticos/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Aquicultura , Ciclídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/química , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Pós/administração & dosagem , Pós/química , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion (CNE) on growth, digestive activities, antioxidant and immune responses and resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) in Nile tilapia. Four experimental diets were formulated containing CNE at levels of 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg diet for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment, all fish were challenged by S. agalactiae. The results showed that the final body weight was increased in fish groups fed 200 and 300 mg CNE/kg diet by 18.4 and 17.2% with respect to the control group. Moreover, feed conversion ratio and digestive enzymes' activities were improved in groups fed 200 and 300 then 100 mg of dietary CNE/kg diet. Groups fed CNE exhibited a significant increase in serum immune-related parameters when compared with control group. Additionally, the hypocholesterolemic effects was achieved after CNE feeding unlike the control group in a dose dependent manner. With increasing dietary CNE levels, genes expression of cytokines and antioxidant enzymes were upregulated. Less severe adverse clinical symptoms and respectable cumulative mortalities associated with S. agalactiae infection were observed in fish fed CNE. To our knowledge, this study was the first offering a protective effect of CNE against S. agalactiae infection in Nile tilapia with a maximum down-regulation of cylE and hylB virulence genes expression noticed in group fed 300 mg of CNE/kg diet (up to 0.10 and 0.19- fold, respectively). Therefore, the present study recommended that an incorporation of CNE at level of 300 mg/kg diet for Nile tilapia could promote their growth, enhance their immunity and antioxidant status and provide protection against virulent S. agalactiae.
Assuntos
Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ciclídeos/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Nanoestruturas/administração & dosagem , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Acroleína/administração & dosagem , Acroleína/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência à Doença/imunologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Emulsões/administração & dosagem , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Streptococcus agalactiae/fisiologiaRESUMO
The effects of dietary ß-glucan on innate immune responses have been shown in a number of different vertebrate species. However, there is conflicting information about the period of administration (shorter vs. longer), and it is also unclear to what extent ß-glucan's effects can be observed post-treatment in fish. Thus, we fed Nile tilapia for 0 (control group; 45 days of control diet), 15 (30 days of control followed by 15 days of ß-glucan), 30 (15 days of control followed by 30 days of ß-glucan) or 45 days with a diet containing 0.1% of ß-glucan (MacroGard®). We evaluated the growth performance at the end of the ß-glucan feeding trial and the innate immune function immediately after the feeding trial and 7 and 14 days post-feeding trial. In addition, at day 10 post-feeding trial, we assessed the tilapia's resistance against a bacterial infection. No significant differences were observed in growth performance between the groups; however, fish fed with ß-glucan for 30 and 45 days had higher (approx. 8%) relative weight gain compared to the control. Regardless of the administration period, fish fed with ß-glucan had higher innate immune responses immediately after the feeding trial such as lysozyme activity in plasma, liver and intestine and respiratory burst compared to the control, and in general these differences were gradually reduced over the withdrawal period (up to 14 days). No differences were observed in the plasma hemolytic activity of the complement or myeloperoxidase activity in plasma or intestine. Moreover, fish from the control group had early mortalities (2 vs. 4-5 days post-infection, respectively) and a lower survival rate (60 vs. 80%, respectively) compared to fish fed with ß-glucan for 15 or 30 days, and, interestingly, fish fed for 45 days with ß-glucan had no mortality. This study indicates that regardless of the administration period (i.e., 15 up to 45 days), the ß-glucan improved the innate immune responses and the tilapia's resistance to disease, and this protection could be observed up to 10 days post-feeding trial, adding in vivo evidence that ß-glucan may contribute to a trained innate immunity. Additionally, we showed that a longer period of administration did not cause immunosuppression as previously hypothesized but promoted further growth and immune performance. These findings are relevant to the aquaculture industry and demonstrate that a longer ß-glucan feeding protocol may be considered to achieve better results.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos/imunologia , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , beta-Glucanas/metabolismo , Aeromonas/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Resistência à Doença/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/imunologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Distribuição Aleatória , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus agalactiae/fisiologia , beta-Glucanas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The impact of gamma radiation on the activation of rice innate immunity to blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is described. In the present study, fenugreek seed extracts radiated with different doses of gamma rays viz. 5Gy, 10Gy, 15Gy, 20Gy and 25Gy were examined for their presence of biocompounds as well as for its ability to induce plant growth promotion and resistance against rice blast disease. The results of GC-MS analysis detected antimicrobial properties in methanolic extract. Enhanced germination (97%) and vigor (2718) was noticed in seeds pretreated with 20 Gy of gamma radiation in comparison with non-irradiated controls. Under greenhouse conditions, a significant disease protection of 56.7% on 3rd and 4th day after inoculation against rice blast was observed in 15Gy-irradiated rice plants challenge-inoculated with M. oryzae. Further, a significant increase in the hydrogen peroxide, phenol and lignin deposition was noticed in 20Gy-irradiated rice plants. Additionally, rice plants pretreated with 15Gy induced maximum activities of peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) compared to untreated control plants. These findings revealed that rice plants-pretreated with gamma radiation elicit resistance against rice blast disease as well as strengthening the growth parameters by modulating cellular and biochemical defense system.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Raios gama , Oryza , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Trigonella/química , Oryza/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oryza/microbiologia , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
Fusarium verticillioides is an important fungal pathogen of maize, causing stalk rot and severely affecting crop production. The aim of this study was to characterize the protective effects of formulations based on Jacaranda mimosifolia leaf extracts against F. verticillioides in maize. We compared different seed treatments comprising J. mimosifolia extracts, chemical fungicide (mefenoxam) and salicylic acid to modulate the defense system of maize host plants. Both aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of J. mimosifolia (1.2% w/v) resulted in 96-97% inhibition of mycelial growth of F. verticillioides. While a full-dose (1.2%) extract of J. mimosifolia provided significant protective effects on maize plants compared to the inoculated control, a half-dose (0.6% w/v) application of J. mimosifolia in combination with half-strength mefenoxam was the most effective treatment in reducing stalk rot disease in pot and field experiments. The same seed treatment significantly upregulated the expression of genes in the leaves encoding chitinase, glucanase, lipid transfer protein, and pathogenesis-related proteins PR-1, PR-5 and PR-10, 72 h after inoculation. This treatment also induced the activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, protease, acid invertase, chitinase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. We conclude that seed pre-treatment with J. mimosifolia extract with half-strength chemical mefenoxam is a promising approach for the management of stalk rot in maize.
Assuntos
Bignoniaceae , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Fusarium , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Sementes/efeitos dos fármacos , Zea mays/microbiologia , Bignoniaceae/química , Catecol Oxidase/metabolismo , Quitinases/metabolismo , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Indução Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Sementes/microbiologia , Zea mays/efeitos dos fármacos , Zea mays/enzimologiaRESUMO
Titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TNP) has been suggested for use in fish farms to prevent or alleviate bacterial diseases owing to its bactericidal property. Unfortunately, the interaction of TNP with cells impaired the host defenses of fish resulting in increased mortality during bacterial challenges. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCE) as a dietary supplement in ameliorating TNP induced toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The fishes were exposed to environmentally relevant concentration (10 mg/L) of TNP for 14 days and the effect of TCE supplemented feed at 3 different doses (5, 10, and 15 g/kg) was studied. TCE signally increased the weight gain, specific growth rate, and decreased feed conversion ratio in fish. TCE significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the toxic effects caused by TNP by increasing the antioxidant (CAT, SOD, GPx) activity and decreasing the levels of serum enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, ACP), macromolecular oxidation, excessive ROS production, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, INF-γ, TNF-α, PGE-2). TNP bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations in gill, liver, and kidney were also significantly alleviated by TCE supplementation. TCE perceptibly regulated the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP60, -70), MAPKs (pERK1/2, pp38), antioxidant (NRF2, Keap1, HO-1), apoptotic (p53, PDRG1), and anti-apoptotic (AKT, Bcl2) proteins in fish. Regarding disease resistance, the TCE co-treated groups showed reduced cumulative mortality and higher relative percent survival with A. hydrophila. Our results suggest that TNP-induced apoptosis is mediated by the MAPK/NRF2/Keap1 pathway and underlines the therapeutic potential of TCE in aqua-farming.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Tinospora/química , Titânio/toxicidade , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclídeos/microbiologia , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Peixes/metabolismo , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Proteína 1 Associada a ECH Semelhante a Kelch/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/toxicidadeRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of Greek juniper extract on immune responses of rainbow trout. In this experiment, 4 doses [0 (Control), 1 (J1), 4 (J4) and 8 (J8) mg/kg] of the extract were administered orally using an oral gavage twice a day for 14 days. Immune responses were measured on 7th and 14th days. On 14th day, Yersinia ruckeri was injected intraperitoneally to all fish of all groups. On 14th day, ORP in fish of J1 group increased significantly. Lysozyme activity (LA) was increased in J8 group on 7th day (p < .05). On 14th day, a significant decrease was determined in J1 and J4 treatments in LA. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly decreased in all groups irrespective of sampling times (p < .05). Interleukin (IL)-1ß was significantly elevated in fish of J8 group on 7th day. IL-8 increased in fish of J8 and J4 groups on 7th day of the study. IL-12 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in J8 fish group on 7th day, and in J4 fish group on 14th day. Survival rate was higher in J8 treatment compared to the control and other treatments (p < .05). The results suggest that Juniperus excelsa provides protection against Y. ruckeri in rainbow trout.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Resistência à Doença/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/tratamento farmacológico , Imunidade Inata , Juniperus/química , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Yersiniose/veterinária , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Animais , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Yersiniose/tratamento farmacológico , Yersiniose/imunologia , Yersinia ruckeri/efeitos dos fármacos , Yersinia ruckeri/fisiologiaRESUMO
Strawberry cultivation is associated with high mineral fertilizer doses and extensive use of chemical plant protection products. Based on previous research, we expected that chitin application to peat substrate would increase the nutrient availability and activate the plant systemic defense response, resulting in higher strawberry yields and fewer disease symptoms. We set up two experiments in which the temporal variability and differences in initial nutrient concentrations of the growing media were taken into account. Chitin treatment resulted in the attraction of plant growth-promoting fungi toward the plant root, such as species from genera Mortierella and Umbelopsis. In addition, by the end of the experiments 87 mg of mineral nitrogen (N) per liter of substrate was mineralized, which can be related to the observed increase in plant shoot biomass. This, however, led to nutrient imbalances in plant shoots and fruit; N concentration in the leaves increased over 30%, exceeding the optimal range, while phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) deficiencies occurred, with concentrations lower than 50% of the optimal range. This may explain the decreased fruit yield and disease resistance of the fruit toward Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, chitin caused a clear defense priming effect in the strawberry leaves, with a strong induction of the jasmonic acid response, resulting in fewer foliar disease symptoms. Chitin causes positive effects on shoot growth and foliar disease resistance, but caution needs to be taken for nutrient imbalances leading to negative influences on root growth, fruit production, and disease susceptibility toward B. cinerea.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença , Fragaria , Frutas , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Botrytis/fisiologia , Quitina/farmacologia , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragaria/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragaria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fragaria/imunologia , Fragaria/microbiologia , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/microbiologia , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Fósforo/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
Actin remodelling by a membrane-associated oxidative process can sense perturbations of membrane integrity and activate defence. In the current work, we show that glycyrrhizin, a muscle relaxant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, can activate oxidative burst and actin remodelling in tobacco BY-2 cells, which could be suppressed by diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidases. Glycyrrhizin caused a dose-dependent delay of proliferation, and induced cell death, which was suppressed by addition of indole-acetic acid, a natural auxin that can mitigate RboH dependent actin remodelling. To test, whether the actin remodelling induced by glycyrrhizin was followed by activation of defence, several events of basal immunity were probed. We found that glycyrrhizin induced a transient extracellular alkalinisation, indicative of calcium influx. Furthermore, transcripts of phytoalexins genes, were activated in cells of the grapevine Vitis rupestris, and this induction was followed by accumulation of the glycosylated stilbene α-piceid. We also observed that glycyrrhizin was able to induce actin bundling in leaves of a transgenic grape, especially in guard cells. We discuss these data in frame of a model, where glycyrrhizin, through stimulation of RboH, can cause actin remodelling, followed by defence responses, such as calcium influx, induction of phytoalexins transcripts, and accumulation of stilbene glycosides.
Assuntos
Actinas/metabolismo , Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Ácido Glicirrízico/farmacologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Vitis/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/química , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Estilbenos/metabolismo , Nicotiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Vitis/imunologia , Vitis/metabolismoRESUMO
Azomite is a hydrated calcium sodium aluminosilicat rich in rare earth elements. To investigate the dietary effects of Azomite on growth, intestine microbiota and morphology, immunohematological changes and disease resistance, seven diets with Azomite supplementation of 0 (the control), 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 g/kg (A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6), were prepared and fed to largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (7.96 ± 0.19) for 60 days. The results revealed that the weight gain (WG) increased first and then decreased with the increasing dietary Azomite, and the A2 group presented the highest WG and lowest feed conversion ratio among all the groups. The supplementation of 2.0 g/kg Azomite significantly increased the intestine protease activity, the crude protein of whole body and protein retention (P < 0.05), and high inclusion of Azomite (6.0 g/kg) significantly reduced the lipid retention (P < 0.05). The amounts of red blood cells in A5, A6 groups, white blood cells in A3, A5, A6 groups and lymphocyte in A2-A6 groups were all significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in A5, A6 groups, and serum alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme activities in A2-A4 groups showed significantly higher values than the control group (P < 0.05). Intestinal microbiota analysis indicated that the Tenericutes abundance was increased, whereas Proteobacteria abundance was decreased in all Azomite supplemented groups. The villus height in A2-A4 groups, and the villus width in A2 group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The cumulative mortality was reduced by the addition of 2.0-5.0 g/kg Azomite after challenging with A. hydrophila (P < 0.05). In conclusion, proper addition of Azomite in diets improved the growth, intestine morphology, immune response and disease resistance in largemouth bass, and the optimal inclusion was estimated to be 2.0-3.0 g/kg diet.
Assuntos
Silicatos de Alumínio/metabolismo , Bass/imunologia , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Oligoelementos/metabolismo , Silicatos de Alumínio/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Bass/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Oligoelementos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The presence of Kerstersia gyiorum in lower leg wounds has been reported in case studies from several countries. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of K gyiorum isolated from a chronic wound. METHODS: An 85-year-old woman with chronic venous insufficiency presented to an intermediate care unit in Niteroi City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with an instep chronic wound of 14 cm² with wound duration of 6 months. K gyiorum was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of ï¬ight, confirmed by 16S rRNA partial sequence analysis, and classified as resistant for ciprofloxacin by reagent strips(minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 32 µg/mL) and the broth macrodilution method (MIC = 8 µg/mL). Intermediate resistance for ciprofloxacin was verified by microscan (MIC = 2 µg/mL). CONCLUSION: The authors identified the first, to their knowledge, lower leg wound with K gyiorum in Brazil and verified that it was ciprofloxacin resistant.
Assuntos
Alcaligenaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Úlcera da Perna/tratamento farmacológico , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Alcaligenaceae/patogenicidade , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Úlcera da Perna/fisiopatologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/estatística & dados numéricos , Cicatrização/fisiologiaRESUMO
Chasteberry is highly recommended as an herbal medicine across the globe for treating of many gynaecological disorders. In this study, chasteberry extract (CBE) was supplemented in goldfish diet to evaluate the immunity responses at the cellular and molecular levels. Moreover, after the feeding trial, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The fish (300 individuals, 2.4 ± 0.12 g initial weight) were randomly distributed in 12 tanks and were fed with 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 g CBE per kg of feed for 8 weeks. Based on the results, lysozyme activity, alkaline phosphatase, and total immunoglobulin (Ig) in the skin mucus samples were significantly enhanced in the fish fed with 15 g/kg CBE (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary CBE positively affected lysozyme activity, complement components, and IgM content of the serum samples compared to the control group. Also, the number of monocytes and lymphocytes were increased significantly with increasing CBE in the diet (P < 0.05). The highest mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α, TNF-2α) and Lysozyme were observed in 15 g/kg CBE treatment. After the challenge test, the highest relative percentage survival value (60%) was observed in the fish fed with 15 g/kg CBE. We concluded that dietary CBE especially at 15 g/kg has an immunomodulatory effect in goldfish by stimulating the innate immunity and some inflammatory cytokines as well as disease resistance against A. hydrophila.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Carpa Dourada/imunologia , Imunidade Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Vitex/química , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/imunologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
The present study investigated the effects of black mulberry (Morus nigra) syrup supplementation on growth performance, hematological, serum biochemical, innate immune parameters, immune and antioxidant related gene expression responses, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain black mulberry syrup at levels of 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0%. Fish were fed experimental diets for 60 days. Dietary black mulberry syrup increased activities of serum lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and increased the expression levels of immune-related genes (interleukin 1, beta, tumor necrosis factor, immunoglobulin M, interferon gamma and heat shock protein 70) in the spleen and antioxidant-related genes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver of fish fed especially with 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0% black mulberry syrup supplemented diets. Furthermore, at 2.0% incorporation level, growth performance increased. The findings of the present study indicate that Nile tilapia fed with diet containing 2.0% black mulberry might be adequate to improve the growth performance, innate immune parameters, antioxidant related gene expression responses, and disease resistance against Aeromonas veronii.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos/imunologia , Resistência à Doença , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Morus/química , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Aeromonas veronii/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Ciclídeos/genética , Ciclídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ciclídeos/fisiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/imunologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
Biofloc technology is increasingly becoming the most promising aquaculture tool especially in places where water is scarce and the land is very expensive. The dynamics of water quality, as well as plankton and microbial abundance, are collectively necessary for successful fish farming. The prospective use of jaggery as a potential carbon source and its influence on water quality, growth performance, innate immunity, serum bactericidal capacity, and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila was investigated in Oreochromis niloticus. A completely randomized design was used in triplicates, where the control group was reared in a water system with no carbon source, while T1, T2, and T3 groups were raised in biofloc systems at C:N ratios of C:N12, C:N15, and C:N20, respectively. Water specimens were collected daily and fortnightly, while blood, serum, and head kidneys were collected at 75 days of experimental period for further analysis. TAN, nitrite, and ammonia values were considerably reduced, while the TSS values elevated significantly in all treated groups compared to the control. Jaggery-based biofloc system (JB-BFT) has a pronounced effect on hematological and growth performance parameters rather than control. Similarly, serum antioxidants, lysozyme, protease, antiprotease and bactericidal capacity were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. LYZ, TNF-α, and IL-1ß genes were upregulated in proportion to C:N ratios with the highest fold in C:N20. Furthermore, fish treated with JB-BFT presented lower cumulative mortalities and better relative levels of production (RLP) after experimental challenge with A. hydrophila compared to control. In conclusion, JB-BFT has a robust influence on Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) innate immunity through favorable innovation of various immune-cells and enzymes as well as upregulating the expression levels of immune-related genes. This study offers jaggery as a new carbon source with unique properties that satisfy all considerations of biofloc technology in an eco-friendly manner.
Assuntos
Carbono/análise , Ciclídeos/imunologia , Resistência à Doença , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Nitrogênio/análise , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Qualidade da Água , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiologia , Animais , Aquicultura/instrumentação , Ciclídeos/genética , Ciclídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/imunologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , TecnologiaRESUMO
The induction of general plant defense responses following the perception of external elicitors is now regarded as the first level of the plant immune response. Depending on the involvement or not of these molecules in pathogenicity, this induction of defense is called either Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Triggered Immunity or Pattern Triggered Immunity-both abbreviated to PTI. Because PTI is assumed to be a widespread and stable form of resistance to infection, understanding the mechanisms driving it becomes a major goal for the sustainable management of plant-pathogen interactions. However, the induction of PTI is complex. Our hypotheses are that (i) the recognition by the plant of PAMPs vs non-PAMP elicitors leads to specific defense profiles and (ii) the responses specifically induced by PAMPs target critical life history traits of the pathogen that produced them. We thus analyzed, using a metabolomic approach coupled with transcriptomic and hormonal analyses, the defense profiles induced in potato foliage treated with either a Concentrated Culture Filtrate (CCF) from Phytophthora infestans or two non-PAMP preparations, ß-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and an Ulva spp. Extract, used separately. Each elicitor induced specific defense profiles. CCF up-regulated sesquiterpenes but down-regulated sterols and phenols, notably α-chaconine, caffeoyl quinic acid and rutin, which decreased spore production of P. infestans in vitro. CCF thus induces both defense and counter-defense responses. By contrast, the Ulva extract triggered the synthesis of a large-spectrum of antimicrobial compounds through the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathways, while BABA targeted the primary metabolism. Hence, PTI can be regarded as a heterogeneous set of general and pathogen-specific responses triggered by the molecular signatures of each elicitor, rather than as a uniform, non-specific and broad-spectrum set of general defense reactions.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Imunidade Vegetal/imunologia , Solanum tuberosum/imunologia , Aminobutiratos/farmacologia , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Flavonoides/biossíntese , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Fenóis/metabolismo , Phytophthora infestans/imunologia , Phytophthora infestans/patogenicidade , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Imunidade Vegetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum tuberosum/microbiologia , Esteróis/metabolismo , Ulva/químicaRESUMO
The immunomodulatory effects of oligochitosan have been demonstrated in several fish. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well characterized. The profound interplay between gut microbes and aquaculture has received much scientific attention but understanding the alternations of microbes populating in gut of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with oligochitosan remains enigmatic. In this study, the effects of oligochitosan on the growth, immune responses and gut microbes of tilapia were investigated. The feeding trial was conducted in triplicates with the control diet supplemented with oligochitosan at different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 400 or 800 mg/kg). Following a six-week feeding trial, body weights of the fish supplemented with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg oligochitosan were significantly higher than that of the control group. To address the immune responses stimulated by oligochitosan, by the quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), the mRNA expression levels of CSF, IL-1ß, IgM, TLR2 and TLR3 genes from head kidney were all significantly up-regulated in the 400 mg/kg group compared to the control. To characterize the gut microbes, bacterial samples were collected from the foregut, midgut, and hindgut, respectively and were subjected to high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA. The results showed that significantly lower abundance of Fusobacterium was detected in the hindgut of 400 mg/kg group compared to the control. Additionally, beta-diversity revealed that both gut habitat and oligochitosan had effects on the gut bacterial assembly. To further elucidate the mechanism underlying the effects of oligochitosan on bacterial assembly, the results showed that difference dosages of dietary oligochitosan could alter the specific metabolic pathways and functions of the discriminatory bacterial taxa, resulting in the different bacterial assemblies. To test the antibacterial ability of tilapia fed with oligochitosan, when the tilapias were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, the mortality of groups fed with dietary oligochitosan was significantly lower than that of the control. Taken together, appropriate dietary oligochitosan could improve growth, immune responses and alter the bacterial flora in the intestine of tilapia, so as to play a role in fighting against the bacterial infection.
Assuntos
Quitina/análogos & derivados , Ciclídeos/imunologia , Resistência à Doença , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Imunidade Inata , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Quitina/administração & dosagem , Quitina/metabolismo , Quitosana , Ciclídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ciclídeos/microbiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/imunologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Oligossacarídeos , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of reducing dietary fishmeal (FM) with yeast culture (SYC) supplementation on growth, immune response, intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and disease resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei. A total of 480 shrimps with an average initial body weight of 0.35 ± 0.002 g were randomly distributed into twelve tanks. Three isonitrogenous (40.00 crude protein) and isolipidic (8.00 crude lipids) diets with yeast culture supplementing fishmeal were formulated. The groups were divided into two (2) namely control group and experimental groups. The formulations of the groups were control (0 %, without yeast culture) and the experiment groups (SYC) [(1 % of yeast culture), and (2 % of yeast culture)]. Each diet was delivered in four replicate per treatment group. The results indicate significant improvement on the growth indices (specific growth rate, weight gain rate, survival rate and lower feed conversion ratio) with yeast culture treatment group after 56 days feeding trials (P < 0.05). Total hemolymph protein, superoxide dismutase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, lysozyme and phenoxidase were enhanced but low aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glucose were observed in shrimp fed yeast culture diets (P < 0.05). The SYC groups showed insignificant differences in hemolymph cholesterol and triglyceride. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacteria found in all the SYC groups. At the genus level, Vibrio was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in 2 % yeast culture diets supplemented group whereas the beneficial bacteria Pseudoalteromonas was significantly enhanced. Moreover, intestinal villus length and width in shrimps fed yeast culture diets were improved (P < 0.05). Dietary yeast culture supplementation can improve growth, intestinal health, immune response, and resistance against Vibrio harveyi infections in L. vannamei.