RESUMO
Pregnancy is associated with a number of significant changes in maternal physiology. Perhaps one of the more notable changes is the significant alteration in immune function that occurs during pregnancy. This change in immune function is necessary to support a successful pregnancy, but also creates a unique period of life during which a female is susceptible to disease and, as we'll speculate here, may also contribute to mental health disorders associated with pregnancy and the postpartum period. Here, we review the known changes in peripheral immune function that occur during pregnancy and the postpartum period, while highlighting the impact of hormones during these times on immune function, brain or neural function, as well as behavior. We also discuss the known and possible impact of pregnancy-induced immune changes on neural function during this time and briefly discuss how these changes might be a risk factor for perinatal anxiety or mood disorders.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade , Transtornos do Humor , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Psiconeuroimunologia , Transtornos Puerperais , Animais , Transtornos de Ansiedade/etiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/imunologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Transtornos do Humor/etiologia , Transtornos do Humor/imunologia , Transtornos do Humor/metabolismo , Período Pós-Parto/imunologia , Período Pós-Parto/metabolismo , Gravidez/imunologia , Gravidez/metabolismo , Transtornos Puerperais/imunologia , Transtornos Puerperais/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The effects of low maternal hemoglobin levels on the immunological and nutritional components of breast milk at different maturation stages were investigated. METHODS: Colostrum, transitional and mature milk were collected from 25 mothers with normal hemoglobin levels (control group) and 18 mothers with hemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL (anemia group). Total protein, antibodies, complement proteins, fat and calorie, lipase, iron, transferrin levels, total iron-binding capacity, latent iron-binding capacity (LIBC) and transferrin saturation index (TSI) were determined. RESULTS: In contrast to the control group, anemic mothers had higher total protein levels in milk, lower IgA and IgG levels in colostrum, lower C3 protein levels in milk, lower C4 protein levels in colostrum and transitional milk, higher fat in the colostrum and lower calorie content in mature milk. In both groups, lipase was lower in mature milk and iron concentration was similar. Transitional and mature milk from anemic mothers had higher LIBC and lower TSI values. CONCLUSION: A decrease in maternal hemoglobin levels causes immunological and nutritional alterations in milk at different maturation stages. Special measures must therefore be taken for mothers at risk of developing anemia to ensure they can provide high-quality milk to their babies.
Assuntos
Anemia/imunologia , Anemia/metabolismo , Colostro/imunologia , Colostro/metabolismo , Leite Humano/imunologia , Leite Humano/metabolismo , Transtornos Puerperais/imunologia , Transtornos Puerperais/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Complemento C3/metabolismo , Complemento C4/metabolismo , Gorduras/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Ferro/metabolismo , Lipase/metabolismo , Proteínas do Leite/metabolismo , Transferrina/metabolismo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
These case reports demonstrated the diagnostic dilemma encountered in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura particularly in settings with limited diagnostic facilities and laboratory support. The similarities in the diagnostic criteria for both conditions make clear distinction as well as management decisions difficult. We present the difficulties encountered with both the diagnosis and the management of these two patients that were managed in our facility.
Assuntos
Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/complicações , Troca Plasmática/métodos , Transtornos Puerperais/terapia , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Trombótica/etiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Adulto , Automação , Terapia Combinada , Países em Desenvolvimento , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Filtração , Humanos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/diagnóstico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Nefrite Lúpica/induzido quimicamente , Nefrite Lúpica/tratamento farmacológico , Nefrite Lúpica/etiologia , Nefrite Lúpica/terapia , Membranas Artificiais , Nigéria , Fitoterapia/efeitos adversos , Troca Plasmática/economia , Troca Plasmática/instrumentação , Transfusão de Plaquetas/efeitos adversos , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações na Gravidez/imunologia , Transtornos Puerperais/imunologia , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Trombótica/tratamento farmacológico , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Trombótica/terapia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This experimental study aimed to evaluate the effect of relaxation techniques on anxiety levels, and the relation between anxiety and the concentration of Immunoglobulin A. The study was carried out in a maternity hospital in a city of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The sample was composed of 60 puerperae. The information on the variables: age, education, marital status, type of childbirth, and parity were collected with a specific form; the trait and state of anxiety were based on the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI/IDATE); and the level of salivary IgA was obtained through immunoturbidimetry. The application of the Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and Pearson's correlation statistical tests showed a significant reduction in the levels of the state of anxiety in the experimental group (p = 0.01); there was no correlation between the trait and state variables of anxiety and the salivary IgA level; both groups (experimental and control) showed trait and state of medium-intensity anxiety.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Transtornos Puerperais/imunologia , Transtornos Puerperais/psicologia , Relaxamento , Saliva/imunologia , Adulto , Transtornos de Ansiedade/imunologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/prevenção & controle , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
A number of antioxidants and trace minerals have important roles in immune function and may affect health in transition dairy cows. Vitamin E and beta-carotene are important cellular antioxidants. Selenium (Se) is involved in the antioxidant system via its role in the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Inadequate dietary vitamin E or Se decreases neutrophil function during the perpariturient period. Supplementation of vitamin E and/or Se has reduced the incidence of mastitis and retained placenta, and reduced duration of clinical symptoms of mastitis in some experiments. Research has indicated that beta-carotene supplementation may enhance immunity and reduce the incidence of retained placenta and metritis in dairy cows. Marginal copper deficiency resulted in reduced neutrophil killing and decreased interferon production by mononuclear cells. Copper supplementation of a diet marginal in copper reduced the peak clinical response during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis. Limited research indicated that chromium supplementation during the transition period may increase immunity and reduce the incidence of retained placenta.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Bovinos/fisiologia , Nível de Saúde , Lactação/fisiologia , Oligoelementos/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais , Bovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/metabolismo , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Necessidades Nutricionais , Gravidez , Transtornos Puerperais/imunologia , Transtornos Puerperais/metabolismo , Transtornos Puerperais/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Puerperais/veterinária , Oligoelementos/imunologia , Vitamina E/administração & dosagem , Vitamina E/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Increased incidence and prevalence of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) have been documented in the Hospital Albert Schweitzer (HAS) District of Haiti. Although the basis for this increased incidence of PPCM remains unclear, there is growing evidence for an underlying autoimmune process. One potential risk factor for increased autoreactivity is a micronutrient deficiency. In Africa, low plasma selenium (Se) level has been reported as a possible risk factor for PPCM. This report details results of initial studies to test the hypothesis that plasma levels of Se and/or other micronutrients may be related to PPCM risk in this population. METHODS: Under the direction of the Institutional Review Board (HAS Ethics Committee) and with informed consent, levels of Se and other micronutrients were measured in plasma samples obtained from PPCM mothers and parity-matched control mothers from the HAS District of Haiti. RESULTS: Mean plasma Se level in 18 PPCM patients was 110 ng/ml (range 67-145) compared to mean plasma Se level in 34 control mothers of 121 ng/ml (range 98-172) (P=0.1748). These levels are substantially greater than those reported for pediatric patients with Keshan cardiomyopathy, which can be prevented by Se prophylaxis. No deficiency or significant difference was found in any other micronutrient tested (Vitamin A (retinol), Vitamin B(12), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and B-Carotene) for these PPCM and control mothers. CONCLUSION: Although there are several possible mechanisms by which Se could play a role in the pathobiology of PPCM, there is no evidence that Se deficiency is a cause of PPCM or a risk factor for the development of PPCM in this district of Haiti. The results of this investigation indicate that future studies of PPCM in this population should focus on other potential etiologic and risk factors.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Autoimunidade/imunologia , Cardiomiopatias/sangue , Cardiomiopatias/imunologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/sangue , Deficiências Nutricionais/imunologia , Micronutrientes/sangue , Transtornos Puerperais/sangue , Transtornos Puerperais/imunologia , Selênio/sangue , Cardiomiopatias/etiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Transtornos Puerperais/etiologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Fatores de Risco , Selênio/deficiênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the cellular and humoral factors in colostrum from HIV infected and uninfected lactating mothers. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: Maternity Ward. METHODS: Colostrum was collected from 130 mothers (62 HIV seropositives and 68 HIV seronegatives). These colostrum samples were tested for total cell count, cell viability, differential count, phagocytic activity of macrophages, 'T' cell counts, IgA, IgM and IgG levels. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in the phagocytosis and 'T' cell number (p <0.001) and in the IgA and IgG levels (p<0. 05) in the colostrum obtained from HIV seropositive mothers as compared to HIV seronegative ones. CONCLUSION: Some of the cellular and humoral factors are reduced in colostrum samples obtained from HIV seropositives as compared to normals.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Colostro/química , Colostro/citologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/análise , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Imunoglobulina A/análise , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Imunoglobulina M/análise , Macrófagos/imunologia , Transtornos Puerperais/imunologia , Linfócitos T , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colostro/imunologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Soronegatividade para HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Fagocitose/imunologiaRESUMO
Immunodetection of total antigens of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites transferred to nitrocellulose paper was realized with IgA antibodies present in colostra and sera samples of 28 puerperal women and in 24 sera samples of patients with a diagnosis of amebic hepatic abscess. The most frequently recognized antigens by colostra antibodies were those which correspond to 1290, 82.79, 52.14, 40.91, 37.75, 35.08, 33.52, 28.53, 27.53 and 25.32 KDa of molecular weight, in the case of puerperal sera those of 82.79, 52.14, 40.91, 37.75, 35.08, 33.52, 28.53, 27.53, and 25.32 KDa, whereas the sera of patients with amebic hepatic abscess those of molecular weight of 719, 118.45, 88.45, 69.45, 55.26, 52.14, 49.38, 42.72, 36.81, 35.08, 33.52, 25.32, 23.82, 23.47, 20.52 and 20.03 KDa. The putative adhesins were recognized infrequently by Iga of puerperal colostra and sera while the IgA of sera of patients with amebic hepatic abscess recognized those of 118.45 KDa (112 KDa in other studies) in 83.33% of the cases.