Impacts of educational interventions on the knowledge of prevention and emergency management of traumatic dental injuries in 11-17-year-old martial arts athletes: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: We compared the effect of an educational pamphlet and a mobile application regarding prevention and emergency management of sport-related traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) on knowledge and self-reported preventive practice of 11-17-year-old Karate and Taekwondo athletes. METHODS: Participants were invited through an online link published by the Public Relations of the corresponding federations. They completed an anonymous questionnaire consisting of demographics, self-reported experience of TDIs, knowledge of emergency management of TDIs, self-reported preventive practice of TDIs, and the reason for not using mouthguard. The respondents were randomly allocated to pamphlet or mobile application group with the same content. Three months after the intervention, the questionnaire was completed by the athletes again. Repeated measures ANOVA and a linear regression model served for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In pamphlet group, 51 athletes and in mobile application group 57 athletes completed both baseline and follow-up questionnaires. At baseline, the mean score was 1.98 ± 1.20 and 1.82 ± 1.24 (out of 7) for the knowledge and 3.70 ± 1.64 and 3.33 ± 1.95 (out of 7) for practice in the pamphlet and application group, respectively. In 3-month follow-up, the mean score of knowledge and self-reported practice was significantly higher compared to baseline in both groups (p < 0.001) with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.83 and p = 0.58, respectively). Most of the athletes were very satisfied or satisfied with both types of the educational intervention. CONCLUSION: Both pamphlet and mobile application seem to be useful to improve awareness and practice regarding TDI prevention in adolescent athletes.

Influence of two natural cross-linkers on microtensile bond strength durability ­ An in vitro study / Influência de dois reticuladores naturais na durabilidade da resistência de união à microtração ­ Um estudo in vitro

Objective: to investigate the effect of two natural cross-linkers on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and evaluate their influence on the durability of the resin dentin bonds. Material and Methods: the Moringa oleifera and Centella asiatica plant extracts were qualitatively tested with high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the presence of phenols. The phenolic content ranged from 27 to 30 gallic acid equivalents (GAE), µg/mg of dry weight. After etching, two concentrations (5% and 1%) of these two extracts were prepared and used as pretreatment liners on dentin. They were applied for a min. After restoration with resin composite, dentin resin beams were prepared. The study groups were 5% Moringa, 1% Moringa 5% Centella 1% Centella, and control (without cross-linker application). For each group, half of the samples underwent µTBS testing after 24 hours, while the remaining half were immersed in artificial saliva to assess the bond's longevity after 6 months of ageing. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: both 5% and 1% Moringa showed a significant difference (p<0.05) compared to the other groups at both intervals. However, after ageing, the specimens in the control and 1% Centella groups resulted in a significant decrease in µTBS. Conclusion: overall, both concentrations of Moringa (5% and 1%) were effective in stabilising the bond during both intervals.(AU)

Objetivo: investigar o efeito de dois reticuladores naturais na resistência de união (µTBS) à microtração e avaliar sua influência na durabilidade da adesão da resina à dentina. Material e Métodos: extratos das plantas Moringa oleifera e Centella asiatica foram qualitativamente testados através de cromatografia em camada fina de alta performance (HPTLC) para a presença de fenóis. O conteúdo fenólico alcançou entre 27 a 30 equivalentes de ácido gálico (GAE), µg/mg de peso seco. Após o condicionamento, duas concentrações (5% e 1%) dos extratos foram preparadas e utilizadas como forros de pré-tratamento em dentina. Eles foram aplicados por um minuto. Após a restauração com resina composta, palitos de dentina e resina foram preparados. Os grupos foram 5% Moringa, 1% Moringa, 5% Centella, 1% Centella e controle (sem aplicação de reticulador). Para cada grupo, metade das amostras foram submetidas ao teste µTBS após 24 horas, enquanto a outra metade foi imersa em saliva artificial para avaliar a longevidade adesiva após 6 meses de envelhecimento. Foi realizada análise estatística através de ANOVA 1-fator, seguido do teste post hoc de Tukey. Resultados: ambas as concentrações de 5% e 1% de Moringa demonstraram diferença significativa (p<0.05) comparadas aos outros grupos em ambos os intervalos. No entanto, após o envelhecimento, os espécimes dos geupos controle e 1% de Centella resultaram em uma redução significativa de µTBS. Conclusão: no geral, ambas as concentrações de Moringa (5% e 1%) foram efetivas em estabelecer a adesão em ambos os intervalos (AU)

Family functioning and dental trauma, malocclusion and anthropometry in adolescents

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate perceived family cohesion and adaptability and its association with trauma, malocclusion and anthropometry in school adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 921 adolescents from 13 to 19 years old of both sexes, enrolled in state public schools of a northeastern Brazilian municipality. A questionnaire with sociodemographic questions, the FACES III scale was applied and a clinical oral examination (dental trauma and malocclusion) and anthropometric (BMI by age) were performed. For statistical analysis, was evaluated by the Chi-square test. The variables that presented significance in the bivariate analysis of up to 25% were taken to the multivariate analysis (multinomial logistic regression), variables that presented significance in bivariate analysis of up to 25% were taken to multivariate analysis and all conclusions were drawn considering the significance level of 5%. Results: As a result, it was identified that displaced families were associated with low maternal education, agglutinated families associated with the absence of caries. Rigid families were associated with marked overjet and caries. The prevalence of dental trauma (37.5%) was considered high. Conclusion: It was concluded that family cohesion and adaptability were associated with oral health and socioeconomic factors

Treatment of severely decayed anterior primary teeth with short-post technique (Mushroom Restorations) under general anesthesia.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluation the treatment success of the short post technique (mushroom restoration) using a composite resin in severely decayed primary anterior teeth after 6, 12, and 18 months after treatment. METHODS: Eighteen children aged 3-5 years with severely decayed primary maxillary anterior teeth (60 anterior maxillary primary teeth in total) were included. Patients were treated under general anesthesia (GA). After pulpectomy, a "mushroom shape" was formed in the root canals for the purpose of retention, and the root canals were filled with zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE), and the teeth were restored with composite resin. The status of treatment was evaluated clinically and radiographically for periapical radiolucency, pathological root resorption, marginal fracture, and loss of restoration for each treated tooth. All findings were recorded. RESULTS: As a result of the evaluation criteria, the success rates at 6, 12 and 18 months were 86%, 80%, and 71%, respectively. None of the teeth showed apical radiolucency or pathological root resorption at the end of the 18th month period. CONCLUSION: The short-post (mushroom restorations) technique is a clinically acceptable alternative method for restoration of severely decayed primary teeth. This study supports the feasibility of treatment with this technique for pediatric patients treated under GA.

The prevalence of orofacial injuries in judo: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Judo is a popular martial art with a high risk of injury. Notwithstanding this risk, mouthguards were not allowed until June 2018. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of traumatic injuries in judo with a particular focus on dental and lip injuries. A further aim was to assess the influences of increased overjet and wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Judokas (n = 382) from two judo clubs in Bern, Switzerland, were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: About two thirds had suffered at least one traumatic injury with a high number of limb injuries (n = 1054), followed by face injuries (n = 855) and spine, torso, occiput or neck injuries (n = 84). Among the face injuries, 562 lip injuries were recorded. A significantly higher number of lip injuries were found for judokas who wore fixed orthodontic appliances compared to judokas who never wore such appliances. Forty-seven dental trauma incidents during judo were recorded. During both judo and leisure time, 161 dental trauma incidents were recorded. Individuals with lip incompetence and increased overjet showed the highest number of dental injuries ( x ¯ = 0.815; SD = 0.622), which differed in statistically significant ways from the number of dental injuries in individuals with lip incompetence and normal or reduced overjet ( x ¯ = 0.278; SD = 0.461). For individuals with no lip incompetence, no difference between the sub-group with an increased overjet and the sub-group with a normal or reduced overjet could be found. Nobody in the study population was wearing a mouthguard, and the acceptance of mouthguards was low (9.7%). CONCLUSION: It is important to increase the awareness of the recent authorization of mouthguards and to promote their acceptance among judokas. The combination of increased overjet and lip incompetence was more relevant for the dental trauma risk than an increased overjet alone.

Prevalence of dentofacial injuries among combat sports practitioners: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Combat sports might result in injuries to the face and teeth. However, it is unclear how often they occur and which sports presents the highest rates. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dentofacial injuries in combat sports participants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review was performed. Six main electronic databases and three grey literature databases were searched. Studies were blindly selected by two reviewers based on pre-defined eligibility criteria. Studies that evaluated the prevalence of dentofacial injuries (teeth, alveolar bone, jaw, lips, and/or cheekbones) among combat sports participants were considered eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. The software r statistics version was used to perform all meta-analyses. Cumulative evidence of the included articles was evaluated using GRADE criteria (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). RESULTS: From 1104 articles found on all databases, 27 were finally included. Eighteen studies were judged at low, seven at moderate, and two at high risk of bias. The following sports were investigated: boxing, capoeira, fencing, jiu-jitsu, judo, karate, kendo, kickboxing, kung fu, muay thai, sumo, taekwondo, wrestling, and wushu. Results from the meta-analysis suggested a dental pooled prevalence of 25.2% (12.3%-40.8%, i2  = 100%) and dentofacial pooled prevalence of 30.3 (18.1%-44.1%, i2  = 100%). Considering the sports' categories individually, jiu-jitsu had the highest pooled prevalence of dentofacial injuries (52.9% [37.9%-67.8%, i2  = 92%]), while judo was the sport with the lowest pooled prevalence (25.0% [7.6%-48.2%, i2  = 98%]). Among Panamerican sports, boxing had the highest prevalence of dental injuries (73.7% [58.7%-86.3%, i2  = 0%]). For dentofacial injuries, the GRADE criteria were considered low. CONCLUSIONS: Overall pooled prevalence of dentofacial injuries in combat sports was approximately 30%. Raising awareness regarding the frequency of these injuries might encourage the use of protective devices and reduce complications related to these incidents.

Iodoform Vs Calcium Hydroxide/Zinc Oxide based pastes: 12-month findings of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study evaluated clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes of root canal treatments (CT) with smear layer removal, performed in primary teeth, using two different root canal filling materials. Pulpectomy was performed on 27 primary teeth with necrosis or irreversible pulpitis, caused by dental caries or trauma, in 23 children (2-7 years old). A single trained operator performed the CT in a single visit in cases without periapical or interradicular radiolucency (PIR) or in multiple visits in cases with PIR. Participants were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, and randomly allocated into two groups: Group 1 (G1) - iodoform paste (iodoform + camphorated parachlorophenol + ointment comprising prednisolone acetate 5.0 mg and rifamycin 1.5 mg); Group 2 (G2) - Calen®/ZO paste. Treated teeth were restored with composite resin immediately after the root canal filling. The outcomes were evaluated clinically and radiographically according to specific criteria. Two blinded and standardized evaluators assessed the radiographic outcomes. We used descriptive analyses due to the small sample size. CTs were performed due to caries lesions in 70.4% of the cases and due to trauma in 29.6%. Only one tooth of G1 was unsuccessful; hence, pulpectomy performance in both groups was not influenced by the filling material, nor by any other analyzed variable. The level of the root canal filling was better in the Calen®/ZO group. The clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes indicated successful treatment, independently of the root filling material used.

Physician Confidence in Dental Trauma Treatment and the Introduction of a Dental Trauma Decision-Making Pathway for the Pediatric Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to (1) survey and report the awareness and confidence of pediatric emergency medicine physicians in the management of dental trauma and (2) determine the prevalence of dental trauma decision-making pathway utilization in the pediatric emergency department. METHODS: A survey was distributed through e-mail to the pediatric emergency medicine discussion list via Brown University LISTSERV. The survey study included 10 questions and was multiple-choice. The survey contained questions about physician confidence and their use of a dental trauma decision-making pathway. RESULTS: A total of 285 individuals responded to the survey. Somewhat confident was the most common response (61%) followed by not confident (20%) and confident (19%) by respondents in treating dental trauma. Forty-one percent of respondents felt comfortable, 39% somewhat comfortable, 19% not comfortable, and 1% not sure in replanting an avulsed tooth. Only 6% of respondents reported that their pediatric emergency department always or sometimes uses a dental trauma decision-making pathway, whereas 78% of pediatric emergency departments do not. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the adoption of a decision-making pathway will provide timely management, improve emergency physician comfort, and enhance outcomes for pediatric patients presenting with a dental trauma. A future multicenter review will aim to evaluate these goals based on the utilization of our dental trauma decision-making pathway.

Atitudes imediatas dos praticantes de artes marciais frente à avulsão dentária / Immediate attitudes of martial arts practitioners against dental avulsion

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o nível de conhecimento dos praticantes de artes marciais da cidade de Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, sobre avulsão dentária e como proceder mediante aos cuidados imediatos frente à ocorrência de avulsão dentária.Métodos: Um estudo transversal de carácter exploratório foi realizado com uma amostra de conveniência de 60 praticantes de artes marciais. As informações sobre avulsão dentária, experiências e condutas emergenciais frente a avulsão dentária e uso de protetores bucais e equipamentos de proteção foram coletadas através de um questionário autoaplicado. As análises dos dados envolveram estatísticas descritivas de frequência absoluta e relativa de todas as variáveis do estudo. Resultados: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 26,88 anos (DP ± 5,06), sendo 73,3% (n = 44) pertencentes ao sexo masculino. Do total de praticantes de artes marciais entrevistados, 48% praticavam Muay Thai e 18% Taekwondo. O estudo mostrou que apesar de 61,7% do total de entrevistados terem relatado saber o que era traumatismo dentário e 23,3% destes terem presenciado algum tipo de trauma dentário, 85,0% relataram não saber como proceder mediante os casos de avulsão. Entretanto, 95,0% consideraram esta informação como necessária para a prática de esportes. A maioria dos indivíduos praticantes de artes marciais (63,3%) relatou utilizar protetores bucais. Conclusão: A maioria dos praticantes de artes marciais entrevistados relatou saber o que o era traumatismo dentário, mas desconheciam como proceder diante dos casos de avulsão. A maioria dos entrevistados reconhecem a importância e afirmaram utilizar protetores bucais e equipamentos de proteção individual durante as práticas desportivas. (AU)

Aim:The present study sought to evaluate the level of knowledge of martial arts practitioners in the city of Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, against dental avulsion and how to proceed through immediate care in the event of dental avulsion. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 60 martial arts practitioners. Information on dental avulsion, experiences, and emergency behaviors against dental avulsion, as well as the use of mouth guards and protective equipment, were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics of the absolute and relative frequency of all variables in the study. Results: The mean age of the participants was 26.88 years (SD ± 5.06), of which 73.3% (n = 44) were males. Of the total number of martial arts practitioners, 48% practiced Muay Thai and 18% Taekwondo. The study showed that 61.7% of the respondents said they had knowledge about what dental trauma was, although only 23.3% had witnessed some type of dental trauma. In addition, 85.0% have never received guidance on how to proceed in cases of avulsion, but 95.0% consider this information to be necessary for the practice of sports. The majority of the individuals who practice martial arts (63.3%) use mouth guards. Conclusion: It was concluded that most of the martial arts practitioners interviewed in the present study do not have knowledge about dental avulsion and about the necessary immediate procedures in the event of dental avulsion. However, most of participants use mouth guards, wear personal protective equipment, and recognize the importance of these during sports practices. (AU)

Iodoform Vs Calcium Hydroxide/Zinc Oxide based pastes: 12-month findings of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract This study evaluated clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes of root canal treatments (CT) with smear layer removal, performed in primary teeth, using two different root canal filling materials. Pulpectomy was performed on 27 primary teeth with necrosis or irreversible pulpitis, caused by dental caries or trauma, in 23 children (2-7 years old). A single trained operator performed the CT in a single visit in cases without periapical or interradicular radiolucency (PIR) or in multiple visits in cases with PIR. Participants were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, and randomly allocated into two groups: Group 1 (G1) - iodoform paste (iodoform + camphorated parachlorophenol + ointment comprising prednisolone acetate 5.0 mg and rifamycin 1.5 mg); Group 2 (G2) - Calen®/ZO paste. Treated teeth were restored with composite resin immediately after the root canal filling. The outcomes were evaluated clinically and radiographically according to specific criteria. Two blinded and standardized evaluators assessed the radiographic outcomes. We used descriptive analyses due to the small sample size. CTs were performed due to caries lesions in 70.4% of the cases and due to trauma in 29.6%. Only one tooth of G1 was unsuccessful; hence, pulpectomy performance in both groups was not influenced by the filling material, nor by any other analyzed variable. The level of the root canal filling was better in the Calen®/ZO group. The clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes indicated successful treatment, independently of the root filling material used.

Traumatismos dentoalveolares: reporte de casos clínicos / Dentoalveolar trauma: report of clinical cases

Los traumatismos dentoalveolares que afectan a escolares pueden involucrar a los tejidos blandos y/o duros de las piezas primarias y permanentes jóvenes. Las causas por las que se producen son múltiples e incluyen caídas, accidentes en el hogar, actividad deportiva en el colegio o el club, accidentes de tránsito. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la resolución y el seguimiento a dos años de dos situaciones clínicas de traumatismos dentoalveolares en pacientes escolares que concurrieron a la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Odontología Integral Niños (AU)

Dentoalveolar trauma in schoolchildren can involve soft and/or hard tissues of deciduous and young permanent teeth. It has multiple causes, including falls, home accidents, sports accidents at school or at a club, and car accidents. The aim of the present work was to show treatmentand two-year clinical follow up of dentoalveolar trauma in schoolchildren seen at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Odontología Integral Niños (AU)

Bones heal, teeth don't! The involvement of dentists in the acute and long-term management of patients injured in the Manchester Arena Bomb.

This paper outlines the involvement of dentists in the treatment of patients following the terror attack at Manchester Arena on 22 May 2017. It predominantly describes the role of the authors - a paediatric dental consultant and maxillofacial surgery dental core trainee (DCT). As a result of the incident a number of patients suffered oro-facial injuries, with many treated at Central Manchester Foundation Trust Hospitals' Manchester Royal Infirmary and Royal Manchester Children's Hospital. The major incident response of the trust is discussed, as are the presentation of blast injuries and corresponding NHS guidance. Two paediatric cases present the role of the paediatric dental consultant in the acute, intermediate and long-term management of these patients. The presentation of unique dento-alveolar injuries in the context of other trauma and their subsequent treatment demanded true multidisciplinary management. The importance of teeth and oral health to physical and psycho-social wellbeing and recovery was clear and recognised by other teams involved in the patients' management. The experience reinforced the overall impact dental health has on physical and psycho-social health, and how a holistic approach is integral to treatment of major trauma.

Uso de Hepar sulphur en el tratamiento de la alveolitis húmeda / Use of Hepar sulfur in the treatment of wet alveolitis

Fue realizado un estudio pre experimental de intervención con 50 pacientes que consultaron un servicio de urgencia entre noviembre de 2016 y julio de 2017 con diagnóstico de alveolitis húmeda con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad del tratamiento homeopático en esta patología. Todos os pacientes fueron tratados con Hepar sulphur 30cH hasta completar 10 días. Los pacientes fueron citados a nueva consulta a las 24, 48, 72 horas, 5, 7 y 10 días del inicio del tratamiento para su evolución. La desaparición total del dolor a las 72 horas de comenzado el tratamiento homeopático ocurrió en casi la totalidad de los pacientes (98%) y la mayoría (98%) estuvieron satisfechos con el tratamiento recibido. Se puede considerar que el tratamiento de la alveolitis húmeda con Hepar sulphur 30cH fue efectivo. (AU)

We performed a pre experimental intervention study with 50 patients who visited an emergency department for alveolitis from November 2016 through July 2017 to assess the effectiveness of homeopathic treatment. All the participants received Hepar sulphur 30cH for 10 days and were assessed 1,2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days. In almost all the participants (98%) pain fully disappeared after 72 hours of homeopathic treatment, and most (8%) reported to be satisfied with the treatment received. We conclude that treatment of alveolitis with Hepar sulphur 30cH was effective. (AU)

Uso de Hepar sulphur en el tratamiento de la alveolitis húmeda / Use of Hepar sulfur in the treatment of wet alveolitis

Fue realizado un estudio pre experimental de intervención con 50 pacientes que consultaron un servicio de urgencia entre noviembre de 2016 y julio de 2017 con diagnóstico de alveolitis húmeda con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad del tratamiento homeopático en esta patología. Todos os pacientes fueron tratados con Hepar sulphur 30cH hasta completar 10 días. Los pacientes fueron citados a nueva consulta a las 24, 48, 72 horas, 5, 7 y 10 días del inicio del tratamiento para su evolución. La desaparición total del dolor a las 72 horas de comenzado el tratamiento homeopático ocurrió en casi la totalidad de los pacientes (98%) y la mayoría (98%) estuvieron satisfechos con el tratamiento recibido. Se puede considerar que el tratamiento de la alveolitis húmeda con Hepar sulphur 30cH fue efectivo. (AU)

We performed a pre experimental intervention study with 50 patients who visited an emergency department for alveolitis from November 2016 through July 2017 to assess the effectiveness of homeopathic treatment. All the participants received Hepar sulphur 30cH for 10 days and were assessed 1,2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days. In almost all the participants (98%) pain fully disappeared after 72 hours of homeopathic treatment, and most (8%) reported to be satisfied with the treatment received. We conclude that treatment of alveolitis with Hepar sulphur 30cH was effective. (AU)

Dental injuries in taekwondo athletes practicing in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the incidence and awareness of taekwondo athletes in Saudi Arabia regarding oral and maxillofacial (OMF) injuries and their prevention. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, an online questionnaire about the incidence and awareness of OMF injuries and their prevention was developed and distributed to taekwondo athletes in Saudi Arabia via their coaches.  Results: Sixty-eight responses were collected. The mean age of the participants was 29.3±9.1 years and 97% of them were males. Most of the participants (83%) believed that they are vulnerable to OMF injuries during practice. Approximately 23% of the participants reported a previous injury of the OMF area, while approximately 56% reported injuries in other areas. Most dental injuries (94%) were tooth fracture or displacement, while 6% were tooth avulsion. Eight participants (12%) were aware of the possibility of returning an avulsed tooth to its socket. More than 50% of those participants had inadequate knowledge on the appropriate storage media for the avulsed tooth or the maximum time allowed to return it to its socket. Eighty-one percent of the participants knew about the mouthguard, while 56% reported that they are actually using one. The most frequently reported barriers for not using a mouthguard during practice were difficulty in practicing with it, not being convinced of its importance, and lack of information where to get one. Conclusions: Most of the participants are aware of OMF injuries; however, their knowledge and behavior towards preventing and managing them are inadequate.

The use of a single-step regenerative approach for the treatment of a replanted mandibular central incisor with severe resorption.

AIM: To report the clinical and radiographic treatment outcome of an immature replanted mandibular incisor with severe inflammatory external root resorption following a single-step regenerative approach. SUMMARY: A 7-year-old female patient was referred 1 week following an extrusion injury to her mandibular central incisor (tooth 31). There was a history of a 6 months previous avulsion injury to the same tooth, which had been replanted after 20 min of extra-oral time. On clinical examination, all teeth were asymptomatic and there was an arch wire splint placed on the mandibular incisors. Radiographic examination revealed severe inflammatory external root resorption of tooth 31. A diagnosis of necrotic pulp and asymptomatic apical periodontitis was made. Under local anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation, an access cavity was prepared. The canal was irrigated using 6% NaOCl solution delivered through the EndoVac negative pressure irrigation system (Endo Vac, Axis/SybronEndo, Coppell, TX, USA). A 17% EDTA solution was used for 5 min followed by a final rinse of sterile water. The periapical tissues were probed using a K-file, and bleeding was induced. A blood clot was allowed to form filling the entire canal. A thick plug of MTA was placed in direct contact with the blood clot. The tooth was restored with composite resin. All procedures were performed in a single visit. The splint was removed 2 weeks later. Recall examination after 24 months revealed healthy soft tissues with normal periodontal probing and mobility. The 24 months radiographic evaluation revealed healing of the severe inflammatory external root resorption and continuous root development/dentine wall thickening of the apical third. No signs of ankylosis or significant discoloration was present.

Prevalence and prevention of dental injuries in young taekwondo athletes in Croatia.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of dental and facial injuries, the habit of wearing mouthguard and the awareness regarding injury prevention and first aid after tooth avulsion among young taekwondo athletes in Croatia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey on a sample of 484 taekwondo athletes was conducted, which included 271 male (56%) and 213 female (44%) athletes aged between 8 and 28 years. The questionnaire submitted to the athletes contained 15 questions about dental trauma, use of mouthguard, dental trauma prevention, level of awareness about tooth avulsion and replantation and disturbances associated with mouthguard use. Collected data were evaluated according to gender, age groups and duration of actively engagement in taekwondo. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used for comparisons between groups. RESULTS: From the survey 300 (62%) of 484 athletes had sustained one serious injury and 103 (21%) had sustained an orofacial injury, while 194 (40%) had observed another player sustaining a dental injury. Higher number of orofacial injuries was observed in males (24%) than in females (18%). Furthermore, 98 (20%) athletes have experienced one or more dental injuries, and out of these 98 suffering dental injury 60 were male (61%) and 38 were female (39%). The frequency of orofacial injuries in the older group (42%) is higher than in three younger groups (younger cadets 25%; cadets 13%; juniors 20%) (p<0.05). Mouthguard wearing was recorded in 465 athletes (96%), 47.1% of them wear stock mouthguard, 47.6% wear boil and bite mouthguard, but only 5.3% were custom-made mouthguards. Most of them (96%) consider that mouthguards are useful for injury prevention in taekwondo. CONCLUSION: The results of this survey show that dental and orofacial injuries occur in taekwondo in all age groups but mostly in the senior group. Taekwondo players know the importance of mouthguard use, but only 5% use custom made mouthguards. This is not adequate for dental injury prevention and highlights the important role of dental professional in education of athletes for advocating the use of custom made mouthguards.

Parental attitudes and experiences of dental care in children and adolescents with ADHD--a questionnaire study.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric condition characterized by age-inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsiveness or a combination of these. The aim of this study was to analyze parental attitudes to and experience of dental care, oral hygiene and dietary habits in children/adolescents with ADHD. Twenty- six parents of 31 subjects, 20 boys and 11 girls, aged 5-19 years with ADHD registered at the Gothenburg Child Neuropsychiatric Clinic, were invited. The parents answered a questionnaire regarding different oral problems when visiting the Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry, Gothenburg, for an oral examination of their child. The parents felt the dental care at the Public Dental Service was good, but noted a lack of knowledge regarding child neuropsychiatry among the dental staff which may influence the dental treatment. Fifteen parents reported their children had experienced mouth pain and 15 reported their child had suffered from both discomfort and pain from local anesthesia. Thirteen of the children had a dental trauma and 12 parents reported pain in connection to the dental treatment. Pain related to filling therapy was stated by 11 parents. According to the parents, five children suffered from dental fear but 15 reported the child had a general fear. Pursuant to the parents, the beverage for dinner was mainly milk or water, while sweet drinks were more frequent when thirsty. Seventeen parents reported their children had poor oral hygiene or could not manage to brush their teeth and 14 of the 31 children only brushed once a day or less. The results show that the parents experience a lack of child neuropsychiatric knowledge, care and patience from the dental staff, which may influence the treatment. Oral hygiene/tooth brushing is neglected and the frequent consumption of sugar is difficult for the parents to handle.

Taekwondo coaches knowledge about prevention and management of dental trauma.

The aim of this study was to assess level of knowledge about prevention and dental trauma management among taekwondo coaches in Croatia. The questionnaire submitted to the taekwondo coaches contained 16 items about dental trauma prevention and management. The questionnaires were filled in by 131 taekwondo coaches; 28 females and 103 males. Descriptive statistics was used to describe and analyze the obtained data. The coaches were familiar with dental injuries in high percentage: 41 (31.3%) have observed dental injury and 36 (27.5%) have experienced a dental injury themselves. Eight of them had tooth avulsion, fourteen crown fracture, and eight had tooth luxation. About half of all interviewed coaches 68 (52.7%) were aware of the possibility of replanting avulsed teeth. Twenty six (19.8%) were familiar with the tooth rescue kit. Only 99 out of 131 coaches (75.6%) have used a mouthguard. The obtained results show low knowledge about possibilities for prevention of dental trauma. Insufficient use of mouthguards in this contact sport requires more attention of dentists and coaches education about dental trauma prevention.

Microbial evaluation of traumatized teeth treated with triple antibiotic paste or calcium hydroxide with 2% chlorhexidine gel in pulp revascularization.

INTRODUCTION: Revascularization outcome depends on microbial elimination because apical repair will not happen in the presence of infected tissues. This study evaluated the microbial composition of traumatized immature teeth and assessed their reduction during different stages of the revascularization procedures performed with 2 intracanal medicaments. METHODS: Fifteen patients (7-17 years old) with immature teeth were submitted to the revascularization procedures; they were divided into 2 groups according to the intracanal medicament used: TAP group (n = 7), medicated with a triple antibiotic paste, and CHP group (n = 8), dressed with calcium hydroxide + 2% chlorhexidine gel. Samples were taken before any treatment (S1), after irrigation with 6% NaOCl (S2), after irrigation with 2% chlorhexidine (S3), after intracanal dressing (S4), and after 17% EDTA irrigation (S5). Cultivable bacteria recovered from the 5 stages were counted and identified by means of polymerase chain reaction assay (16S rRNA). RESULTS: Both groups had colony-forming unit counts significantly reduced after S2 (P < .05); however, no significant difference was found between the irrigants (S2 and S3, P = .99). No difference in bacteria counts was found between the intracanal medicaments used (P = .95). The most prevalent bacteria detected were Actinomyces naeslundii (66.67%), followed by Porphyromonas endodontalis, Parvimonas micra, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, which were detected in 33.34% of the root canals. An average of 2.13 species per canal was found, and no statistical correlation was observed between bacterial species and clinical/radiographic features. CONCLUSIONS: The microbial profile of infected immature teeth is similar to that of primarily infected permanent teeth. The greatest bacterial reduction was promoted by the irrigation solutions. The revascularization protocols that used the tested intracanal medicaments were efficient in reducing viable bacteria in necrotic immature teeth.