Combined Midportion Achilles and Plantaris Tendinopathy: A 1-Year Follow-Up Study after Ultrasound and Color-Doppler-Guided WALANT Surgery in a Private Setting in Southern Sweden.

Background and Objectives: Chronic painful midportion Achilles combined with plantaris tendinopathy can be a troublesome condition to treat. The objective was to prospectively follow patients subjected to ultrasound (US)- and color doppler (CD)-guided wide awake, local anesthetic, no-tourniquet (WALANT) surgery in a private setting. Material and Methods: Twenty-six Swedish patients (17 men and 9 women, mean age 50 years (range 29-62)) and eight international male patients (mean age of 38 years (range 25-71)) with combined midportion Achilles and plantaris tendinopathy in 45 tendons altogether were included. All patients had had >6 months of pain and had tried non-surgical treatment with eccentric training, without effect. US + CD-guided surgical scraping of the ventral Achilles tendon and plantaris removal under local anesthesia was performed on all patients. A 4-6-week rehabilitation protocol with an immediate full-weight-bearing tendon loading regime was used. The VISA-A score and a study-specific questionnaire evaluating physical activity level and subjective satisfaction with the treatment were used for evaluation. Results: At the 1-year follow-up, 32/34 patients (43 tendons) were satisfied with the treatment result and had returned to their pre-injury Achilles tendon loading activity. There were two dropouts (two tendons). For the Swedish patients, the mean VISA-A score increased from 34 (0-64) before surgery to 93 (61-100) after surgery (p < 0.001). There were two complications, one wound rupture and one superficial skin infection. Conclusions: For patients suffering from painful midportion Achilles tendinopathy and plantaris tendinopathy, US + CD-guided surgical Achilles tendon scraping and plantaris tendon removal showed a high satisfaction rate and good functional results 1 year after surgery.

[Tendinopathies - Common Diagnoses in Hand Surgery]. / Tendinopathien ­ häufige Diagnosen in der Handchirurgie.

Tendinopathies - Common Diagnoses in Hand Surgery Abstract. Tendinopathies are among the most frequent reasons for consulting a hand surgeon. The diagnosis can usually be made clinically. A supplementary ultrasound examination helps to visualize the pathology. Most of these diseases respond to non-surgical treatment. If surgical treatment is necessary, it can usually be performed as an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia. This article provides an overview of the most common tendinopathies of the hand and wrist, their diagnosis and treatment.

Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Approach for the Treatment of Noninsertional Achilles Tendinopathy.

Minimally invasive treatment can offer an earlier recovery with less pain and scarring compared with traditional open surgeries. The goals of minimally invasive surgery are to debride degenerative tendon, stimulate healing, and, when appropriate, repair damaged tendon. Sclerotherapy and prolotherapy have been shown to reduce neovascularization and pain. Percutaneous stripping and endoscopic debridement are better options for diffuse tendinopathy. Plantaris release can be useful in diffuse disease in patients with primarily medial-sided Achilles pain. Overall, minimally invasive surgery provides similar benefits as open procedures with reduced complications and morbidity.

Combined SLAP repair and biceps tenodesis for superior labral anterior-posterior tears.

PURPOSE: Long-head biceps tenodesis has been suggested as an alternative to superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) repair. However, an unrepaired superior labral tear may increase glenohumeral translation, and thus, labral repair may be considered in the setting of biceps tenodesis. METHODS: Patients who underwent tenodesis, SLAP repair, or combined tenodesis and labral repair for SLAP tears were included. The indication for combined tenodesis and labral repair was biceps tendonitis in the setting of a SLAP lesion with labral instability. Demographics, range of motion, return to work, return to sport, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores, and visual analogue pain scale (VAS) scores were recorded. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were included: 18 underwent combined tenodesis and labral repair, 45 underwent SLAP repair alone, and 23 underwent tenodesis alone. There were no significant differences in rates of return to pre-operative level of play (n.s.) or return to full duties at work (n.s.). These groups differed significantly in ASES scores (p = 0.015) and VAS scores (p = 0.019) with combined tenodesis and labral repair patients having lower scores than patients undergoing either tenodesis or SLAP repair alone. A subgroup analysis of patients who did not have Worker's Compensation claims demonstrated similar results with significant differences in ASES scores, which were lowest among the combined tenodesis and labral repair cohort (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: High-demand patients with biceps tendonitis in the setting of a SLAP lesion with labral instability who undergo combined tenodesis and SLAP repair have significantly worse outcomes than patients who undergo either isolated labral repair for type II SLAP tears or isolated biceps tenodesis for a SLAP tear and biceps tendonitis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Treatment, Level III.

Ultrasound-guided dry needling with percutaneous paratenon decompression for chronic Achilles tendinopathy.

PURPOSE: Chronic Achilles tendinopathy is a common overuse injury. There are several modalities of treatment, reflecting difficulties in management. In particular, due to the well-recognised surgical morbidity, treatment has steered towards less invasive routes. Previous studies have targeted pathology either inside or outside the tendon in isolation with varying results. This study aimed to target both pathological sites by combining dry needling with percutaneous hydrostatic decompression as a novel treatment. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with 26 chronic, non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy were prospectively enrolled. Ultrasound-guided dry needling of neovascular areas and small-volume hydrostatic paratenon decompression was performed 6-weekly. Sonographic assessment of tendon thickness and neovascularity was undertaken. Following treatment, a standardised physiotherapy regime was adopted. Visual analogue scores (VAS) were used as the primary outcome measure. Telephonic interviews were carried out 12 and 24 months post-treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-four tendons (in 19 patients) were successfully treated. The mean treatment session was 2. There was no significant change in neovascularity or tendon thickness. Therapeutic intervention led to a significant improvement in VAS at rest (42.4 ± 24.4 vs. 18.4 ± 26.0, p = 0.0005) and during activity (72.8 ± 16.0 vs. 33.7 ± 23.2, p < 0.0001). At 12 and 24 months, >75 % of patients were highly satisfied with their outcome with nearly half reporting complete resolution of their symptoms. >85 % were also able to return to their sporting interests. CONCLUSION: Combined therapy of dry needling with percutaneous hydrostatic paratenon decompression under ultrasound guidance is a well-tolerated procedure with good short- and long-term pain and functional outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prospective case series, Level IV.

Platelet rich placebo? Evidence for platelet rich plasma in the treatment of tendinopathy and augmentation of tendon repair.

Platelet rich plasma (PRP), an autologous sample of blood with a platelet concentration above baseline values, is hypothesized to augment soft tissue healing. Its use in sports medicine has risen dramatically, with common applications including the treatment of refractory tendinopathy and augmenting tendon repair. Many commercial preparation systems are available, but the optimal preparation remains unknown. Increasing numbers of clinical studies evaluating PRP have been reported and have provided both positive and negative evidence for its effectiveness. Well-designed, controlled studies are still lacking, but PRP may have a benefit for patients with tendinopathy that is refractory to other non-surgical treatments. Its use in tendon repair is currently not supported. Randomized, controlled studies with documentation of platelet, white blood cell, and growth factor concentration in the PRP preparation are necessary for future comparative research. Use of PRP should be approached judiciously until further evidence is available.

Septic flexor tendonitis and suspensory desmitis in an alpaca.

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 2-year-old male Suri alpaca was referred for evaluation of severe right forelimb lameness of 2 weeks' duration following a traumatic episode. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Examination of the distal aspect of the metacarpus revealed 4 wounds exuding purulent material. On weight bearing, the metacarpophalangeal joint was severely hyperextended with the palmar surface touching the ground. Ultrasonography of the palmar surface of the metacarpus revealed desmitis of the proximal suspensory ligament, a large core lesion of the deep digital flexor tendon at mid-metacarpus, and complete loss of fiber pattern within the deep digital flexor tendon and lateral aspect of the superficial digital flexor tendon distally. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: The alpaca was treated systemically with antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory drugs and underwent repeated antimicrobial intraosseous regional limb perfusion. A bandage and splint were applied to stabilize the affected forelimb in an anatomically correct position, and the alpaca underwent prolonged stall confinement. At the time of hospital discharge 5 days after initial evaluation, clinical evidence of infection at the wound sites was absent. Three months following treatment, the alpaca was moving freely in a small paddock and had moderate hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Treatment of septic flexor tendonitis and suspensory desmitis with antimicrobial intraosseous regional limb perfusion in combination with systemic treatment with antimicrobials and orthopedic support resulted in an excellent outcome in this alpaca. Antimicrobial intraosseous regional limb perfusion is simple to perform and has the potential to be beneficial in the treatment of infections in the distal portion of a limb in camelids.

Pulsed radio frequency energy therapy use for pain relief following surgery for tendinopathy-associated chronic pain: two case reports.

Chronic tendon pain from overuse is a common condition, with limited options for ongoing pain management. Two cases are presented in which pulsed radio frequency energy (PRFE) therapy was used for pain relief following surgical intervention for chronic tendinopathy-associated pain, unresponsive to conventional therapies. Both patients showed a dramatic reduction in pain following PRFE therapy after 2 to 3 weeks of treatment, and at the 7-month (case 1) and 6-month (case 2) follow-up visits, both patients reported that pain had not returned. Recent molecular evidence suggests a possible mechanism underlying PRFE-mediated pain relief. Further study into this promising technology is warranted.

Treatment of lesions of the rotator cuff.

The impingement syndrome and tendinopathy of the rotator cuff are the most common causes (complaints) of pain and disability of the shoulder. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a specific rehabilitative protocol, integrated with the administration of a nutritional supplement, in the conservative rehabilitative treatment, as well as in post-surgery, of patients with lesions of the rotator cuff. Two groups with syndrome of the rotator cuff were formed to follow different therapeutic courses, in relation to the choice of each subject to undergo the conservative treatment (Arm A) or the surgical one (Arm B). In Arm A the study included the association of therapy with ESWT (shock waves) with the proprioceptive Multi Joint System, for rehabilitating joint movement and muscle strength of the shoulder, and a specific nutritional supplement to reduce the pain and conserve the cartilage tissue. Between February 2009 and June 2009, we enrolled 30 subjects (randomized into three homogenous groups A1, A2, A3), average age 45±10 years, with rotator cuff syndrome with calcification of the shoulder, diagnosed through clinical examination and investigative instruments (X-ray, echography or NMR). In Arm B, from September 2009 to January 2010, we enrolled 50 patients (randomized into two groups, B1 and B2), 24 male (average age 58.4: min 28 and max 78) and 26 females (average age 59.5: min 30 and max 80), who had undergone rotator cuff operations and acromionplasty for non-massive lesions without important gleno-humeral instability, with either open or arthroscopic procedures. The analysis of the results of Arm A highlights that in terms of reducing pain the main benefits were found in Group A1 where the supplement was given. From the analysis of the data of Arm B, in both groups an improvement of the first 4 items evaluated was evident. In Group B1, 84 percent of the patients declared to be satisfied and improved and 16 percent were dissatisfied; in Group B2, where the nutritional supplement was given, 92 percent were satisfied and 8 percent were dissatisfied. In conclusion, we retain that in cases of rotator cuff syndrome, an integrated rehabilitative approach, whether conservative or post-surgical, directed at taking total control of the patient, must observe particular attention to the optimization of the articular tissular metabolic balance in order to favour better functional recovery.

Repair of insertional achilles tendinosis with a bone-quadriceps tendon graft.

BACKGROUND: While conservative treatment may be successful in most cases, partial rupture at the calcaneal insertion point is a significant concern with insertional Achilles tendinopathy. We report on the outcomes of a surgical technique for Achilles tendon augmentation using a bone-tendon graft harvested from the knee extensor system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our retrospective case series includes 25 surgical procedures performed in 24 patients, 19 males and five females, with a mean age of 47 (range, 30 to 59) years, 18 of whom were athletes. The mean followup period was 52 (range, 12 to 156) months. All patients underwent MRI examination prior to surgery which showed partial Achilles tendon rupture. The Achilles tendon was debrided through a posterolateral approach. The bone-quadriceps tendon graft was harvested, then the bone plug of the graft was inserted into a blind tunnel drilled into the calcaneus and fixed with an interference screw. The fibers of the quadriceps tendon were sutured to the residual part of the Achilles tendon with the foot at an angle of 90 degrees. RESULTS: Patients were able to resume their sporting activity after an average of 6.7 months. At last followup examination, physical activity was scored 5.2 on the 10-point Tegner Scale; the mean AOFAS score was 98.4. MRI examination showed good graft integration 1 year postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The bone-quadriceps tendon grafting technique was a good alternative for the insertional Achilles lesions with partial detachment which we felt required augmentation.

Intraosseous calcium migration in calcifying tendinitis: a rare cause of single sclerotic injury in the humeral head (2010: 2b).

Intratendinous deposits of hydroxyapatite crystals are very common, particularly in the rotator cuff. In rare cases, the calcium located in the thickness of the supraspinatus tendon can suffer intraosseous migration into the greater tuberosity. We present a case of this rare entity: a 28-year-old patient who attended with pain and functional weakness in the left shoulder. The plain radiograph showed a sclerotic lesion in the greater tuberosity of the humeral head with a radiolucent halo. The MRI showed a lytic lesion containing the calcium inside and associated with an extensive pattern of oedema of the accompanying bone marrow. A plain radiograph taken 6 months before showed a calcifying tendinitis in the thickness of the supraspinatus tendon. A large number of entities can present as single sclerotic lesions of the humeral head. The diagnostic key lies in the existence of the calcifying tendinitis in the earlier study. The treatment of this disease consists of surgical removal of the calcium. The recognition of this entity is important to avoid unnecessary complementary tests and aggressive surgery, given that the surgical treatment is curative and leads to disappearance of the symptoms.

[Knee tendinopathies and sports practice]. / Tendinopathie du genou chez le sportif.

Knee tendinosis are frequent in sports practice. They are often in relation with sports gesture. Chronic patellar tendinosis are found so more often at the specialist's of jump (athletics and collective sports). The tendinopathies of the tensor of the fascia lata are more often diagnosed at the runner's, while the tendinopathies of the biceps or the harmstrings concern more frequently cyclists. The clinical examination allows to precise the sport concerned, to make the diagnosis, and to look for abnormalities of the morphotype or technical errors. Imaging must be envisaged in a second time (ethnography or MRI). The early treatment is mostly medical, including modifications of sports gesture associated with adapted rehabilitation programs.

Cryoultrasound therapy and tendonitis in athletes: a comparative evaluation versus laser CO2 and t.e.ca.r. therapy.

Aim of this study is to compare the different kinds of tendonitis in athletes using cryoultrasound therapy, lasertherapy CO2 and t.e.ca.r. therapy (transfert energetic capacitive and resistive). Forty five athletes were selected; they were all affected by severe insertional tendonitis of the Achilles tendon (15 of them), of the patellar tendon (15 of them) and of the epicondylar region (15 of them) during the last two months. They were divided into three groups. The first group underwent a treatment of 12 lasertherapy CO2 sessions, the second group 12 cryoultrasound therapy sessions and the last group 12 t.e.ca.r. therapy sessions. Each patient was registered by an independent observer according to the pain before (initial V.A.S.) and after treatment (final V.A.S.) using the analogic visual range from 0 (lack of pain) to 10 (unbearable pain) and the indicator of efficacy (difference between initial V.A.S. and final V.A.S./initial V.A.S.x 100). The obtained results were expressed as a difference between the two V.A.S. values and as a parameter of effectiveness (value ranging from 0 to 100) in order to correlate the initial condition of the patients with the performed physiotherapic treatment. The obtained V.A.S. score was submitted to statistic evaluation by analysis of variance through repeated measures, taking into consideration a value of p<0.05. Possible differences among the group of patients were shown by analysis of variance through one single way by comparison among groups. Every patient benefited from the treatment. Analyzing the initial and final V.A.S. values in the three groups, statistically significant variations emerged (p<0.05). A meaningful difference resulted among the different kinds of treatment; a marked difference was noticed between laser CO2 and cryoultrasound therapy (p<0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed between t.e.ca.r. and laser CO2 therapy or between t.e.ca.r. and cryoultrasound therapy. It must be admitted that the mean difference between initial and final V.A.S. is higher in the Cryoultrasound group (7.40), than in the Laser group (6.33) compared to t.e.ca.r. group (6.74). This result would explain a higher range of effectiveness in the Cryoultrasound group (85) compared to the laser CO2 (71.9 ) and t.e.ca.r. group (77.3). It can be asserted that cryoultrasound is a useful instrument for the physician working in the sports field. It offers advantages in comparison with laser CO2. It does not show significant differences with t.e.ca.r. therapy, although it shows a better mean range of effectiveness.

[Mineral analysis of roentgenologically defined calcifications in patients with chronic calcifying tendinitis of the rotator cuff]. / Mineralogische Analyse röntgenologisch definierter Verkalkungen bei Patienten mit chronischer Tendinosis calcarea der Rotatorenmanschette.

AIM: Extracorporeal shockwave application (ESWA) is in clinical use to promote disintegration of symptomatic calcifications of the rotator cuff of the shoulder. However, disintegration of roentgenologically comparable calcifications of the rotator cuff is not always successfull. It is known from urologic stone lithotripsy that the susceptibility for disintegration of stone-like concrements depends on their mineral content. Therefore, in the present investigation the relative contents of calcium and phosphorus in rotator cuff calcifications were determined. METHOD: 39 surgically removed rotator cuff calcifications were analyzed by means of atomic emission spectrometry. RESULTS: The relative content of calcium of the rotator cuff calcifications was found to be 22.3 % +/- 5.7 % (mean +/- SD; 6.8 % - 32.4 %), that of phosphorus as 10.5 % +/- 2.4 % (2.7 % - 14.4 %). The data neither depend on the gender of the patients nor on their age at the time point of surgical removal of the rotator cuff calcifications. CONCLUSION: Roentgenologically comparable calcifications of the rotator cuff demonstrated distinct individual differences concerning the relative contents of calcium and phosphorus. The present results may serve as the first indication that the susceptibility of rotator cuff calcifications for disintegration may depend on their relative contents of calcium and phosphorus.

Bilateral simultaneous infrapatellar tendon ruptures: a case study.

This case study reports on a patient with a diagnosis of bilateral patellar tendon ruptures. Bilateral ruptures of the infrapatellar tendons are rare occurrences; approximately 20 cases have been reported in the medical literature. Much of the medical literature concentrates on surgical repair, immediate postoperative follow-up, and final outcome. There is a void in the literature concerning the rehabilitative process of these patients. The subject of this study is a 26-year-old male former collegiate athlete who suffered simultaneous bilateral patellar tendon ruptures while jumping. A rehabilitation model is provided that may assist others treating patients with similar conditions.