Green synthesis of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles in Satureja hortensis Leave Extract: Evaluation of Antifungal Effects on Botryosphaeriaceae Species.

In recent years, green synthesis methods of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been attractive because of the more facile, cheaper, and appropriate features associated with biomolecules in MNPs biosynthesis. This research represented an easy, fast, and environmentally friendly method to biosynthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the Satureja hortensis leaf extract as stabilizer and reducer. The SPIONPs synthesized in co-precipitation method. The biosynthesized SPIONPs and AgNPs were studied their antifungal effects against three Botryosphaeriaceae plant pathogens, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and Neofusicoccum parvum. UV-visible spectra (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (Fe-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties and verify the formation of green synthesized SPIONPs and AgNPs. UV-Vis spectra revealed absorption peaks at 243 and 448 nm for SPIONs and 436 nm for AgNPs, respectively. Microscopic and XRD analysis showed that SPIONPs and AgNPs was found spherical in shape with an average particle size of SPIONPs and AgNPs 10 and 12 nm, respectively. The antifungal test against Botryosphaeriaceae species showed that SPIONPs and AgNPs possess antifungal properties against B. dothidea, D. seriata, and N. parvum. However, AgNPs exhibits greater antifungal activity than SPIONPs. The results of the cytotoxicity tests of SPIONs and AgNPs on the MCF-7 cell line showed that AgNPs was significantly more cytotoxic towards the MCF-7 cell line, whereas no significant cytotoxic effect was recorded by SPIONs. Therefore, these biosynthesized MNPs could be substituted for toxic fungicides that are extensively applied in agriculture and contribute to environmental health and food safety.

Anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of Satureja montana dry extract.

INTRODUCTION: Many chronic somatic and psychiatric diseases are associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which have detrimental effects on human health.

Variation in Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity and Alpha-amylase and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Capacities of Different Extracts from Tunisian Satureja barceloi (Willk) L.

The antioxidant activity and the anti-α-amylase and anti-acetylcholinesterase capacities of secondary metabolites from different organs (roots, stems, leaves and flowers) of Tunisian Satureja barceloi were determined. The variation in the distribution of phenolic metabolites among roots, stems, leaves and flowers extracts of S. barceloi with various solvent systems (methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane and distilled water) has not been characterized before. Significant variation of phenolic compounds was observed according to organs rather than to extracting solvents. The analyzed organs show a high level of phenolic compounds although the stems contains the highest total polyphenols (132.53±0.48 mg AGE/g Ex), flavonoids (48.99±0.65 mg RE/g Ex) and flavonols (34.93±0.29 mg QE/g Ex) contents. The phenolic fraction was dominated by sagerinic acid, caffeic acid glucoside and epigallocatechin, detected using HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS. The antioxidant activity of all extracts, evaluated by four in vitro tests, was high and varied significantly according to the type of solvent used and the plant organ. The aqueous extracts of leaves exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase while the methanolic extract of leaves and stems revealed the most important acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect. Hence, S. barceloi extracts could be used as a source of various bioactive molecules in pharmaceutical industry.

Antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of a nanoemulsion from Satureja kermanica (Lamiaceae).

OBJECTIVE: Satureja kermanica is a native species with a relatively wide distribution in Iran, which has been studied less. Due to the low stability of the plants, in this study, the methanolic extract of S. kermanica (MSK) along with a nanoemulsion (NEK) preparation was evaluated in terms of antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aerial parts of S. kermanica were collected and after studying the organoleptic characteristics and quality control parameters, were extracted with methanol. Total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids of the plant were measured. A nanoemulsion preparation was prepared using ultrasonication method from S. kermanica extract. After measuring the particle size of nanoemulsion, both MSK and NEK were evaluated for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity using DPPH scavenging assay and MTT colorimetric method on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) respectively. RESULTS: Phytochemical studies exhibited the presence of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, tannins, steroids and carbohydrates in the plant. Based on the histogram of the SBL nanosizer, the average diameter of nanoemulsion was determined as 37.09nm. Both MSK and NEK showed dose-dependent antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. The IC50 value of MSK and NEK for DPPH inhibition was 30.105±2.781 58.14±0.84µg/mL and for toxicity toward MCF-7 cell line was 1251.088 and 201.745±4.554µg/mL respectively. CONCLUSION: MSK and NEK showed antioxidant and cytotoxic activity, but in NEK, the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of the plant was more prominent, which may be due to the rapid release of the bioactive component from the nanoemulsion.

Chemical profile, in vitro pharmacological activity and Satureja cuneifolia Ten. evaluation of essential oil based on distillation time.

The medicinal plant Satureja cuneifolia Ten. was widely utilized as spice, tea and traditional medicine. The objective of the current study was to examine the chemical composition and in vitro biological activities (LOX, MMP-1, and MMP-12 enzyme inhibition activity and cytotoxicity on A549 cell line) of Satureja cuneifolia extracts and essential oils. The essential oils of the flowering aerial parts were hydro-distilled at four different distillation times (5, 30, 60, and 180 min) using the Clevenger apparatus. The total essential oil and four fragments were compared in terms of the major component, yield, and distillation time. Volatile compounds of the infusion were extracted by using HS-SPME. Ethanolic extract had the strongest inhibition activity on the LOX enzyme (84.50%), while the essential oils exhibited more cytotoxic activity on the A549 cell line than the extracts. The oils and the infusion were analyzed using GC-MS and the primary chemicals identified by LC-MS/MS.

Satureja bachtiarica Induces Cancer Cell Death in Breast and Glioblastoma Cancer in 2D/3D Models and Suppresses Breast Cancer Stem Cells.

Overcoming drug resistance and specifically targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) are critical challenges in improving cancer therapy. Nowadays, the use of novel and native medicinal plants can provide new sources for further investigations for this purpose. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of S. bachtiarica, an endemic plant with diverse medicinal applications, in suppressing and targeting cancer and cancer stem cells in glioblastoma and breast cancer. The effect of S. bachtiarica on viability, migration, invasion, and clonogenic potential of MDAMB-231 and U87-MG cells was assessed in both two- and three-dimensional cell culture models. Additionally, we evaluated its effects on the self-renewal capacity of mammospheres. The experimental outcomes indicated that S. bachtiarica decreased the viability and growth rate of cells and spheroids by inducing apoptosis and inhibited colony formation, migration, and invasion of cells and spheroids. Additionally, colony and sphere-forming ability, as well as the expression of genes associated with EMT and stemness were reduced in mammospheres treated with S. bachtiarica. In conclusion, this study provided valuable insights into the anti-cancer effects of S. bachtiarica, particularly in relation to breast CSCs. Therefore, S. bachtiarica may be a potential adjuvant for the treatment of cancer.

Comparative transcriptome analysis to identify putative genes involved in carvacrol biosynthesis pathway in two species of Satureja, endemic medicinal herbs of Iran.

Satureja is rich in phenolic monoterpenoids, mainly carvacrol, that is of interest due to diverse biological activities including antifungal and antibacterial. However, limited information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying carvacrol biosynthesis and its regulation for this wonderful medicinal herb. To identify the putative genes involved in carvacrol and other monoterpene biosynthesis pathway, we generated a reference transcriptome in two endemic Satureja species of Iran, containing different yields (Satureja khuzistanica and Satureja rechingeri). Cross-species differential expression analysis was conducted between two species of Satureja. 210 and 186 transcripts related to terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were identified for S. khuzistanica and S. rechingeri, respectively. 29 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in terpenoid biosynthesis were identified, and these DEGs were significantly enriched in monoterpenoid biosynthesis, diterpenoid biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis pathways. Expression patterns of S. khuzistanica and S. rechingeri transcripts involved in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway were evaluated. In addition, we identified 19 differentially expressed transcription factors (such as MYC4, bHLH, and ARF18) that may control terpenoid biosynthesis. We confirmed the altered expression levels of DEGs that encode carvacrol biosynthetic enzymes using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This study is the first report on de novo assembly and transcriptome data analysis in Satureja which could be useful for an understanding of the main constituents of Satureja essential oil and future research in this genus.

Innovative Strategy for Aroma Stabilization Using Green Solvents: Supercritical CO2 Extracts of Satureja montana Dispersed in Deep Eutectic Solvents.

The aim of this work was to establish the potential of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for the stabilization of aroma volatile organic compounds from a natural source. Satureja montana was used as a source of volatile components, as it is rich in terpenes of great commercial and biological importance, such as carvacrol, thymol, and thymoquinone, among others. Supercritical CO2 was used to extract the lipophilic fraction of S. montana, which was further directly dispersed in NADES. The stabilizing capacity of seven different NADES based on betaine and glycerol was analyzed. The stability of the components in NADES was monitored by analyzing the headspace profile during 6 months of storage at room temperature. The changes in the headspace profile over time were analyzed by using different statistical and chemometric tools and the Wilcoxon matched pair test. It was determined that alterations over time occurred such as degradation and oxidation, and they were the most prominent in the control. In addition, the indicator of decreased stability of the control was the formation of the new compounds that could compromise the quality of the product. In the stabilized NADES samples, the changes were significantly less prominent, indicating that the NADES had a stabilizing effect on the volatile compounds. According to Wilcoxon matched pair test, the most efficient stability was achieved by using betaine/ethylene glycol, glycerol/glucose, and betaine/sorbitol/water. Therefore, by applying two green solvents, a sustainable approach for obtaining pure and high-quality S. montana extracts with extended stability at room temperature was established.

Novel landmarks on the journey from natural products to pharmaceutical formulations: Phytochemical, biological, toxicological and computational activities of Satureja hortensis L.

This study examined the ethanolic extract of the Satureja hortensis L. plant's aerial parts to describe its phytochemical makeup, biological functions, toxicity tests, and in-silico molecular docking tests. The GC-MS analysis was used to evaluate the phytochemical composition of the tested extract, and the ABTS and hydrogen peroxide antioxidant assays were used to measure antioxidant activity. Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris were tested for antimicrobial potential. On cell lines such as HepG-2, MCF-7, A-549, and Panc-1, the in-vitro toxicity was also examined. The A-549 cell line was also used for flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle. Additionally, the compounds discovered by the GC-MS analysis were used in silico tests against biological targets. Eight different phytocompounds were tentatively identified as a result of the GC-MS analysis. The compounds also demonstrated significant antioxidant potential for the ABTS and H2O2 assays (IC50: 2.44 and 28.04 µg/ml, respectively). The tested extract was found to have a range of inhibition zones and to be significantly active against the tested bacterial and fungal strains. Apoptosis and cell cycle analysis for the A-549 cell line showed that the cell cycle was arrested at S-phase, and the extract was also found to be most active against this cell line with an IC50 value of 113.05 µg/ml. The docking studies have emphasized the compounds' interactions and binding scores with the EGFR-TK target as determined by the GC-MS.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Satureja macrostema (Moc. and Sessé ex Benth.) Briq.

Satureja macrostema is a plant that is located in various regions of Mexico and is used in a traditional way against illness. Essential oils (EOs) were obtained from leaves Satureja macrostema and the chemical composition was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant effect of the oil was assayed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and by Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC). In vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was determined using a broth microdilution assay and thin layer chromatography-direct bioautography (TLC-DB) to identify active antibacterial compounds. The EOs analysis showed 21 compounds, 99% terpenes, and 96% oxygenated monoterpenes, with trans-piperitone epoxide (46%), cis-piperitone epoxide (22%), and piperitenone oxide (11%) as more abundant compounds. Likewise, S. macrostema EOs showed an antioxidant activity of DPPH = 82%, with 50% free radical scavenging (IC50) = 7 mg/mL and TEAC = 0.005, an antibacterial effect against E. coli of 73% inhibition, and 81% over S. aureus at dose of 100 µL of undiluted crude oil. The TLC-DB assay showed that the most active compounds were derived from piperitone. The comparison with other studies on S. macrostema shows variability in the compounds and their abundances, which can be attributed to climatic factors and the maturity of plants with similar antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Phytochemical profile, comparative evaluation of Satureja montana alcoholic extract for antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and molecular docking studies.

BACKGROUND: The most common species in the Satureja genus is Satureja montana (family Lamiaceae). The present work aims to use the molecular docking study to predict the isolated constituents against an immune system immunomodulator and tested alcoholic extract as an in-vitro immunomodulatory agent. METHODS: All isolated compound's structures were determined using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant profiles were studied for an alcoholic extract of the plant; the molecular docking study was performed for the isolated compounds (1-4). RESULTS: In this work, four recognized compounds were extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction of S. montana (Sm) methanolic extract and identified as two triterpenes ursolic acid (1) and oleanolic acid (2), one phenolic acid as ellagic acid (3), and one flavonoidal compound as isoscutellarein (4). The total alcoholic extract exhibited good in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and apoptotic activity. Its IC50 was 10.12 compared to 15.1 µg/ml of standard celecoxib. It also showed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 10.4, 11.3, 14.6, and 22.3 IU/ml for SOD, MDA, catalase, and TAC, respectively. According to the drug similarity and ADMET tests, their ligands may have favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics with minimal carcinogenic influence. The molecular docking study was performed for the isolated compounds (1-4). CONCLUSIONS: The alcoholic extract of the plant showed promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties. The theoretical studies for the isolated compounds showed promising binding affinity against all the examined enzymes.

Effects of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) intercropping on crop production and essential oil profiles of summer savory.

A 2-year field experiment evaluated the effects of sweet corn-summer savory intercropping on crop productivity and essential oil (EO) composition of summer savory. Five cropping patterns of Corn 100%:Savory 0%, C75:S25, C50:S50, C25:S75, and C0:S100 were tested. The highest corn yield (2,440 kg ha-1) was obtained in a corn monoculture, but was not significantly different from C75:S25 or C50:S50. However, in both years the highest savory yield was obtained in S100 (793.3 g m-2 and 816.6 g m-2, respectively). Savory yields decreased as the proportion of corn increased. The land equivalent ratios in C25:S75, C50:S50, and C75:S25 were 1.54 ± 0.07, 1.56 ± 0.03, and 1.35 ± 0.1, respectively. Monocropped savory had the highest EO value followed by C25:S75 and C50:C50. However, no significant differences were found among these three treatments. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the major components were carvacrol (35.88%-42.96%), γ-terpinene (18.45%-20.03%), ρ-cymene (11.77%-12.24%), and α-terpinene (2.75%-3.96%). The highest amount of carvacrol was recorded in C25:S75 (42.96%). This study suggests that intercropping of corn and savory represents an effective sustainable strategy, especially for smallholders, as a way to increase their overall land productivity and to improve the quality of savory's EO.

In vitro antitrichomonal activity of Satureja khuzestanica and main essential oil components carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol.

INTRODUCTION: Human trichomoniasis is a widespread sexually transmitted disease and the concern of drug resistance in the parasite is growing. Hence, this study was performed to evaluate in vitro antitrichomonal activity of Satureja khuzestanica, carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, and phytochemical evaluation of the S. khuzestanica oil. METHODOLOGY: Extracts and essential oil of S. khuzestanica, and the components were prepared. Then, susceptibility testing was performed using the microtiter plate method and Trichomonas vaginalis isolates. The minimum lethal concentration (MLC) of the agents was determined in comparison with metronidazole. Also, the essential oil was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. RESULTS: After 48 hours of incubation, carvacrol and thymol were the most effective antitrichomonal agents with MLC of 100 µg/mL, followed by the essential oil and hexanic extract (MLC = 200 µg/mL), then eugenol and methanolic extract (MLC = 400 µg/mL), in comparison with the metronidazole MLC of 6.8 µg/mL. Overall, 33 identified compounds accounted for 98.72% of the total essential oil composition with carvacrol, thymol, and p-cymene being the major constituents. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested the potency of S. khuzestanica and its bioactive ingredients against T. vaginalis. Thus, further in vivo studies are required to evaluate the efficacies of the agents.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Satureja rechingeri Jamzad: a potential anticancer agent against cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells.

Drug resistance of cancer cells is a major issue in cancer treatment. Plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis has been applied in recent years to overcome this problem. In this study, the biogenic synthesis of AuNPs was explored using Satureja rechingeri Jamzad aqueous leaf extract, and their anticancer effects were evaluated in cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells. The chemical composition of S. rechingeri Jamzad was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The characteristics of green-synthesized AuNPs were confirmed using XRD, FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, EDX, DLS, and zeta potential. The cytotoxic effects of AuNPs and S. rechingeri Jamzad aqueous extract on cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells were evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Real-time PCR analyzed gene expression. The chemical composition revealed that carvacrol (89%) was the main component of the S. rechingeri Jamzad extract. The average size of the spherical biosynthesized AuNPs was 15.1 ± 3.7 nm. The AuNPs and plant extract inhibited the growth of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The apoptotic cell death was confirmed by flow cytometry and DAPI staining. The proapoptotic genes were upregulated, while anti-apoptotic and metastatic genes were downregulated. According to the cell cycle analysis, cancer cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase. Considering the anticancer activity of the synthesized AuNPs using S. rechingeri Jamzad and the low side effects of AuNPs on normal cells, these AuNPs showed strong potential for use as biological agents in drug-resistant cancer cells treatment.

Composition and chronic toxicity of dry methanol-aqueous extract of wild-growing Satureja montana.

INTRODUCTION: Saturejamontana is a wild growing medicinal plant, part of the Lamiaceae family. This herb is well known as a source of phenolic compounds, which can vary in a broad range depending on different factors and exert many pharmacological activities.

Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Key Enzymes Linked to Hyperglycemia Inhibitory Activities of Satureja hispidula: An Underexplored Species from Algeria.

In the present study, two extracts from the aerial parts of the endemic species Satureja hispidula were analyzed for the first time by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and an electrospray mass spectrometer (UHPLC-DAD-ESI/MS) method in order to identify and quantify their phenolic compounds. These extracts' antioxidant, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were also evaluated. UHPLC-DAD-ESI/MS allowed the identification of 28 and 20 compounds in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively; among them, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid was the most abundant in both extracts. The biological assay results indicate that the species S. hispidula, besides its high antioxidant power, is also potentially useful for inhibiting the α-glucosidase enzyme. In both antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays, the aqueous extract exhibited the most promising results, significantly better than the standards used as positive controls.

Bioactivity and phenolics profile of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction.

The aim of the study was to investigate the biological activity and chemical composition of Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. LC-PDA/MS analyses for the aqueous extracts (A1-stem, leaves and flowers, A2-leaves and flowers) and ethyl-acetate extracts (E1-stem, leaves and flowers, E2-leaves and flowers) obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction enabled the identification of thirty-four compounds. Quantitative analysis revealed that the aqueous extract obtained from leaves and flowers was the richest in total phenolic acids (65.36 mg/g) and flavonoids (21.17 mg/g). The total polyphenol content was the highest in the aqueous extract obtained from leaves and flowers (274 ± 2.4 mg Gallic Acid equivalents/g). The best antioxidant activity was observed for the same extract using the DPPH (SC50 20 ± 10 µg/mL), ABTS (2.834 ± 0.02 mg Ascorbic Acid/g), FRAP (1.922 ± 0.03 mmol Fe2+/mg), and total reducing power tests (16.4 ± 1.0 mg Ascorbic Acid/g). Both ethyl acetate extracts were the most active against strains of Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus flavus (MIC 1.70-1.99 mg/mL and 1.99-3.41 mg/mL, respectively). They were more efficient against Aspergillus ochraceus (MFC 0.86 mg/mL) and towards HeLa cell lines. All the obtained results implied the good potential of the investigated extracts to be used as effective preservatives and functional ingredients in food products and dietary supplements.

Anxiolytic Effect of Satureja montana Dry Extract and its Active Compounds Rosmarinic Acid and Carvacrol in Acute Stress Experimental Model.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are an important not only medical, but also social problem, affecting approx. 300 million people worldwide in 2019. Medications used in the treatment of anxiety are associated with many adverse reactions, which explains the increased use of herbal products as anxiolytics. METHODS: An anxiolytic activity of Satureja montana, rosmarinic acid and carvacrol after 14-day long administration on an animal model of acute stress was studied. For measurement of anxiolytic effect elevated plus maze, social interaction and Vogel tests were provided as well as examination of locomotor activity. RESULTS: The dry extract of Satureja montana at both tested doses significantly increased locomotor activity as well as the time spent in the social recognition, compared to the control groups. The extract reduced the time in the closed arms and the proportion of entries into open arms to total entries and increased the time in the open arms of elevated plus maze compared to the positive control group. Likewise, rosmarinic acid and carvacrol increased significantly the time spent with a new congener in the social interaction test. Both compounds reduced the ratio of entries into open arms to total entries similarly to the dry extract of Satureja montana. Only rosmarinic acid increased the time in the open arms and reduced the time in the closed arms. CONCLUSIONS: Satureja montana at both experimental doses exerted a significant anxiolytic activity in almost all the tests employed for evaluating anxious behavior. Carvacrol and rosmarinic acid showed a moderate anxiolytic effect.

Chitosan nanocomposite incorporated Satureja kermanica essential oil and extract: Synthesis, characterization and antifungal assay.

The present study reports the design, synthesis, and characterization of nanoencapsulated Satureja kermanica essential oil/extract by chitosan biopolymer (SKEO-CSN)/(SKEX-CSN) for the antifungal efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium aphanidermatum. The prepared SKEO-CSN and SKEX-CSN were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). GC-Mass analysis was done to identify Satureja kermanica essential oil chemical compounds (SKEO). Thirty-five different components were detected from GC-MS analysis. Thymol (46.54 %), and Carvacrol (30.54 %) were demonstrated as major compounds. Antifungal studies showed that the SKEO-CSN and SKEX-CSN formulation effectively inhibit fungal growth more than free SKEO and SKEX. According to the results, SKEO-CSN and SKEX-CSN provide a wide range of promising antifungal effects and can be applied as an efficient green strategy to protect plants from fungus infections.

Essential Oils from Some Lamiaceae Plants: Antioxidant and Anticancer Potentials besides Thermal Properties.

The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical compositions, antioxidant and anticancer activities and thermal behavior of essential oils (EOs) obtained by a microwave assisted Clevenger apparatus from Mentha longifolia subsp. typhoides var. typhoides (ML), Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens (TK), Calamintha nepeta subsp. nepeta (CN) and Satureja cuneifolia (SC) in Osmaniye, Turkey. Nepetalactone (34.23 %), thymol (37.40 %), piperitone oxide (27.25 %), and carvacrol (28.34 %) were major compounds in the EOs of ML, TK, CN, and SC. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (by FRAP assay) were in the range of 0.27-3.01 mg gallic acid equivalents and 0.62-171.14 µmol trolox equivalent per g EO, respectively. IC50 values of DPPH were mostly greater than ABTS. IC50 levels of the EOs of ML, TK, CN for the cytotoxic activities were 195.7, 265.7, 442.9 µg/ml, and 218.4, 204.2, 133.9 µg/ml for 24 and 48 h, respectively. IC50 of SC-EO could not be calculated in the applied concentration range. The highest fusion enthalpies were in between 58.72 and 81.65 kJ/kg. Both the TK and SC plant EOs had comparable and significant bioactivities. CN-EO reduced cell motility and triggered apoptosis more effectively than the others.