RESUMO
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis including acute liver failure. Hepatitis B infection (HBV) occurs worldwide, with the highest rates in Asian and African countries, and there are several reports that HAV infection may have a more severe clinical course in patients with chronic HBV infection. We previously demonstrated that Japanese miso extracts have inhibitory effects on HAV replication. In the present study, we examined the replication of HAV and HBV in a hepatocyte superinfection model and the inhibitory effects of Japanese miso extracts on both viruses. According to the results, HAV infection inhibited HBV replication in superinfected hepatocytes, and Japanese rice-koji miso extracts had inhibitory effects on HAV replication. Our findings provide useful information for clinicians in managing HAV infection in patients with chronic HBV infection.
Assuntos
Hepatite A/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite B Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Superinfecção/tratamento farmacológico , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Hepatite A/complicações , Hepatite A/virologia , Vírus da Hepatite A/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Hepatite A/patogenicidade , Vírus da Hepatite B/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Hepatite B/patogenicidade , Hepatite B Crônica/complicações , Hepatite B Crônica/virologia , Hepatócitos/virologia , Humanos , Oryza/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Glycine max/química , Superinfecção/complicações , Superinfecção/virologiaRESUMO
Root uptake of enteric pathogens and subsequent internalization has been a produce safety concern and is being investigated as a potential route of pre-harvest contamination. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and the human norovirus surrogate, murine norovirus (MNV), to internalize in spinach and green onions through root uptake in both soil and hydroponic systems. HAV or MNV was inoculated into soil matrices or into two hydroponic systems, floating and nutrient film technique systems. Viruses present within spinach and green onions were detected by RT-qPCR or infectivity assays after inactivating externally present viruses with Virkon(®). HAV and MNV were not detected in green onion plants grown up to 20 days and HAV was detected in only 1 of 64 spinach plants grown in contaminated soil substrate systems up to 20 days. Compared to soil systems, a drastic difference in virus internalization was observed in hydroponic systems; HAV or pressure-treated HAV and MNV were internalized up to 4 log RT-qPCR units and internalized MNV was shown to remain infectious. Understanding the interactions of human enteric viruses on produce can aid in the elucidation of the mechanisms of attachment and internalization, and aid in understanding risks associated with contamination events.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Cebolas/virologia , Spinacia oleracea/virologia , Enterovirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Enterovirus/isolamento & purificação , Enterovirus/patogenicidade , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Vírus da Hepatite A/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vírus da Hepatite A/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Hepatite A/patogenicidade , Hidroponia , Norovirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Norovirus/patogenicidade , Raízes de Plantas/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
The largest documented foodborne hepatitis A outbreak in U.S. history occurred in November 2003. The source of that outbreak was green onions from a farm in Mexico. Two biomarkers were used to determine ways in which hepatitis A virus (HAV) can contaminate onions. Fluorescent microspheres (1.0 to 10 microm) and HAV vaccine were placed on the soil and the surfaces of pot-grown onions and in the liquid medium of hydroponically cultivated onions. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was used to identify HAV RNA. Microspheres were found on the outside and inside of the pot-grown onions for up to 60 days. RT-PCR revealed HAV RNA from the vaccine in well-washed green onions. In the hydroponically grown onions, microspheres were found throughout the onion after only 1 day. RT-PCR also revealed HAV RNA inside the hydroponically grown onions. Both biomarkers support the hypothesis that HAV can contaminate the inside of the growing onion and can be taken up intracellularly through the roots. Once inside, the particles are impossible to remove by cleaning.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Vírus da Hepatite A , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Hepatite A/virologia , Cebolas/virologia , RNA Viral/análise , Surtos de Doenças , Vírus da Hepatite A/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vírus da Hepatite A/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Hepatite A/patogenicidade , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is closely related to the genus enterovirus. HAV is very stable and resistant to acid pH and elevated temperature, as well as to chemicals and environmental influences. Human poliovirus is still one of the model viruses for testing disinfectants but there are discussions about changing to hepatitis A virus. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for using adapted hepatitis A virus to test hand disinfectants. Using HAV strains HM175/24a and FRhK-4 cytopathic effects were visible rarely, and not before 14 days. To verify virus growth in cells a RT-PCR was developed. Two disinfectants tested did not show the required virucidal activity to satisfy current German guidelines.