Sal en la dieta en la era de los antihipertensivos / Dietary salt in the era of anthypertensive drugs

La hipertensión arterial tiene una distribución mundial, atendiendo a factores de índole económica, social, cultural, ambiental y étnica. Su frecuencia aumenta con la edad y está demostrado que después de los 50 años casi el 50% de la población la presenta. Las medidas no farmacológicas son un pilar importante en el tratamiento integral de estos pacientes y la restricción de sodio es una de las más utilizadas en la práctica clínica. Se han realizado múltiples y variados tipos de estudios que han tratado de investigar la relación entre la sal y la presión arterial (PA), cuyos resultados han sido en ocasiones conflictivos y contradictorios. A modo de resumen, la reducción de la ingesta de sal ha demostrado ser útil en la reducción de la PA. No obstante, otras intervenciones nutricionales, como la dieta DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), han mostrado también su utilidad. Esta dieta es baja en grasa saturada, grasa total y colesterol, a la vez que es alta en los minerales potasio, magnesio y calcio, aportados por las frutas, los vegetales, las leguminosas y los lácteos descremados. En un metaanálisis reciente se ha demostrado la utilidad de diferentes intervenciones en la disminución de los valores de PA; por ejemplo, la realización de ejercicio aeróbico regular disminuye 4,6 mmHg la PA, la eliminación del consumo de alcohol la disminuye 3,8 mmHg, la restricción del consumo de sal, 3,6 mmHg, y la utilización de suplementos de aceites de pescado, 2,3 mmHg. En conclusión, conviene recordar que tanto en la prevención como en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial la reducción del consumo de sodio es una medida más dentro de un enfoque terapéutico global, que debe incluir ejercicio, reducción de peso, abstención del consumo de tabaco, café y alcohol y un consumo de grasas del tipo y en la cantidad adecuados

Hypertension has a high prevalence and worldwide distribution, secondary to economics, social, cultural and ethnics factors. The prevalence increases with the age, over 50 year a 50% of the population has hypertension. No pharmacological approach is an important device in the treatment of these patients, salt restriction is one of the main dietary treatment. A lot of studies and designs have been realized in this topic area with controversial results. In summary, restriction in salt intake improves blood pressure (BP). However, other nutritional interventions such as DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) have been usefull. This diet is low in saturated fat, total fat and cholesterol, and it has high levels of fruit, vegetable, pulses and semiskimmed dairy products. In a recent metaanalysis, it has been demonstrated the improvement in BP with different interventions: aerobic exercise, 4.6 mmHg, reducing alcohol intake, 3.8 mmHg, decreasing salt intake, 3.6 mmHg and using supplements of fish oil, 2.3 mmHg. In conclusion, restriction in salt intake is important in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. However this treatment has another piece in the integral approach of this entity with weight reduction programs, suppression of coffe, alcohol and smoking habit, and a right source and type of fats

[The role of macro-elements in the human body]. / Az esszenciális makrofémionok szerepe az emberi szervezet muködésében.

The authors summarize the role of essential macro metal elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg) in human body: their homeostasis, absorption, transport, storage and excretion. Metabolism of macro-elements, daily requirements, cause of metal deficiencies and diseases caused by deficiencies are also discussed. Messenger and prooxidant effect of Ca2+-ions, indirect antioxidant effect of Mg2+-ions and the adjuvant application of magnesium are also reviewed.

Na/D-glucose cotransport and SGLT1 expression in hen colon correlates with dietary Na+.

We have tested whether separately varying the content of either Na or Cl in diets causes earlier observed increase in Na-coupled sugar and amino acid transport induced by high NaCl diets in hen colon. A comparison was also made between the dependence of the Na-coupled transport on a pure wheat/barley/soya diet against a diet with supplements of essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and trace elements, as a test for possible elimination of the cotransporters due to a deficient diet. Na/nutrient-coupled transport was measured as changes in short circuit current. The level of expressed Na/glucose cotransporters, SGLT1, due to dietary alterations was followed by quantitative Western blot and immunodetection of SGLT1 in colon, and the dietary effects on plasma aldosterone were assessed as well. An observed switch in transport from amiloride-sensitive electrodiffusive Na transport to phlorizin-sensitive Na/D-glucose cotransport and Na/amino acid-coupled transport is caused solely by increasing Na+ in the diet. Thus, neither dietary Cl- nor the dietary supplements altered the expression of Na(+)-coupled nutrient transport processes. Corroborating these findings, only Na+ in the diet increased the expression of SGLT1 in colon epithelium and suppressed aldosterone level in plasma.

The utilization of sodium in sodium zeolite A by broilers.

Two identical experiments were conducted with 1-d-old broiler chicks to determine whether the Na in sodium zeolite A (SZA) was utilizable. Three male and three female chicks were randomly assigned to each of eight replicate pens per treatment. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was formulated to contain supplemental levels of 0, .02, .04, .06, .08, and .16% Na from either SZA or NaCl. The diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The Cl level within each dietary Na level was kept constant. Feed and deionized water were offered for ad libitum consumption throughout each 21-d experiments. In both experiments, broiler body weight was increased with each addition of Na from either NaCl or SZA. In Experiment 1, the addition of Na, whether from NaCl or SZA, resulted in an improvement in feed consumption and feed conversion compared with birds fed the control diet. In Experiment 2, body weights of birds fed .04 to .08% Na from SZA were heavier than those fed the same levels from NaCl. Overall the addition of Na from SZA or NaCl resulted in an improvement in body weight, increased feed consumption, and improved feed conversion. Data from these experiments indicated that the Na in SZA was able to be utilized by broilers as efficiently as the Na from NaCl.