Associação Médica Brasileira: história e construção da verdadeira casa dos médicos do Brasil / Brazilian Medical Association: history and construction of the real home of doctors in Brazil

A História da Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB) é também a história recente da medicina e dos médicos do pais. A entidade completou uma jornada de mais de sete décadas, cumpre, desde os seus primórdios, papel importante nos principais eventos que marcaram a trajetória do Brasil. Foi assim quando esteve presente nos movimentos reivindicatórios da classe, semente de sua origem no ano de 1951; ao atuar na luta sem trégua por mais qualidade no ensino médico nestes mais de setenta anos; ao se juntar aqueles que gritavam por Diretas Já e, depois, por uma nova constituição, tendo em mente que estas mudanças trariam melhores condições à saúde brasileira; e, mais recentemente, assumindo o protagonismo no enfrentamento da pandemia da Covid-19. Tudo isso é recuperado nesta obra essencial, que traça a trajetória e o papel da entidade, desde os eventos que antecederam a sua criação, remetendo à década de 1920, a fatos contemporâneos. São 100 anos de cobertura, que resultam em 17 capítulos e um texto revelador e sem maquiagem do caráter desta importante instituição, que, desde a sua fundação, vem ecoando as vozes de médicos e médicas de todo o País e lutando por mais qualidade na assistência à saúde do povo brasileiro.

A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society.

The nature and distribution of political power in Europe during the Neolithic era remains poorly understood1. During this period, many societies began to invest heavily in building monuments, which suggests an increase in social organization. The scale and sophistication of megalithic architecture along the Atlantic seaboard, culminating in the great passage tomb complexes, is particularly impressive2. Although co-operative ideology has often been emphasised as a driver of megalith construction1, the human expenditure required to erect the largest monuments has led some researchers to emphasize hierarchy3-of which the most extreme case is a small elite marshalling the labour of the masses. Here we present evidence that a social stratum of this type was established during the Neolithic period in Ireland. We sampled 44 whole genomes, among which we identify the adult son of a first-degree incestuous union from remains that were discovered within the most elaborate recess of the Newgrange passage tomb. Socially sanctioned matings of this nature are very rare, and are documented almost exclusively among politico-religious elites4-specifically within polygynous and patrilineal royal families that are headed by god-kings5,6. We identify relatives of this individual within two other major complexes of passage tombs 150 km to the west of Newgrange, as well as dietary differences and fine-scale haplotypic structure (which is unprecedented in resolution for a prehistoric population) between passage tomb samples and the larger dataset, which together imply hierarchy. This elite emerged against a backdrop of rapid maritime colonization that displaced a unique Mesolithic isolate population, although we also detected rare Irish hunter-gatherer introgression within the Neolithic population.

50 years of the ETA: "the selenium connection".

The recent celebration of the 50 years of the ETA closely coincided with that of the 200 years since the discovery and description of selenium, an essential trace element for normal thyroid gland function and thus an adjuvant in the treatment of thyroid diseases. The aim of this commentary is to briefly outline the half centennial of the ETA while also signaling important moments in the history of selenium, developments in its availability round the world, details of its connection with thyroid function and, finally, its current and projected modes of application.

Hippocrates' complaint and the scientific ethos in early modern England.

Among the elements of the modern scientific ethos, as identified by R.K. Merton and others, is the commitment of individual effort to a long-term inquiry that may not bring substantial results in a lifetime. The challenge this presents was encapsulated in the aphorism of the ancient Greek physician, Hippocrates of Kos: vita brevis, ars longa (life is short, art is long). This article explores how this complaint was answered in the early modern period by Francis Bacon's call for the inauguration of the sciences over several generations, thereby imagining a succession of lives added together over time. However, Bacon also explored another response to Hippocrates: the devotion of a 'whole life', whether brief or long, to science. The endorsement of long-term inquiry in combination with intensive lifetime involvement was embraced by some leading Fellows of the Royal Society, such as Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke. The problem for individuals, however, was to find satisfaction in science despite concerns, in some fields, that current observations and experiments would not yield material able to be extended by future investigations.

[The development of World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies].

From cooperation between World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies (WFAS) and World Health Organization, works of academics and standardization, acupuncture-moxibustion education, technique service, organization development, etc., the 27-year development of WFAS since 1987 was summarized and reviewed in details. The growth of WFAS witnesses and promotes the development of acupuncture and moxibustion in the world, so by learning the experience and lessons, WFAS could have a wider path, becoming a core organization for communicating and promoting the development of acupuncture, even the traditional medicine in the world.

Striving to be in the profession and of It: the African American experience in physical education and kinesiology.

This study analyzes the experiences of African Americans in the physical education and kinesiology profession since the late 1850s. Using a variety of primary and secondary source material, we place special emphasis on the experiences of African American physical educators in higher education and in the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance and its southern, regional, and state chapters. Apparent from this examination is that African Americans have experienced various forms of racially discriminatory practices in physical education and kinesiology and have found it extraordinarily difficult to assume leader ship positions in the profession and be acknowledged for their scholarly and academic accomplishments.

The history of the founding of Societe de Psychopathologie de L'Expression (SIPE) and the early development.

The Societe de Psychopathologie de L'Expression (SIPE) was founded in 1959 in Verona, Italy, during the International Congress on Lombroso. Robert Volmat asked us to get together for discussing the possibility of establishing a society for the research of the art of the insane. The author introduces the most important events and publications after the initiation of the research on the psychopathology of expression.

In the interest of all who value their purse and their health: a brief history of the ''Vereniging tegen de Kwakzalverij''--Society Against Quackery--of the Netherlands.

Discontentment with the massive violations of the influential Dutch Prime Minister's (Johan Rudolf Thorbecke) health laws led to the foundation of the Dutch Society Against Quackery, in 1880. Within a few years, the Society had more than 1,100 members. Initially, quackery mostly consisted of the unauthorized practice of medicine and the peddling of industrially manufactured ''secret remedies.'' Since the 50s however, the energy of the society focused mainly on magnetizers, especially after they gained support from the field of parapsychology, lay manipulators of the back and herb doctors. The most important object of the society since 1980 has been the fight against the so-called alternative medicine, of which Chinese acupuncture, homeopathy, manipulative therapy, anthroposophical medicine, and naturopathy are prominent targets. Despite numerous costly lawsuits, the society still survives and is probably the oldest as well as the largest of its kind in the world.

"The Root is Hidden and the Material Uncertain": the challenges of prosecuting witchcraft in early modern Venice.

The rich archival records of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Venice have yielded much information about early modern society and culture. The transcripts of witchcraft trials held before the Inquisition reveal the complexities of early modern conceptions of natural and supernatural. The tribunal found itself entirely unable to convict individuals charged with performing harmful magic, or maleficio, as different worldviews clashed in the courtroom. Physicians, exorcists, and inquisitors all had different approaches to distinguishing natural phenomena from supernatural, and without a consensus guilty verdicts could not be obtained.

[Associations of herbalists and spagyric gatherings: the court circle of Diego de Cortavila (1597-1657)]. / Juntas de herbolarios y terulias espagíricas: el círculo cortesano de Diego de Cortavila (1597-1657).

This study analyses the work and personality of Diego de Cortavila, a Spanish royal apothecary who owned a notable botanical garden at the Spanish court in the first half of the seventeenth century. It is a particularly focused on his scientific, personal and professional relationships with other physicians and apothecaries who were, like him, concerned about natural history and chemical medicine.

[A study of the licensing system in Korean Oriental medicine].

In 1952, the Licensing System of Korean Oriental Practitioners was established by law and practiced until now. It was the most important aspect of the Professionalization of Korean Oriental medicine, and it also affected other aspects of the Professionalization of Korean Oriental medicine, such as the standardization of knowledge, the strengthening of its organization, and the development of an occupational ideology. The Licensing System of Korean Oriental Practitioners came about as a result of conflicts between the National Assembly, governmental agencies, and medical doctors. The range of Korean Oriental Practitioners Licensing is partially limited, especially with respect to certifying someone as a public health doctor and in conferring the right to direct medical technicians. However, the limitations have been reduced gradually.

Elizabeth Blackwell--the forgotten herbalist?

This article looks at the work of Elizabeth Blackwell (1707-1758), by all accounts the first British female herbalist. To raise funds to free her husband from debtors prison, she produced her hand drawn, engraved and coloured 'Curious Herbal' in 1735. Using the copies of the herbal in the British Library, the article will look at the circumstances surrounding production of the herbal, her influences and sources used, including the people who recommended production of the book to the Society of Apothecaries and some of the current projects to put her name back on the map.