The Beneficial Roles of Sargassum spp. in Skin Disorders.

As the body's largest organ, the skin is located at the internal and external environment interface, serving as a line of defense against various harmful stressors. Recently, marine-derived physiologically active ingredients have attracted considerable attention in the cosmeceutical industry due to their beneficial effects on skin health. Sargassum, a genus of brown macroalgae, has traditionally been consumed as food and medicine in several countries and is rich in bioactive compounds such as meroterpenoids, sulfated polysaccharides, fucoidan, fucoxanthin, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Sargassum spp. have various beneficial effects on skin disorders. They help with atopic dermatitis by improving skin barrier protection and reducing inflammation. Several species show potential in treating acne by inhibiting bacterial growth and reducing inflammation. Some species, such as Sargassum horneri, demonstrate antiallergic effects by modulating mast cell activity. Certain Sargassum species exhibit anticancer activity by inhibiting tumor growth and promoting apoptosis, and some species help with wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and reducing oxidative stress. Overall, Sargassum spp. demonstrate potential for treating and managing various skin conditions. Therefore, the bioactive compounds of Sargassum spp. may be natural ingredients with a wide range of functional properties for preventing and treating skin disorders. The present review focused on the various biological effects of Sargassum extracts and derived compounds on skin disorders.

Study on the preparation and enzyme inhibitory activity of polyphenols from Sargassum pallidum.

This study aimed to obtain a high yield and purity of Sargassum pallidum polyphenol extracts (SPPE) and study its enzyme activity. Fresh Sargassum pallidum seaweed was selected for optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions and purification conditions using macroporous resin and Sephadex LH20 to obtain SPPE. The SPPE was characterized using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and AchE inhibitory activity were determined. The maximum extraction rate of SPPE was 7.56 mg GAE/g and the polyphenol purity reached 70.5% after macroporous resin and Sephadex LH-20 purification. A total of 50 compounds were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The IC50 values of SPPE were 334.9 µg/mL, 6.290 µg /mL, 0.834 mg /mL and 0.6538 mg /mL for α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase and AchE, respectively. Molecular docking technology further revealed the effects of SPPE on the above enzymes. This study provided information on the potential hypoglycemic, whitening and anti-Alzheimer's disease biological activities of SPPE, which had guiding significance for the purification and development of other seaweed polyphenols.

Nutrient and arsenic biogeochemistry of Sargassum in the western Atlantic.

The oceanographic ecology of pelagic Sargassum, and the means by which these floating macroalgae thrive in the nutrient-poor waters of the open ocean, have been studied for decades. Beginning in 2011, the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt (GASB) emerged, with Sargassum proliferating in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean where it had not previously been abundant. Here we show that the nutritional status of Sargassum in the GASB is distinct, with higher nitrogen and phosphorus content than populations residing in its Sargasso Sea habitat. Moreover, we find that variations in arsenic content of Sargassum reflect phosphorus limitation, following a hyperbolic relationship predicted from Michaelis-Menten nutrient uptake kinetics. Although the sources of nutrients fueling the GASB are not yet clear, our results suggest that nitrogen and phosphorus content of Sargassum, together with its isotopic composition, can be used to identify those sources, whether they be atmospheric, oceanic, or riverine in origin.

Hepatoprotective and toxicological evaluation of tropical Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh collected from Sumbawa coast Indonesia, against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats.

Pharmacological activities of seaweed, including its antioxidant effect, have been demonstrated and can protect macromolecules from xenobiotic-induced damage. Understanding the potency of seaweed as a hepatoprotection and its toxicity remains underexplored. The aims of this study were to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity, as well as the toxicological potencies of S. polycystum ethyl acetate extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents were quantified using standard spectroscopy-based methods. The antioxidant activity was measured using 1,1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl Hydrazil scavenging radical, while the composition of compounds was identified by LCMS/MS. After seven days of post-administrated rats with S. polycystum ethyl acetate extract, the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels were tested. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and IC50 of S. polycystum ethyl acetate extract were 1.28±0.04 of GAE/g, 13.32±0.48 QE/g and 744.726µg/mL, respectively. S. polycystum ethyl acetate extract 150mg/kg BW provides a hepatoprotective effect with a significant improvement in the levels of SGOT (134.845 U/l±9.645) and SGPT (60.238 U/l ± 9.645) (p<0.05). S. polycystum ethyl acetate extract potentially protected the damage induced by CCl4 in the rat's liver at a certain concentration, while a higher extract concentration requires further examination.

In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Sargassum tenerrimum - a marine seaweed.

Green nanotechnology has recently attracted a lot of attention as a potential technique for drug development. In the present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesised by using Sargassum tenerrimum, a marine seaweed crude extract (Ag-ST), and evaluated for antimalarial activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. The results showed that Ag-ST nanoparticles exhibited good antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values 7.71±0.39 µg/ml and 23.93±2.27 µg/ml against P. falciparum and P. berghei respectively. These nanoparticles also showed less haemolysis activity suggesting their possible use in therapeutics. Further, P. berghei infected C57BL/6 mice were used for the four-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic assays where it was noticed that the Ag-ST nanoparticles significantly reduced the parasitaemia and there were no toxic effects observed in the biochemical and haematological parameters. Further to understand its possible toxic effects, both in vitro and in vivo genotoxicological studies were performed which revealed that these nanoparticles are non-genotoxic in nature. The possible antimalarial activity of Ag-ST may be due to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals and silver ions. Moreover, the phytochemicals prevent the nonspecific release of ions responsible for low genotoxicity. Together, the bio-efficacy and toxicology outcomes demonstrated that the green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-ST) could be a cutting-edge alternative for therapeutic applications.

Sargassum natans I Algae: An Alternative for a Greener Approach for the Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures with Biological and Environmental Applications.

In this work, the influence of the Sargassum natans I alga extract on the morphological characteristics of synthesized ZnO nanostructures, with potential biological and environmental applications, was evaluated. For this purpose, different ZnO geometries were synthesized by the co-precipitation method, using Sargassum natans I alga extract as stabilizing agent. Four extract volumes (5, 10, 20, and 50 mL) were evaluated to obtain the different nanostructures. Moreover, a sample by chemical synthesis, without the addition of extract, was prepared. The characterization of the ZnO samples was carried out by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the Sargassum alga extract has a fundamental role in the stabilization process of the ZnO nanoparticles. In addition, it was shown that the increase in the Sargassum alga extract leads to preferential growth and arrangement, obtaining well-defined shaped particles. ZnO nanostructures demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory response by the in vitro egg albumin protein denaturation for biological purposes. Additionally, quantitative antibacterial analysis (AA) showed that the ZnO nanostructures synthesized with 10 and 20 mL of extract demonstrated high AA against Gram (+) S. aureus and moderate AA behavior against Gram (-) P. aeruginosa, depending on the ZnO arrangement induced by the Sargassum natans I alga extract and the nanoparticles' concentration (ca. 3200 µg/mL). Additionally, ZnO samples were evaluated as photocatalytic materials through the degradation of organic dyes. Complete degradation of both methyl violet and malachite green were achieved using the ZnO sample synthesized with 50 mL of extract. In all cases, the well-defined morphology of ZnO induced by the Sargassum natans I alga extract played a key role in the combined biological/environmental performance.

Fucoidan derived from Sargassum pallidum alleviates metabolism disorders associated with improvement of cardiac injury and oxidative stress in diabetic mice.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications have become a serious global health epidemic. Cardiovascular complications have considered as a major cause of high mortality in diabetic patients. Fucoidans from brown algae have diverse medicinal activities, however, few studies reported pharmacological activity of Sargassum. pallidum fucoidan (Sp-Fuc). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Sp-Fuc on diabetic symptoms and cardiac injury in spontaneous diabetic db/db mice. SP-Fuc at 200 mg/(kg/d) was administered intragastrically to db/db mice for 8 weeks, the effects on hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and cardiac damage, as well as oxidative stress, inflammation, Nrf2/ARE, and NF-κB signaling pathways, were investigated. Our data demonstrated that Sp-Fuc significantly (p < 0.05) decreased body weights, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia in db/db mice, along with improved insulin sensitivity. Additionally, Sp-Fuc significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated cardiac dysfunction and pathological morphology of cardiac tissue. Sp-Fuc also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased lipid peroxidation, increased antioxidant function, as well as reduced cardiac inflammation, possibly through Nrf2/ARE and NF-κB signaling. Sp-Fuc can ameliorate the metabolism disorders of glucose and lipid in diabetic mice by activating Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling, simultaneously reducing cardiac redox imbalance and inflammatory damage. The present findings provide a perspective on the therapy strategy for T2DM and its complications.

Three new meroterpenoids from Sargassum macrocarpum and their inhibitory activity against amyloid ß aggregation.

Amyloid ß (Aß) is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aß aggregation in the brain is considered the cause of AD. Therefore, inhibiting Aß aggregation and degrading existing Aß aggregates is a promising approach for the treatment and prevention of the disease. In searching for inhibitors of Aß42 aggregation, we found that meroterpenoids isolated from Sargassum macrocarpum possess potent inhibitory activities. Therefore, we searched for active compounds from this brown alga and isolated 16 meroterpenoids, which contain three new compounds. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Thioflavin-T assay and transmission electron microscopy were used to reveal the inhibitory activity of these compounds against Aß42 aggregation. All the isolated meroterpenoids were found to be active, and compounds with a hydroquinone structure tended to have stronger activity than those with a quinone structure.

Applications of Antioxidant Secondary Metabolites of Sargassum spp.

Sargassum is one of the largest and most diverse genus of brown seaweeds, comprising of around 400 taxonomically accepted species. Many species of this genus have long been a part of human culture with applications as food, feed, and remedies in folk medicine. Apart from their high nutritional value, these seaweeds are also a well-known reservoir of natural antioxidant compounds of great interest, including polyphenols, carotenoids, meroterpenoids, phytosterols, and several others. Such compounds provide a valuable contribution to innovation that can translate, for instance, into the development of new ingredients for preventing product deterioration, particularly in food products, cosmetics or biostimulants to boost crops production and tolerance to abiotic stress. This manuscript revises the chemical composition of Sargassum seaweeds, highlighting their antioxidant secondary metabolites, their mechanism of action, and multiple applications in fields, including agriculture, food, and health.

Anti-Atopic Activities of Sargassum horneri Hot Water Extracts in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobezene-Induced Mouse Models.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammation associated with skin hypersensitivity caused by environmental factors. The objent of this study was to assess the hot water extracts of Sargassum horneri (SHHWE) on AD. AD was induced by spreading 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on the BALB/c mice. The efficacy of SHHWE was tested by observing the immunoglobulin E (IgE), cytokine, skin clinical severity score and cytokine secretions in concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocytes. The levels of interleukine (IL)-4, IL-5 and IgE, the pro-inflammatory cytokines that are closely related, were notably suppressed in a does-dependent manner by SHHWE, whereas the level of interferon γ (IFN-γ), the atopy-related Th1 cytokine inhibiting the production of Th2 cytokines, was increased. Therefore, these results show that SHHWE has a potent anti-inhibitory effect on AD and is highly valuable for cosmetic development.

Bioprospecting of Targeted Phenolic Compounds of Dictyota dichotoma, Gongolaria barbata, Ericaria amentacea, Sargassum hornschuchii and Ellisolandia elongata from the Adriatic Sea Extracted by Two Green Methods.

The content of bioactive compounds in four brown and one red algae from the Adriatic Sea (Dictyota dichotoma, Gongolaria barbata, Ericaria amentacea, Sargassum hornschuchii and Ellisolandia elongata) is explored. The efficiency of two different extraction methods viz. ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) to obtain the extracts rich in phenolic compounds was compared. The effect of the extraction solvent to modulate the phenolic profile was assessed. In general, the mixture ethanol/water in an isovolumetric proportion showed the best results. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA), as well as the individual polyphenolic profile, were evaluated for five target algae. TPC values ranged between 0.2 mg GAE/g (for E. elongata) and 38 mg GAE/g (for S. hornschuchii). Regarding the quantification of individual polyphenols by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, the presence of a high number of hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (mainly of 3- and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids) in all species was noted. In G. barbata their concentrations reached up to 500 mg/kg. IC50 values (ABTS assay) ranged between 44 mg/L (for S. hornschuchii) and 11,040 mg/L (for E. elongata). This work contributes to the in-depth characterization of these little-explored algae, showing their potential as a natural source of phenolic compounds.

Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Green Method Using Sargassum Extracts.

The present work shows the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles through a green method, using sargassum extracts, which provide the reducing and stabilizing compounds. The conditions of the medium in which the reaction was carried out was evaluated, that is, magnetic stirring, ultrasound assisted, and resting condition. UV-Vis, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction results confirmed the synthesis of ZnO with nanometric crystal size. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the morphology and size of the particles depends on the synthesis condition used. It obtained particles between 20 and 200 nm in the sample without agitation, while the samples with stirring and ultrasound were 80 nm and 100 nm, respectively. ZnO nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative P. aeruginosa. A quantitative analysis was performed by varying the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles. In all cases, the antibacterial activity against Gram-positives was greater than against Gram-negatives. Ultrasound-assisted ZnO nanoparticles showed the highest activity, around 99% and 80% for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the study of the anti-inflammatory activity of ZnO nanoparticles; the ultrasound-assisted sample exhibited the highest percentage (93%), even above that shown by diclofenac, which was used as a reference. Therefore, the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized with sargassum extracts have properties that can be used safely and efficiently in the field of biomedicine.

Synthesize palladium nanoparticles from the macroalgae Sargassum fusiforme: An eco-friendly tool in the fight against Plasmodium falciparum?

Although numerous drugs are practiced to control malaria and its vectors, more recently, eco-friendly control tools have been proposed to battle its etiologic agents. Thus, using green bionanotechnology approaches, we aimed to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) from the macroalgae Sargassum fusiforme (Sf), its potential antiparasitic activity against P. falciparum, as well as its possible cytotoxicity, in HeLa cells. After the biosynthesis of the PdSf NPs, their characterization was carried out by UV-Vis, FESEM, and EDX analyses, and their hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, and surface area were determined. Furthermore, the functional groups of the PdSf NPs were analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS. While PdSf NPs had an IC50 of 7.68 µg/mL (Chloroquine (CQ)-s) and 16.42 µg/mL, S. fusiforme extract had an IC50 of 14.38 µg/mL (CQ-s) and 35.27 µg/mL (CQ-r). With an IC50 value of 94.49 µg/mL, PdSf NPs exhibited the least toxic effect on the HeLa cells. The Lipinski rule of five and ADMET prediction were used to assess the in silico models of caffeine acid hexoside and quercetin 7-O-hexoside for the presence of drug-like properties. Pathogenic proteins, primarily responsible for motility, binding, and disease-causing, were the target of the structurally based docking studies between plant-derived compounds and pathogenic proteins. Thus, our study pioneered promising results that support the potential antiplasmodial activity of eco-friendly synthesized PdSf NPs using S. fusiforme extract against P. falciparum, opening perspectives for further exploration into the use of these NPs in malaria therapy.

Antihyperglycemic activity of nanoemulsion of brown algae (Sargassum sp.). Ethanol extract in glucose tolerance test in male mice.

Nanoemulsion technology has been widely developed and applied to extracts of natural materials to enhance bioavailability and medicinal effects. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Sargassum sp. ethanol extract nanoemulsions as an antihyperglycemic agent against fasting blood glucose levels in mice. The nanoemulsion formulation used Sargassum sp. extract and some additional ingredients, including chitosan, sodium tripolyphosphate, and tween 80. The antihyperglycemic test consisted of four groups, which were randomly selected. Treatment group (I) was given a nanoemulsion base without algae extract with a volume of 0.2mL/20gramBW; treatment group (II) was given glibenclamide at a dose of 0.52mg/20gramBW in 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium (NaCMC) suspension with a volume of 0.2mL/20gramBW; treatment group (III) was given Sargassum sp. ethanol extract at a dose of 0.66mg/20 gramBW in 0.5% Na CMC suspension with a volume of 0.2mL/20gramBW; the treatment group (IV) was given formula of nanoemulsions of ethanol extract Sargassum sp with a volume of 0.2mL/20gramBW equivalent to a dose concentration Sargassum sp. ethanol extract of 0.66mg/20gramBW. The size of the nanoemulsion particles of the Sargassum sp. extract was 341.5-296.5nm with a zeta potential of 19.4-16.9mv. Treatment group (II) had the same antihyperglycemic effect as treatment group (IV). In contrast, treatment groups (I) and (III) had a relatively lower antihyperglycemic effect. This suggests that the Sargassum sp. extract nanoemulsion formula can be used as an alternative antihyperglycemic agent.

Bioadsorption of Fe (II) ions from aqueous solution using Sargassum latifolium aqueous extract and its synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Algal extracts are used in the environmentally safe and economically advantageous biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, which does not require the use of hazardous chemicals, high temperatures, pressures, or energies. In the current study, we created silver nanoparticles from the extract of the marine brown alga Sargassum latifolium, analyzed them with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), FTIR, and UV-visible spectrophotometers, and used them to show how well they could remove Fe (II) ions from aqueous solutions. UV scan analyses of S. latifolium aqueous extract of silver nanoparticles showed a maximum peak at 450 nm. This peak is considered a characteristic peak for silver nanoparticles. Also, FTIR analysis of S. latifolium aqueous extract revealed various functional groups such as - OH, -NH, -CH, -COOH, CO, and C-C, which are responsible for bioadsorption of Fe (II). TEM also demonstrated that the synthesized nanoparticles were spherical, distinct, and regular, with particles size about 6.03-15.16 nm. S. latifolium aqueous extract silver nanoparticles were more effective than its aqueous extract in removing Fe (II) from an aqueous solution. The removal efficiency of Fe (II) by nanoparticles was 83%, while by the aqueous extract was 69%. The optimal conditions for bioadsorption of Fe (II) were pH 4, contact time 150, and adsorbent dose 0.01 g.

No work has been reported yet for utilization of marine brown algae Sargassum latifolium aqueous extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles and its application of Fe (II) bioadsorption from aqueous solution.

UHPLC-MS/MS Studies and Antiproliferative Effects in Breast Cancer Cells of Mexican Sargassum.

BACKGROUND: Sargassum is a marine organism that, under specific conditions, drastically increases its population damaging the environment and risking other organisms. However, sargassum could represent a source of bioactive compounds to treat different diseases such as cancer. Thus, aqueous, ethanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts of sargassum from Playa del Carmen, Mexico, were subjected to metabolomic and antiproliferative assays in breast cancer cells. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biological effect of different extracts of sargassum, its toxicity over Artemia salina and its antiproliferative effect tested in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and NIH3T3 cell lines. Finally, using UHPLC-MS/MS to identify the metabolites in each extract to correlate them with its antiproliferative effect. METHODS: The sargassum sample collection was carried out in September at three different points in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, Mexico. The aqueous, ethanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts of Mexican sargassum were obtained by evaporation of solvent and lyophilization. Then, these extracts were evaluated in the cytotoxicity bioassay of Artemia salina. Next, its antiproliferative effect was assessed in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and NIH3T3 cell lines. Using UHPLC-MS/MS, the metabolites present in each extract were identified. Finally, docking studies on sphingosine kinase 1 (PDB ID: 3VZB) of sphingosine were carried out. RESULTS: The extracts from sargassum showed a greater effect in the antiproliferative assays in cells than in cytotoxic assays in Artemia salina. The ethanolic extract obtained from sargassum showed the best antiproliferative activity in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Despite its antiproliferative effect on NIH3T3 cells, an additional extract is required indicating that this extract has compounds that could have a better effect on cancer cells in fibroblast (NIH3T3). The UHPLC-MS/MS of ethanolic and the ethyl acetate extract showed that these extracts have compounds such as sphinganine C16, N, N-Dimethylsphingosine compound, and that it could be possible that the effect observed is due to their metabolites which could be ligands for the sphingosine kinase 1 as demonstrated by docking studies. CONCLUSION: The ethanolic extract obtained from sargassum has better antiproliferative activity, despite not having a cytotoxic effect in Artemia salina. The antiproliferative effect could be related to the sphinganine C16, N,NDimethylphingosine identified with more abundance by UHPLC-MS/MS. In addition, these metabolites could be targets of sphingosine kinase 1.

Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles Using Sargassum wightii Extract and Its Impact on Serum Biochemical Profile and Growth Response of Etroplus suratensis Juveniles.

The present study focuses on the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using plant extracts as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. Aqueous seaweed extracts with the addition of iron solution were mixed using a magnetic stirrer which resulted in a color change indicating the formation of iron nanoparticles. The iron nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Sargassum wightii extract. The synthesized iron nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential techniques. The UV-Vis spectra showed a peak at 412 to 415 nm. Zeta potential revealed that the synthesized iron nanoparticles were negative and positive charges. FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of chemical bond and amide group likely to be responsible for the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles. The effect of nano-iron as a dietary iron source on the growth and serum biochemical profile of Etroplus suratensis fingerlings was evaluated. Iron nanoparticles were fed to E. suratensis fingerlings for 60 days with two levels 10 mg (T1) and 20 mg (T2) and a control group without iron nanoparticles. The highest WG% and SGR and lowest FCR were observed in the T2 group which is significantly different (p < 0.05) from other groups. The serum biochemical profile showed significantly increased activity on 20 mg/kg of nano-iron-supplemented diet. The findings of the present study concluded that supplementation of nano-iron at the 20 mg/kg level to the regular fish diet has a better impact not only on growth but also on the overall health of the fish.

Spectral analysis and Antibacterial activity of the bioactive principles of Sargassum tenerrimum J. Agardh collected from the Red sea, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia / Análise espectral e atividade antibacteriana dos princípios bioativos de Sargassum tenerrimum J. Agardh coletados no mar Vermelho, Jazan, Reino da Arábia Saudita

Abstract Seaweeds are a major marine resource that can be explored to develop novel pharmaceutical molecules. The present study showed the presence of unique bioactive components in the petroleum ether extract (PEE) and methanolic extract (ME) of Sargassum tenerrimum. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis suggested that the PEE of S. tenerrimum contained antibacterial biomolecules: hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 17-pentatriacontene, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, and acetate (ester). However, the ME of S. tenerrimum exhibited better antibacterial effect than the PEE due to the presence of the bioactive compounds 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, tetratetracontane, 1-docosene, 1,2-benzenediol, and benzoic acid. Thus, promising antibacterial molecules can be isolated from S. tenerrimum for better therapeutic use.

Resumo As algas marinhas são um importante recurso marinho que pode ser explorado para desenvolver novas moléculas farmacêuticas. O presente estudo mostrou a presença de componentes bioativos únicos no extrato etéreo de petróleo (PEE) e no extrato metanólico (ME) de Sargassum tenerrimum. A análise por cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa sugeriu que o PEE de S. tenerrimum continha biomoléculas antibacterianas: ácido hexadecanoico, éster metílico, 17-pentatriaconteno, dasycarpidan-1-metanol e acetato (éster). Entretanto, o ME de S. tenerrimum exibiu melhor efeito antibacteriano do que o PEE devido à presença dos compostos bioativos ácido 1,2-benzenodicarboxílico, éster diisooctil, tetratetracontano, 1-docosene, 1,2-benzoenodiol e ácido benzoico. Assim, moléculas antibacterianas promissoras podem ser isoladas de S. tenerrimum para melhor uso terapêutico.

Brown Macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Cellular Oxygen Stress in B16F10 Melanoma Cells.

The brown macroalgae Sargassum has been reported for its anti-UV and photoprotective potential for industrial applications. This study evaluated the melanin inhibition activity of Sargassum cristaefolium (SCE) ethanol extract. Melanogenesis inhibition by SCE was assessed in vitro with B16-F10 melanoma cell models and in silico against melanin regulatory proteins Tyrosinase (TYR) and Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R). The regulatory properties evaluated were the melanin content, intracellular tyrosinase activity and cellular antioxidant activities. In addition, the bioactive compounds detected in SCE were subjected to molecular docking against TYR and MC1R. Based on the results, 150 µg/mL SCE effectively inhibited the production of melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity. Cellular tyrosinase activity was reduced by SCE-treated cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results were comparable to the standard tyrosinase inhibitor kojic acid. In addition, SCE effectively decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in B16-F10 cells. The antioxidant properties may also contribute to the inhibition of melanogenesis. In addition, LCMS UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS profiling detected 33 major compounds. The results based on in silico study revealed that the bioactive compound putative kaurenoic acid showed a strong binding affinity against TYR (-6.5 kcal/mol) and MC1R (-8.6 kcal/mol). However, further molecular analyses are needed to confirm the mechanism of SCE on melanin inhibition. Nevertheless, SCE is proposed as an anti-melanogenic and antioxidant agent, which could be further developed into cosmetic skin care products.

Trace metal content from holopelagic Sargassum spp. sampled in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean: Emphasis on spatial variation of arsenic and phosphorus.

We document for the first time, the spatial distribution at basin scale (North tropical Atlantic Ocean) of As, P and trace metal (TM) concentrations in the three morphotypes belonging to the two holopelagic species Sargassum natans and S. fluitans and three morphotypes: S. natans VIII, S. natans I and S. fluitans III. These samples collected in the North equatorial current (NEC) and in the subtropical Sargasso Sea (sSS) (∼25°N, 60°W) were also compared to coastal samples collected downwind Guadeloupe Island and on the strand of Martinique (mangrove and beach). Along the studied zonal oceanic transect, the highest values of As (range 120-240 µg g-1, dry weight, dw) were found in the sSS area where primary production is highly limited by phosphorus. At these stations, the P content of Sargassum spp. was minimal (range 500-1000 µg g-1, dw) as well as the content in Cd and Zn known for their nutrient-like oceanic behaviors and distributions very similar to P. This illustrates for the first time in the natural environment, the higher bioaccumulation of arsenic in Sargassum spp. in P-limiting conditions which is due to the competition in the phosphate transporter between arsenate and phosphate. As compared to samples collected at sea, the Sargassum spp. collected in the strand of Martinique had (1) lower As concentrations (typical range 30-45 µg g-1, dw) and (2) much higher Al, Fe, Mn, Cr and Co concentrations, showing a certain ability of Sargassum spp. to be depurated of its As content in the coastal zone following competitive exchange with terrigenous metals.